Dowry System and Natural Law in Shakespeare

Dowry was an important even decisive factor of forming a marriage in Renaissance,which was illustrated in Shakespeare’s plays.“No dowry,no marriage”was a common social phenomenon in Europe.Dowry was essentially a way of the actualization of male power in the context of patriarchal society,and the dowry system in Renaissance provided a unique angle to observe the social and family relationships,and the conflict between marriage freedom of children and actualization of parental power at that time.Shakespeare’s arrangement of dowry and marriage shows his satire to the unreasonable existing law.Actually we can find his inclination for natural law and consistence with Pufendorf who believes that family is the primary form of society,and marriage is the most primitive form of socialization,which is the requirement of natural law.

On the Characteristics of Classical Natural Law

Classical natural law still retains its deep transcendental roots, i.e. ancient Greek cosmology, although it is no longer based on theodicy. The oldest meaning of the universe(kosmos) is not nature, but order. Therefore, the universe is larger than nature. Cosmology, which takes a holistic approach to everything, is superior to reason or ontology, which underlies modern natural law and is essentially a mechanistic worldview. Classical natural law does not regard reason as the ultimate cause to avoid the disconnection of "form" from "substance," which is a disadvantage of modern thought resulting in a loss of regulative capacity. The eternal recurrence(ewige Wiederkehr) of natural law requires us to constantly revisit the idea of classical natural law in order to find a real footing for the salvation of reality.

The Natural Law of Transition of a Charged Particle into a Compound State under the Action of an Electroscalar Field

This article is the continuation of article [1] where the experimental facts of observation of the electroscalar radiation in the spectrum of the Sun have been presented [2]. This radiation comes into the world having a long wavelength, being longitudinal and extraordinarily penetrating. In accordance with the principle of least action, the Lagrangian of the electroscalar field and the tensor of energy-moment are determined using the variation the potential and coordinates. The equation of motion the charged particle in electroscalar field is determined and the energy of particle has the negative sign with respect to the mechanical energy of particle and the energy of electromagnetic field. So, this is decreasing the electrical potential of particle during the propagation. The electroscalar energy of charged particle and field’s force acting on the particle during their motion change the particle’s electrical status which, in its turn, may trigger the transition of the particle into a compound state during interaction with any object. Due to the continuity this process can lead the particle to the state which enters into a compound state with a negative energy for a different particle’s velocity. This state is the physical vacuum’s state. Analysis of the solar spectrum demonstrates that scattering and absorption of electroscalar wave go on the cavities of solids. The spreading out of electroscalar field obeys to the law of plane wave and the transfer the energy and information can occur in vacuum and any medium.

NATURAL LAW,BASIC GOODS,AND FIDUCIARY ALTRUISM

Even though fiduciary duties take the highest position in the spectrum of legal altruism,and legal fiduciary altruism sometimes differs from moral fiduciary altruism,natural law morality is not necessarily useless in helping to explain,determine,and justify concrete rules in fiduciary law.Five specific inspirations,in addition to divergences,can be drawn by a closer look at the seven basic goods of John Finnis,natural law theory.First,the basic good of life may help to determine the boundary of the best interest test under the duty of loyalty.Second,the basic good of play,in particular the distinction between business community and play community may help to justify the separate treatment between civil agency and commercial agency regarding the unconditional power of immediate termination.Third,practical reasonableness may help to explain the rule against set-off under the duty of no conflict.Fourth,different cultural notions of sociability may lead to distinct understandings with regard to the no-profit rule.Fifth,different attitudes towards knowledge in various religious beliefs may create distinct understandings about the burden of informed consent.

NATURAL LAW:PRACTICAL REASON AND CREATIVE INFORMATION

With nine main theses that are interspersed with each other,this paper explores and articulates some of the most important questions in natural law theory.The theses include:Ⅰ.In investigating facts,one finds reasons to choose an honest self-discipline;Ⅱ.Deliberating,one finds reasons similarly directing one to other intrinsic goods;Ⅲ.Taken integrally,these goods and principles acquire the force of moral precepts;Ⅳ.Those precepts,natural moral law,depict our nature(humanity)in its flourishing;Ⅴ.Nature and natures are best explained by free,intelligent transcendent creation;Ⅵ.Creation and other gifts past and present deserve our gratitude;Ⅶ.Natural moral law and historical revelation are two channels of information;Ⅷ.Secular and spiritual communities are distinct and respectfully self-governing;Ⅸ.Natural moral law defines human rights but rightfully extends beyond them.

THE NATURAL LAW FOUNDATION OF THE MARKET

In answering three important questions related to natural law,this paper offers a coherent explanation of the market.We argue that the market,rather than a mechanism that simply serves narrow self-interests,finds its legitimacy in the ethical origins of the market order.The need for law to support and sustain the market,including by imposing necessary limits on the freedom of the market players,flows from those ethical origins.

CHINESE NATURAL LAW TRADITION AND ITS MODERN APPLICATION： A RESPONSE TO HON. ROLLIN A. VAN BROEKHOVEN

This article is a response to Morality And Law In A Global Society： A Place For Natural Law Theory？ The first part is a summary and comments on Honorable Rollin A. Van Broekhoven＇s survey of the natural law tradition and its relevance to the analysis of the controversial U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Then it addresses Mencius and the Chinese natural law tradition based on the researches of Hu Shih and John C. H. Wu, and the affinity of the natural theories of Meneius and Thomas Aquinas are explored. The third part analyses the sensational case ofYu Huan （2017） from the point of view of natural law and takes it as an example of the relevance of natural law to the theory and practice of contemporary Chinese law.

A tentative model for the explanation of B?th law using the order parameter of seismicity in natural time

Using the order parameter of seismicity defined in natural time, we suggest a simple model for the expla- nation of Bath law, according to which a mainshock differs in magnitude from its largest aftershock by approximately 1.2 regardless of the mainshock magnitude. In addition, the validity of Bath law is studied in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalogue by using two different aftershock definitions. It is found that the mean of this difference, when considering all the pairs mainshock-largest aftershock, does not markedly differ from 1.2 and the corresponding distributions do not depend on the mainshock＇s magnitude threshold in a statistically significant manner. Finally, the analysis of the cumulative distribution functions provides evidence in favour of the proposed model.

Homo-urbanicus and Human-centered Planning

Homo-urbanicus is a planning concept which treats a human being as a rational animal with distinct material,social and intellectual characteristics,and a human settlement as a space in which human beings seek and offer opportunities for connection.Human-centered planning is the application of classical Natural Law(balance between self-preservation and mutual preservation)to the matching of human needs and human settlements.

Brain,Blood,Benevolence:Cumberland’s Anti-Hobbesian Use of Thomas Willis’s Cerebri Anatome (1664)

In his book of 1672,De Legibus Naturae,Richard Cumberland tries to refute Hobbes’s theory of human nature,demonstrating that man is not a homo insociabilis but a homo benevolens.Using Thomas Willis’s Cerebri Anatome.Cui Accessit Nervorum Descriptio et Usus(1665)as well as the works of other physicians and anatomists,Cumberland tries to show that human body(especially thanks to its peculiar brain,blood,and plexus nervous)predisposes men to a sociable life and to the building of a peaceful and civil society.

Subjectivities of the Scientific Endeavor:Noting the Illusion of Objectivity in the History of Science and Medicine

The history of science and medicine has long been steeped in the notion that they are objective(untainted by the philosophical and ideological ebbs and flows of society)and utilitarian(doing what is best for the greater good).Because of this,scientific and medical epistemologies and praxis are often held to an esteem that is unquestioned,celebrated,and occasionally unchecked.A closer look at the history of science and medicine,however,readily reveal the extent to which the milieu of society has informed scientific and medical endeavors.As such,an understanding of how the subjectivities of scientific and medical endeavors situate within our contemporary disciplines and practices is significant to one’s ability to truly understand said disciplines.Likewise,such an evaluation will provide insight into our role in perpetuating the illusion of objectivity in these fields.With this in mind,this paper provides a philosophical and historical examination of the concept of objectivity(in contrast to subjectivity)in science and medicine.

Legal Thought in Early Modern England：The Theory of Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury （1588-1679） is one of the most influential British philosophers of the seventeenthcentury. The paper reconstructs Hobbes＇s legal theory, focusing on his definition of law （civil law, as he calls it）found in Leviathan, XXVI, 3. The definition is only apparently simple, since it has been interpreted in differentways, especially with regard to the connections with natural law-and the Hobbesian assertion that civil law andnatural law ＂contain each other＂. Moreover, the definition of civil law changes in the corresponding paragraph ofthe Latin version of 1668. What is the meaning of this change？ What about the divisions of the law/divisio legis,which-as Hobbes emphasizes-appears in different forms in different writers？ Finally, if a good law is ＂thatwhich is needful, for the good of the people＂, what is it that dictates the paths to be followed by the sovereignrepresentative, who is also the supreme legislator, when writing a new law？ These are the main problems inHobbes＇s legal thought that the paper will address.

A Thomistic Paradigm for Planning Conflict Resolution

Thomas Aquinas' s concept of natural law propounds two universal values: self-preservation and living-with-others. They are equal and symmetrical in any specif ic social relationship. Living-with-others is the most reliable guarantee for self-preservation; self-preservation provides the best standard for living-with-others. This opens up new opportunities for resolving confl icts between the developer and objector in land development.