Chiang Kai-shek and the 1947 Reorganization of the National Government

When the Guomindang （GMD） took charge in 1927, it implemented the ＂political tutelage＂ system. Participation of other parties in politics was disallowed. But after the Anti-Japanese War （1937-45）, under the combined effect of internal and external pressure, the GMD needed to adopt a constitution, reorganize government and establish multi-party participation. The April 1947 governmental reorganization was the starting point of a transformation from a ＂political tutelage＂ system to a constitutional system. Though this reorganization introduced many non-GMD members into the government, it did not change the GMD＇s one-party dominance. Its desired transformation of China from one-party ＂political tutelage＂ into a constitutional democracy still remained limited.

Blockchain:A Technical Support for the Modernization of the National Governance System and Capacity

The modernization of national governance needs to be supported with modern technical tools to conform relations of production to productive forces and enable positive and orderly interaction between the two.Blockchain,as an emerging technology in the age of information,features distributed architecture,greater transparency,improved traceability and enhanced security.Blockchain’s consensus mechanism can be introduced into community governance mechanisms,which,by virtue of its marketoriented operation nature,helps define the respective functions of the government and market in the modernization of national governance.The application of blockchain technology to the national governance system enables stakeholders to seek consensus and the largest possible common interests to improve the national governance system and better achieve the governance goal,reduce governance costs,improve governance performance and meet the development needs of the times.Through a proper top-down design,China can effectively integrate blockchain technology into its national governance system and thereby efficiently advance the modernization of its national governance system and capacity.Still,due attention should be paid to blockchain’s possible technical risks and impact during the reform and modernization of national governance.

Current status and future development of Chinese Government Public Information Online

Since its launch last year, the Chinese Government Public Information Online(CGPIO) platform's basic construction has developed rapidly. This paper describes the technology and service status of the platform, analyzes its problems, and details the future development of the alliance platform in the future.

The Challenge of Implementing Decentralization in Kenya： An Analysis of the Teething Problems Rocking the Implementation

Kenya promulgated her new constitution in 2010 and since then, there have been various political wrangles about its implementation. These wrangles started when the government drafted laws that sought to retain the Provincial Administration, which was meant to operate parallel to the structures under county governments. The opposition accused the government of undermining devolution and even of attempting to kill it. At the county level, there have been boycotts of sessions by County Assembly Members over salaries, and Governors continue to complain about inadequate financial resources to fulfill their mandates. This paper examines these wrangles to determine whether they are just teething problems or serious implementation problems needing redress. The analysis involves comparing Kenya＇s implementation to that of other African and Latin American countries that implemented their devolution earlier.

China’s Fiscal Sustainable Development during the 14^(th) FYP Period

In the context of national governance,public finance is embedded into China’s economic,political,and social systems as a medium between various national subsystems.As such,fiscal sustainable development should be viewed from a systematic and integrated perspective.This paper created an analytical framework consisting of three aspects:fiscal resource adequacy,institutional soundness and effectiveness,and external shocks.Chinese government has a relatively healthy balance sheet with adequate fiscal resources;however,it is faced with implicit debt risks and inefficiencies.China has initially established a basic fiscal framework with Chinese characteristics that are compatible with national governance,but problems remain in terms of fiscal responsibility,lawfulness,efficiency,fairness,and compatibility.When dealing with external shocks,policymakers should establish a clear fiscal policy rationale and approach based on the implications of fiscal sustainability.Fiscal sustainable development requires the strengthening of government capabilities to assess management and operation;thus,expanding available fiscal resources.Fiscal reforms should be expedited in order to create a modern fiscal system.Furthermore,a fiscal policy system should be developed and optimized according to the principles of fiscal sustainability in order to withstand external shocks.

The Centenary of the CPC:Exploration and Improvement of Central-Local Economic Relationship

Decentralization is a global phenomenon,but growth is not.The economic relationship between central and local governments is an important yet unresolved question in China’s economic development.As a large country with unbalanced political and economic development,China is faced with unbalanced and inadequate development as the primary constraint to meeting people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.The Communist Party of China(CPC)has been exploring to mobilize the initiatives of both central and local governments.During the planned economy era,China experienced a few rounds of centralization of economic powers but failed to strike a balance in maximizing the initiatives of both central and local governments.After the reform and opening up policy enacted in 1978,China’s central and local governments have succeeded in combining economic decentralization with administrative decentralization.China’s central government,local governments and enterprises have become resource allocation entities.China’s economic growth miracle has been driven by promoting the initiatives of central and local governments.Entering the new era,the central-local economic relationship represents an institutional strength of concentrating resources to accomplish great undertakings and leveraging the initiatives of both central and local governments.With the principal contradiction facing China’s development shifted into one between people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,the management of central and local government relationship has taken on greater theoretical significance and salient implications in the new era.

The Reforming Logic of State-owned Enterprise Corporate Governance:Proceeding from National Governance to Corporate Governance

The top-level design of national governance plays a leading role in reforming the corporate governance of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)at the micro level.Following the overall objectives of comprehensively deepening reforms,this paper argues that the objective of SOEs corporate governance reform at this stage should be to improve and develop the SOEs corporate governance system with Chinese characteristics and modernize SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.To achieve this ambitious objective,this paper considers the theory of SOEs corporate governance with Chinese characteristics,and then explores the concrete manifestation and implementation pathway to the modernization of SOEs corporate governance system and governance capacity.This paper thus enriches the theory of corporate governance and provides insights into the newera SOEs corporate governance reform.

Promoting Further Development through Communication and Cooperation

OFFICIAL exchanges between China and the U.S.in 1979 were few.Today,however,they hold close,high-level exchanges and operate smooth dialogue mechanisms.The two nations have established over 100 inter-governmental dialogue mechanisms,including the strategic dialogue,

State Audit in the Modernization of National Governance: Institutional Guarantees and the Logic of Practice

The national audit is produced and developed to meet the objective requirements of national governance, and is a basic institutional arrangement within the governance system. In terms of its institutional attributes, legal status and functions, the national audit is the cornerstone of national governance and an important guarantee driving the modernization of governance. In this new historical era, the national audit needs to be appropriate to the new situation and new requirements of comprehensively deepening reform and enhancing the rule of law. We must accelerate the improvement of the audit system, enhance the breadth of coverage of audit supervision, comprehensively increase audit capacity, give greater effect to the functional role of audit and boost the modernization of the national governance system and governance capability.

National Governance Quotient: The Foundation of Big Data-based National Governance

A nation＇s rise or fall hinges, to some extent, upon its national governance quotient. National governance quotient, or NGQ, is a quantitative indicator measuring the governance level of a country in quotient form. Its value is the ratio of the national governance system and capacity to national governance costs, and its nature is that of an amalgam of national governance ideas and techniques quantified on the basis of the figures. It is advanced because its inner core lies in logic and computation, and it is scientific because it is guaranteed by technology platforms such as big data and cloud computing. The formulation of NGQ provides technical support and a basis for the transformation from experiential or experimental governance to quantitative, scientific governance, and it thus has great theoretical and practical significance for the modernization of national governance system and capacity. As well as being used to provide quantitative management of national governance modernization, NGQ can also be used as a measurement standard and key symbol for evaluating the modernization of China＇s national governance by 2020.Furthermore, it can be used to compile a World NGQ Report with the aim of taking hold of international governance discourse, as well as to compile China local NGQ reports to improve local governance in China.

Research on the national climate governance system toward carbon neutrality-A critical literature review

Global climate governance has entered the era of carbon neutrality,as a growing number of countries have set the goal of carbon neutrality for long-term emissions reduction toward the mid-21st century.In 2020,China also pledged itself to the goal of carbon neutrality,which creates an urgent demand for this country to establish a systematic and integrated national climate governance system.Against this background,this paper conducts a systematic literature review of climate governance systems from the perspectives of top-level design and the governance paradigm to bring insights into climate governance toward carbon neutrality.The results show that although there are interactions between decarbonization and other environmental,social and economic fields,research gaps still exist when enhancing climate governance toward carbon neutrality.For example,issues regarding incorporating climate factors into the overall economic and social layout,strengthening the capacity of data collection relevant to climate adaptation,integrating climate mitigation and adaption actions,as well as connecting domestic climate governance and international cooperation,need to be further addressed.In addition,within the national governance system,studies combining both regional and sectoral concerns and the intertemporal dynamic allocation mechanism need to be further addressed when China decomposes its national climate target.Moreover,the division of power between the central government and local government,as well as the communication scheme between government and non-state actors,also turns out to be important for effective governance.Based on this analysis,policy implications are further proposed for China’s formulation and implementation of long-term strategies of climate governance toward carbon neutrality.

A National Governance Perspective on the Transformation of Rural Property Rights： The Chinese Experience

Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state＇s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize ＂governance through inaction,＂ and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the ＂separation of two rights＂ （to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter）, and the ＂separation of three rights,＂ （to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management）. These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.

The Reordering of Relationship and the Shaping of a National Governance Structure in China

Various government documents tend to put the reordering of relationship together with institutional reform and functional transformation.If we fail to understand this important issue,we will be unable to understand China’s national governance system.The reordering of relationship has four dimensions:government and market;central and local government;the economy and society;and government and society.The routes to this reordering can be divided into separation,retention and postponement.On the one hand,the conflicts between these routes have affected China’s national governance structure,so that it seeks a balance between closure and opening up;on the other,the course taken by the reordering of relationship is rooted in the demands for generality and modernity that coexist within China’s national governance.One could say that the straightening out of relationship has reshaped the distinctive features of this governance.In the course of continuous reordering,some of its important elements have undergone a crucial change.From the perspective of the reordering of relationship,the openness with which these relations have been absorbed into a larger system is crucial to the future transformation of China’s national governance.

Construction of Chinese Judicial Power from the Perspective of National Governance

The Chinese national governance system includes the Party＇s governing system, the People＇s Congress system, the administrative system, the court system and the procuratorate. Judicial power is neutral, passive, independent and final, features that reflect the irreplaceable nature of its role in national governance. The growth of judicial power is diachronic, complex and evolutionary, which means that its construction will be a tortuous and difficult process. Given the limitations of the functions of judicial power in China and their immediate results, we should fix our gaze on the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law and the optimization of the structure and functions of our national governance system by taking checks and balance as the principle in the allocation of judicial power, taking rights protection as the heart of the operation of judicial power, taking harmonious operation as the standard for guaranteeing judicial power, and cultivating legal culture as the foundation supporting judicial power. In optimizing national governance itself, we should strengthen its functions of adaptation, integration, goal attainment and latency.

Global Governance and National Governance:Two Strategic Considerations by Contemporary China

Preface Since the 1980s,governance has increasingly penetrated into the theory and practice of human activities,and has undoubtedly obtained the theoretical status as the concepts of globalization,global issues,public administration,public management,

Revelations of Muhammad Ali’s Reform for Egyptian National Governance

This paper conducts an in-depth study on Muhammad Ali’s reform which plays an important role in the history of Egypt or even the whole Middle East,and holds that the reform may reveal the following features:1)Only by opening up and keeping up with the times can ancient civilizations thrive;2)Without the unity of the state and the centralization of power,reforms can never be implemented,nor can development be achieved;3)Economic revitalization is the cornerstone of reforms and development;4)Development of culture and education lays the foundations for the sustainable political,economic and other development,even the national rejuvenation;5)Personal dictatorship and external expansion always hamper the positive trend of reform.

The New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance Highlight Scientific Thinking

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC,Comrade Xi Jinping pools the wisdom of the Communist Party of China(Party for short),focusing on the overall issues,core issues,and key issues under the new situation of upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics,has made a series of important speeches,proposed a complete set of strategy for national governing,thus。

The World-wide Significance of the New Concept, New Thought and New Strategy for National Governance

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as the core has scientifically integrated the two overall situations of the country and the international community as well as the two major issues of development and security,thus forming a series of new concepts,new ideas and new strategies for governing the country.