Scottish Literary Heritage and National Identity:A Case Study of Boswell’s The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides

For a long time,the history of“Scottish Literature”has been overshadowed by the concept of“British literature”,and thus Scottish literary heritage has been seen as“regional characteristics”.The Act of Union 1707 led to a growing concern for Scottish national identity.In The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,the famous Scottish-born biographer James Boswell chose to take advantage of Scottish literary heritage as a point of penetration to express his own Scottish national identity with Scotland in literature and Scottish literature.

Role of Religion and Media Consumption in National Identity Formation of Youth in Pakistan

This research intends to study the relationship between faith, media exposure, and national identity construction of youth in Pakistan. The purpose is to ascertain the level of influence of foreign and local media consumption on national identity formation in terms of collective self-esteem and self-image of youth with high and low level of religiosity. A survey has been conducted from students （n = 321） between the age group of 16-19 living in Lahore. The results of this study revealed that respondents with high religiosity did not prefer to consume foreign media （r = -0.435＊＊ p 〈 0.01） whereas they did not show much preference to consume Pakistani media, either （r = 0.138＊, p 〈 0.05）. The level of religiosity and positive national identity had a strong and significant positive correlation （r = 0.619＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. This study also found that those respondents who preferred to consume foreign media texts demonstrated lower self-esteem and negative self-image as Pakistanis as compared to those who did not prefer foreign media consumption （r = -0.427＊＊, p 〈 0.01）. The researcher assumed that being Pakistani, a respondent would prefer to consume more national media texts over foreign and would have more positive national identity. However, results did not support this premise （r = 0.159＊＊, p 〈 0.01） due to the fact that the respondents did not show preference to consume Pakistani media at first hand. The study also connects theoretical understanding of faith and identity in Pakistani perspective along with an additional factor of media consumption. Thus, it strengthens the argument that strong faith positively contributes towards consolidating an individual＇s identity construction process. However, the results demonstrate that media tend to play a limited role in the process of identity construction compared to family and peers among Pakistani youth.

National Identity Turns, in the Age of Globalization

Globalization has many dimensions that it is interpreted as ＂communicational revolution＂ having incredible effects upon thought, behavior, and identity of today＇s human being. Based on this, the world is a stage for globalization and identity interactions. In such space, there are always conflicts among identity strata （individual, national, and global） and for conflicts prevention purposes, respect for the ＂other＇s＂ identity is considerable. Although admitting various nations＇ identity is one of the globalization identity notions challenges, but it doesn＇t mean that a dead end in this field. This research is focused on globalization effects and the subject of becoming far from national identity with rising of cosmopolitanism. We want to figure out： ＂What kind of relation is between national identity and cosmopolitanism identity in the globalization era？＂ This work＇s assumption is based on the relation between national identity and globalization identity in the stage of globalization and identity interactions; by admitting and respecting ＂other＇s＂ identity, we are able to prevent conflicts among identity strata. Thus, humans in their vast communications in globalization era for responding purposes, in face to face dialogs, need to implement general values common to all human beings. Through ＂global citizen＂ practices, while there exists differences, we can reach a shared view and become attended to our global responsibility.

Comparative Textual Study of Political and Territorial Aspects of the Ancient Iranian National Identity

In a multidisciplinary compensatory way this paper aims at comparing Darius Inscription in Behistun with Karnameh of Ardeshir Babakan in order to find the territorial political aspects of ancient Iranian identity. With regard to the existence of the idea of national identity but not the term in these mentioned sources through content analysis, it shows that ancient Iranian national identity has basic interrelations with territorial political aspects although the other aspects will not be denied.

Soft Power and National Identity in Chinese International Promotion

Rather that cultural hegemony,soft power,as a part and parcel of comprehensive national power,has been paid more and more attention by China so as to get more discourse right and power in international diplomatic relationships to foster a peaceful external environment.This paper focuses on why China highlights soft power,how China strengthens it soft power through Chinese international promotion,and what is role Chinese international promotion has paid.

Research on National Identity Based on National Audio-Visual Works: Taking Inner Mongolia as an Example

Mongolian audio-visual works are an important carrier of exploring the true significance to this national culture.This paper believes that the Mongolian people in Inner Mongolia constantly enhance the individual sense of identity to the overall ethnic group through the influence of film and television and music,and on this basis constantly evolve a new culture in line with modern and contemporary life to further enhance their sense of belonging to the ethnic nation.

A Study on the Mechanism of Cohort Effect on the Formation of National Identity among College Students

The lack of subjective awareness of national identity among young people is a common phenomenon in all countries.In this paper,we investigate the role of cohort effect in the formation of national identity among college students based on the theory of cohort effect.The results of the empirical study show that at the current stage,the formation of national identity within the group of Chinese college students mainly relies on the herding mechanism,followed by the competition mechanism and then the learning mechanism.

National Identity in the Era of Globalization: Crisis and Reconstruction

The era of globalization is posing a variety of challenges to national identity. In order to meet these challenges, it is important to offer theoretical scientific interpretations of them. A scrutiny of national identity as a concept reveals that national identity is actually a ＂four in one＂ combination of institutional identity, interest identity, cultural identity and non-national community identity, with formative mechanisms characterized the unity of the primordial state and the constructive, expressive forms characterized by the unity of consciousness and action, content characterized by the unity of politics and culture, and maintenance mechanisms characterized by the unity of emotion and self-interest. In the global age, national identity crisis usually arises in political, economic and cultural levels. The root cause for national identity crisis lies in the ineffectiveness of nation states＇ self-governance. In order to promote the construction of national identity in the global age, we need to： （1）promote reform of the political system, explore democratic models of governance, and create the institutional preconditions for national identity; （2） promote economic development, ensure fairness and justice, and guarantee interests in national identity; （3） develop national culture, strengthen value integration and enrich the cultural significance of national identity; and （4） recognize different levels of community development and promote community integration in national identity.

National Identity Crisis in Developing Countries in the Global Age and Its Causes

After the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, great changes have occurred in the world scenario, with ethnic clashes and national conflicts becoming all the more salient, making national identity a hot topic in reality and the academia. To address the issue of national identity in the age of globalization, a deep-going theoretical discussion of the logic behind it is necessary, a discussion that covers the nature of both ethno-cultural identity and national identity, the superiority of national identity to ethno-cultural identity and the logic behind national identity crisis. In terms of the need for social identity, globalization, while changing the power structure of the world, weakens the autonomy of developing countries, especially that of those which are still in the process of modernization and are confronted with risks inherent in social transformation and where a resultant structural imbalance undermines the state＇s integrity and control, making national identity less appealing to ethnic groups. As a result, regional ethnic identity comes to the fore, leading to national identity crises in developing countries.

The Marxist Theory of the State and National Identity

Nation-state identity has become a focus of theoretical discussion in academia home and abroad in recent years. Under the new historical conditions, the study of national identity should take the Marxist theory of the state as its theoretical basis and stick to the Marxist view of class and class analysis so as to properly understand, guide and enhance national identity. The Marxist theory of the state has analyzed in a scientific way the origin, nature, development, succession and decay of the state, and the innovative and transitional nature of the proletarian state. We should not stop at the level of ＂national identity in general,＂ but should instead use the Marxist view of class to look at and analyze specific people＇s identification with specific states. As far as the developed capitalist states are concerned, the bourgeoisie and the working class differ dramatically in their views, attitudes, emotions and beliefs toward their state. When it comes to China that is still at the primary stage of socialism, national identity needs to be studied in depth and guided in a correct way, especially under the condition of reform and opening-up. The main subjects of national identity should get optimized at all levels.Meanwhile, measures should be taken to enhance conscious awareness of and cultivate right attitudes toward national identity.

Factors Influencing National Identity and Intergenerational Differences:Based on Data from the 2013 China Social Survey

On the basis of the 2013 Chinese Social Survey(CSS)data,this paper makes an in-depth analysis of the influence of social,economic and cultural factors on the national identity of the population,with a focus on the differences between the younger and the older generation.Our findings show that the sense of national identity of the younger generation is weaker than that of the older generation,and this is even more marked among the tertiary-educated younger generation.The sense of national identity of the older generation is more influenced by social structural factors,especially by their position in the social hierarchy,while that of the younger generation is more affected by cultural and economic factors.In addition,we find that in China,the sense of national identity of the privileged stratum is stronger than that of the middle and base-level strata.These findings,which run counter to Huntington and Inglehart’s view of“the weakening of elite national identity,”may be due to the different roles of the state in globalization and economic growth.

＂Who Are We？＂ Woodrow Wilson, the First World War and the Reshaping of America＇s National Identity

In the new context of the rise of United States as a world power, Woodrow Wilson seized the exceptional opportunity offered by American involvement in the First World War and wartime mobilization to reinterpret America＇s traditions and characteristics, contrasting the US with Germany, the ＂other.＂ He successfully transformed America＇s self-image and international role from the ＂model republic＂ and ＂example of freedom＂ of the nineteenth century to ＂champion of liberty＂ and ＂world leader.＂ Wilson＇s reshaping of the national identity not only facilitated wartime mobilization but also resolved America＇s identity crisis and its confusion about the role it was to play after it came on the world stage. In so doing, he identified the long-term direction of national policy for an America that had risen to be a world power. His creative interpretation of America＇s ideals, role and destiny guided his countrymen in their understanding of the meaning of their country＇s existence and its relations with the world and became the most influential foreign policy discourse of twentieth century America. This had a far-reaching influence on American foreign policy.

National Identity in the Context of Globalization:A Structural Perspective

In this era of ＂liquid modernity,＂ China faces the dual pressures of external globalization and internal social transformation. Within these dual space-time coordinates, academic research should address the question of what makes national identity possible by moving away from its fixation on macro-narratives and concrete micro-analysis of civic or ethnic identity, etc., to focus on meso-analysis. To do this, it is important to allay individuals＇ ontological anxiety so that they return to ontological security; to realize the production and reproduction of a national centripetal force; and to highlight the functional power of national identity. Both theoretical studies and real-world experience show that national identity cannot play a stable and coherent role on its own, but needs the structural support of three fundamental systems： economic incentives, political values, and institutional organization. The functional cohesion of these systems provides an effective path to the realization of national identity.

With the dragon as a foil： American imagining of China and the construction of America＇s national identity

Throughout the period from the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century, China was invariably ＂the other＂ contrasted with the US in the latter＇s imagination. Imagining this ＂other＂ reflected the fears, aspirations and yearnings of Americans, and helped define American identity and its position in the world in different historical periods. It was a w^iy for the US to reflect on and conceive of itself, and was therefore profoundly autobiographical. Americans should give up their manner of understanding and imagining China within the framework of their own values and interests and obtain a clear understanding of the feelings, desires and aspirations of the Chinese people, so as to lay a sound emotional foundation for the stable development of Sino-US relations.

China's National Identity in Transition: Domestic and International Perspectives(1982-2012)

In the era of globalization, China＇s national identity is in close interaction with ethno- cultural and cultural identity, and is facing great challenges and is under pressure to reshape itself. An in-depth analysis of the Chinese national identity in its institutional, economic, cultural, political and strategic dimensions from both domestic and international perspectives can help us grasp the transition that has taken place in China＇s national identity since 1978. In order to strengthen China＇s national identity by building domestic consensus and increasing international recognition, China needs to further foster its civic consciousness, increase its soft power, enhance the ties between its national, regional and global identities and actively assume the role of a bridge between the developing and the developed countries.

Globalization,National Identity,and Citizenship Education:China’s Search for Modernization and a Modern Chinese Citizenry

Since the early 20th century,numerous scholars have proposed theories and models describing,interpreting,and suggesting the development paths countries have taken or should take.None of these,however,can fully explain China’s efforts,mainly through education and citizenship education,to modernize itself and foster a modern citizenry since the late 19th century.This article traces and examines these efforts through a reflective and critical analysis of such public texts as official policy documents,curriculum standards,and related commentaries,and reveals three major findings.First,China’s leaders have advanced different views of and approaches to development and citizenship in response to changing domestic and global contexts.Second,the Chinese state determines China’s development course,defines its national identity and citizenry,and selects its nation-building curricula.Third,the Chinese state’s growing desire for national rejuvenation in an increasingly competitive,globalized world in the 21st century mandates an important education mission that its citizenship education be politically and ideologically open and accommodative,and help students develop global,national and local identities and function as active,responsible citizens of a multileveled,multicultural world.This article furthers academic understanding of how China’s education responds to economic,political,and social demands and shapes students’multiple identities in a global age.

An Assessment of English Instruction for Elementary-Level Students in Jeddah Governorate, as Perceived by English Supervisors and Educators

This study investigated the perceptions of English educators and supervisors in Jeddah Governorate regarding the process of teaching English to elementary students.A survey was conducted using a sample size of 94 educators and 10 supervisors.The data indicate that respondents considered English instruction at the elementary level essential for expanding kids’perspectives,improving academic performance,and promoting international involvement.The main advantages cited are the development of English language skills and the promotion of early education.Although not as easily noticeable,the disadvantages include potential negative impacts on an individual’s proficiency in Arabic and their sense of national identification.The highlighted challenges encompass insufficient teacher training,student reluctance towards English,limited resources,and school disparities.The proposed techniques focused on prioritizing English instructors’training,ensuring the use of appropriate content,utilizing technology,and promoting awareness of students and educators.The current research found different obstacles in teaching English at elementary stages.To overcome these obstacles,it will be essential to enhance teacher competencies,develop efficient teaching methods,get the backing of stakeholders,assign adequate resources,and carry out continuous evaluations.Further research can also contribute to a better understanding of how early English learning impacts on Arabic identity and proficiency.

Retracing the Kurdish and the Armenian Issues in the Journal of Albayrak in Period of National Struggle in Turkey （1919-1922）

World War I became a milestone in the decay of empires and in the transition to the form of nation-state all over the world. Also, the national identities had been emerged and shaped in this period, before and after of the war. Contemporaneously, the years between 1912 and 1922, constructing Turkish identitiy and nationalim provided the important components to the founding of the Republic in Turkey. Especially, 1919-1922 period was important in terms of this arising national movement, because of the era which was beginnig the transition from the empire to the nation-state with the accession of the whole society in a national struggle. Therewith, Treaty of Sevres and Mondros Armistice Agreement were considerable factors in acceleration of the struggle in Anatolia. Besides, local press had a curicial role in the occupied territories throughout the stage. And the Journal of Albayrak which came out in Erzurum was one of the foremost media vehicles in the period of national struggle in the east of country. Herewith, Albayrak stated that it would make contribution to the point of informing the community and raising consciousness about the reasons of Armenian problem and its forthcoming dangers. This journal, also, gave information and news concerning Kurdish issue that arised in this period. In this respect, the purpose of this paper is to examine the place or role of a journal as a propaganda material within a struggle of independence and constructing a nation state period of an occupied country by analysing its news. It is important to study Albayrak because it had important impact on area of the local press in the region which made news about Armenians and Kurds. Herewith, the study also intends to handle the approach of this media source to Kurdish and Armenian issues in the era and by this way tries to make any contribution to the related discussion.

Lusitan Identity Paradoxes Revealed by Fado Songs

This paper briefly presents the methods and the results of the investigation conducted within the doctoral study. The goal is to investigate the phenomenon of fado songs in the context of cultural transformations that take place in the uniting Europe. During the investigation, we tried to verify the problem of national and cultural identity of the Portuguese and their attitude towards ethno-cultural auto-identification in fado. According to the research results, the Portuguese are profoundly conscious of the relation between fado and their national and cultural identity. The results show that the Portuguese also consider the songs so strongly tied to their own nation, history, and places in Portugal, that this makes impossible for the foreigners to understand the message （even though some listeners claim, that they ＂feel＂ fado, though not being able to understand the lyrics）. The research results proved that the Portuguese consider fado as a carrier of their identity, or even ＂Portuguese soul＂.

Intergroup Evaluation as an Indicator of Emotional Elaboration of Collective Traumas in National Historical Narratives

In a longitudinal content analytical study, the authors explored intergroup evaluation patterns in Hungarian history school-book narratives about the so-called ＂Trianon Peace Treaty＂ in 1920 which had approved the detachment of 2/3 of Hungary＇s territory by victorious countries of the First World War. The event has meant a major national trauma that has not been elaborated to date. The study aimed to find evaluation patterns in temporally changing narrative constructions which were diagnostic to the process of emotional elaboration of the trauma. School-books released between 1920 and 2000 were included in the study, by a 10-year sampling method. Analysis was performed by NARRCAT （Narrative Categorial Content Analytical Tool）, a computerized tool for narrative psychological content analysis, which is capable for identifying complex linguistic structures of psychological relevance in large databases of narratives. Four different evaluation patterns emerged in the narratives which roughly correspond to four different historical eras in Hungary. Results show that the aggressor-victim relation between the former Entente powers and Hungary has remained a part of the narrative representation of the treaty, reflecting the identity state of collective victimhood.