Evolving National Security: A Roadmap from Present to Future in Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Policies (A Technical Review)

This comprehensive exploration delves into the intricate dynamics of national security policies in the realm of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.From the present landscape characterized by the diversification of energy portfolios to the long-term vision encompassing nuclear fusion,this article navigates through the nuanced interplay of technology,resilience,and environmental responsibility.The synthesis of established nuclear fission technologies and evolving renewable sources forms the cornerstone of a strategic approach,addressing challenges and opportunities to ensure a secure,sustainable energy future.

An Analysis of the Current State of Civil Society Participation in Ensuring the National Security of Mongolia

In this article, the researchers tried to evaluate the contribution of civil society to Mongolian democracy and the problems faced by civil society. In addition, the article aimed to determine the unique national criteria of Mongolian democracy and the need to create an organization to monitor the process of democracy. The process of identifying important documents and ideals for the development of Mongolian civil society today is still in its early stages. It can be said that the approval of the democratic constitution and the first free and fair parliamentary elections as a country that has newly and restored democracy became another impetus for the creation of a new type of citizen organization. It is characterized by trying to study the changes that have occurred since this historical period at the intersection of political science and security studies. One of the most important issues today is to find out how many non-governmental and civil society organizations exist in Mongolia today, which are Western-oriented, focused on specific issues, have their own position and opinion, are specialized, and are capable of influencing government policy. On the other hand, in this article, we emphasize whether non-governmental and civil society organizations, which aim to hold the government accountable, and carry out influence and control activities, are fully developed.

U. S. -Iraq War and China's National Security

Discussions about the U. S-Iraq war would last for years, but the war will surely produce long-term influences on international strategic structure and China’s security environment. The feature and influence of the war are determined by the America’ purposes in launching the war, which, in the common.

Ethnic Issues of China's Neighboring Countries and Their Impact on National Security

In the international community,the internal ethnic issues of one country can easily spread out of its borders through the impact of internal and external factors to affect the national security of other countries,known as the spillover effect.Presently,the ethnic issues of China's neighboring countries that have real consequences on the country's national security break down mainly into four types:the internal ethnic conflict,the transnational ethnic issue,the issues related with immigrants and the collaboration of the Three Forces.The risk of spillover can be summed up according to the intensity of its effect in five categories:infiltration,springboard,spillover,immigration and harassment.As diverse ethnic issues of the neighboring countries have different effects on China's national security,the Chinese government must grasp the core element of each issue to formulate specific policies.

National Security and Religious Tolerance in Nigeria:Islamic Perspectives

Nigeria,which is multi-ethnic and multi-religious in nature,is faced with religious violence.Religion that is supposed to be a unifying factor among several ethnic groups in Nigeria has turned out to be one of the catalysts that are causing destruction of lives and properties due to narrow-mindedness misunderstanding,fundamentalism and fanaticism and religious adherent.Islam as a religion of peace attaches premium attention to peace in all its ramifications to pave the way for peaceful co-existence among adherents of different faiths in any nation.This paper shall explore causes,consequences and provide remedies from Islamic perspectives.The method employed in this paper is historical and analytical.Historically,the paper tends to unravel the historical events that are pertinent to the topic while analytical methods are meant to analyze the findings from the historical events;it ends with conclusions and recommendations.In carrying out this paper,the author has relied on history books,journals,newspapers and recent research works on the major scholars of Arabic and Islamic studies.In the end,the reader would have been convinced that Islam is a religion of peace,calling for peace at any time,at any place.

A Theoretical Outline for National Security Studies for the New Era

China is tasked with attaining the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and facing global changes unseen in a century.To this end,a pressing task for China’s national security studies in the new era,under the guidance of a holistic concept of national security,is to provide an analytical framework and scholarly insights.Seven theoretical propositions can be derived when we clarify the relationships between security level,security capability,and security threats.They are:absolute security is out of reach;growing security investment that eyes absolute security will create a security dilemma;under closed conditions,the country should put the brakes on building relative security when it achieves equilibrium security;under open conditions,hegemonic powers may generate security capabilities that exceed equilibrium security and tend to“protect”or prey on countries whose development has relatively high output efficiency rather than those whose security capabilities have relatively high output efficiency;and following separate technical routes for dealing with intentional and unintentional threats may achieve a higher security level than managing in an undifferentiated way.The“Great Yu Improvement”pattern is pivotal to“Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind”as it can transform other actors’capacity to address intentional threats into a capacity for shielding oneself against unintentional threats;and appropriate allocation of excessive security capability and stronger national system security capability are major solutions to the uncertain nature of security threats.

Privacy,National Security,and Internet Economy:An Explanation of China's Personal Information Protection Legislation

With the development of the internet and the increasing role played by information technology in the economy,personal information protection has become one of the most significant legal and public policy problems.Since 2013,China has accelerated its legislation efforts towards protecting personal information.The Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China took effect on June 1,2017.Legal scholars focus on the nature of personal information,discuss the necessity of enacting specific laws on protecting personal information,and attempt to propose relevant draft laws regarding personal information protection.Personal information protection,however,is not only a legal issue but also a political one.We need to look at the decision-making process about legislation on personal information protection in China.Why has China sped up its legislation on personal information protection since 2013?Is privacy,civil rights,or legal interest the main reason behind the legislation?Only after placing personal information protection legislation in a broader context,can we have a better understanding of the underlying logic and dynamics of personal information protection in China,and can perceive the potential content and possible future of these legislation.This paper argues that Internet industry development,the social consequences of personal information infringement,and national security are the main drivers of China's personal information protection legislation.

Studies on Religion and China’s National Security in the Globalization Era

Since the 1970s,the global resurgence of religion,the politicization and internationalization of religion,as well as the raging violent religious extremism,have posed a severe challenge to national sovereignty and international order.The impact of religion on national security has become an inevitable problem facing the world.For more than 60 years since the founding of the PRC,religion has always been an important issue in its national security considerations,while“anti-foreign religious infiltration”and“combating the three forces of terrorism,national separatism and religious extremism”have become the official guidelines of discussions concerning religion and national security.In the context of the global resurgence of religion,changes in China’s religious security situation and the development of non-traditional security studies,research on religion and China’s national security has begun to break through the conventional pattern of“anti-filtration study”and started to become more academic and empirical.This paper has outlined the history and current situation of studies about religion and China’s national security and discussed some basic issues of this research area.

Some Observations on the Belt and Road and China's National Security

The Belt and Road Initiative and China’s national security are an important national strategy.The Belt and Road Initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping in 2013 has aroused high attention at home and abroad,and the Belt and Road construction has yielded a bumper harvest.Academic circles also carry out in-depth explorations and the related

Globalization and National Scientific and Technological Security

Now, the world has entered an era of accelerated globalization, which has brought the question of national scientific

Transborder Personal Security of Chinese Nationals and Its Legal Safeguard

Personal security is an im- portant human right. There would be no human rights to talk about if personalsecurity, including personal safety, were not safeguarded. So long as a person is in the person＇s own coun- try, there will always be a measure of legal safeguard for the person＇s interests and personal security, ff the person has his or her rights infringed upon when the person is outside the country, there will be more than one province of judicial jurisdiction over the case, and the subsequent legal remedies for the person, if any, in most cases will not be so timely and easily available as provided under the domestic laws of the person＇s own country.

Balancing Development and Security in the Context of Containment and Pressure by the United States

The United States is launching an all-out crackdown against China in the name of competition,which has posed increasingly severe challenges to development and security in China.The strategic competition between China and the United States is becoming an essential part of once-in-a-century changes that is shaping the world today.Under such circumstances,the Communist Party of China applies a holistic approach to national security,which aims to balance development and security as well as opening up and security.Furthermore,it intends to implement the national rejuvenation strategy within the wider context of once-ina-century global changes.Managing China’s affairs well to achieve a dynamic balance and positive interaction among high-quality development,high-level security,and high-standard opening-up can provide the basis for realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and response to containment by the United States.While fostering a new development paradigm,China advances scientific and technological innovation and pursues common prosperity.Moreover,it defends national security through firm but flexible struggles and promotes safe development by accelerating domestic circulation.However,China needs to control the costs of its security investment,pay equal attention to the risks and gains brought about by its opening-up policy,and,thus,enhance its capability to compete with the United States in the long term.

Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on Azerbaijan’s Financial Security

The emergence of the COVID-19 crisis,similar to the financial crisis of the 1980s and 1990s,has once more threatened the international economic systems.The rapid transmission of the Coronavirus has created travel bans and commuting restrictions on national and international scales,causing a severe recession in the world economy.This is more conspicuous in oil-exporting countries as petroleum products and prices have plummeted down.A good example of the countries that depend on oil and gas exports is Azerbaijan,a country whose domestic economy has not been unaffected by the COVID-19 crisis.This study explores how the COVID-19 crisis has affected Azerbaijan’s economic security.The hypothesis is that due to this pandemic and the reduction of petroleum prices on an international scale,the Azerbaijan’s economy now has declined and the government faces the reduction of oil production,and the devaluation of Azerbaijan’s currency,manat.Moreover,travel bans due to the Coronavirus have dramatically affected Azerbaijan’s other economic sectors and industries such as tourism.All these issues have seriously threatened Azerbaijan’s economic security and the economy will not grow significantly in the near future.

数字主权与国家安全若干问题研究

With the rapid advancement of information technology, the digital space has become humanity's “third living space.” However,this new space has also created security risks, exhibiting novel national security and development-related characteristics. In such a context,digital sovereignty encompasses dominance over digital technologies,rule-making authority in the digital realm, a voice in the digital space,and the right to develop the digital economy. Many countries and regions worldwide, such as the United States, the European Union, and China,have placed extreme importance on digital sovereignty, as evidenced by their adoption of relevant strategies. China faces four barriers that hinder its efforts to enhance digital sovereignty: path dependence,technology maturity, generalized functional security, and energy consumption. China urgently needs to promote information technology innovation at the paradigm level, facilitate much-needed breakthroughs in ground-breaking technologies, and build an independent knowledge system with Chinese characteristics regarding the digital space. Only in this manner can China forge a new path of digitalization to consolidate its digital sovereignty and advance its modernization.

对总体国家安全观中“总体”和“领域”辩证关系的思考

In the new era, a holistic approach to national security entails both epistemology and methods. This approach systematically integrates and innovatively develops the scientific theories and methods developed by the Communist Party of China over the last one hundred years, with original contributions made by the concepts of “overall security” and “field security.” Overall national security is at a higher level, political in nature, and full of theoretical appeal. In contrast, field security is dynamic, oriented toward solving practical problems, and closely related to securitizing nonsecurity issues. From the three aspects of security and national security, development and security, and overall and field security,we find that overall national security and field security have a dialectical relationship between the universal and the particular, the macro and the micro, and the ordinary and the principal. Properly handling these dialectical relations will help implement the basic principles of balanced development and security and better ensure new development with a new security pattern.

Geopolitical Analysis of the Entry of Finland and Sweden to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has significantly altered the pattern of alliances and geopolitical balances on the European continent to such an extent that countries like Finland and Sweden that have traditionally remained neutral are now applying to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO).These two countries fear that Russia,which is currently trying to reposition itself,could try in the near future to invade these two Nordic countries to prevent the West(European Union,United Kingdom,and United States)from increasing its military presence and its military force in the Scandinavian peninsula and in the Baltic Sea.The enlargement that the European Union(EU)has carried out since the 1990s,and that has also meant the expansion of NATO,has been viewed with great concern by the government of Vladimir Putin,who considers that the United States and the European Union did not fulfill their commitment to former Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev to respect the sphere of influence of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR).Within the framework of this geopolitical confrontation,Helsinki and Stockholm do not want to run the risk of being invaded by the Russian army,which is why they seek to take advantage of the principle of collective security that NATO membership would grant them.

关于中国特色国家安全道路的战略思考

General Secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee Xi Jinping has creatively put forward a holistic approach to national security and the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,which are synergistic and inseparable.Compared with other major global powers,China is embarking on a path of national security that incorporates distinctive Chinese characteristics.Unlike the United States,which seeks international expansion and hegemony while pursuing national security,China is dedicated to maintaining global security and building a community with a shared future for humanity.Unlike Russia,which prioritizes national security over everything else,China places greater emphasis on balancing development and security.Unlike Europe and Japan,which entrust their national security to other countries,China has always adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance.An essential feature of the path of national security with Chinese characteristics is that it upholds the unity of the people’s security,political security,and the supremacy of national interests.Moreover,China will remain committed to peaceful development while defending its interests.China will continue to balance development and security imperatives,maintaining an independent foreign policy while building a community with a shared future for humanity.To make solid strides on the path of national security with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental task will be pursuing a holistic approach to national security and implementing the Ten Upholds.

War and Peace in Ukraine.A Legal-Linguistic Perspective

The current research overlaps a linguistic and a legal analysis of public international law in the Ukrainian case.Based on both official documents and public declarations,it explains the grounds for the wide range of understandings that the two common concepts-peace and war-may be bearing depending of the angle of looking at the matter and depending on the actor invoking them.The study develops the reasons likely to have been considered by President Putin when insisting to refer to the Russian military action started in Ukraine in February 2022 as“special military operation”instead of“war”and the cardinal difference in terms of legal impact for such a linguistic choice.It also builds on the elements which could serve as a basis for achieving a deal in obtaining peace in Ukraine,while tackling on the possible geopolitical,public communication and diplomatic hurdles,and offering clues for strategic analysis of the matter.