Natural course of chronic hepatitis B is characterized by changing patterns of programmed death type-1 of CD8-positive T cells

AIM:To investigate if and how programmed death type-1(PD-1)expression affects the natural course of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection. METHODS:Sixty-four patients in different natural stages of chronic HBV infection were enrolled in this study.PD-1 expression in total T cells was detected by flow cytometry.Levels of total CD8+T cell responses and proliferation in relation to PD-1 expression levels were analyzed with intracellular staining and PD-1/ PD-L1 blockage. RESULTS:The PD-1 expression in T cells was dynamically changed during the natural course of chronic HBV infection,did not significantly increase in the immune tolerance phase,and returned to normal in the inactive virus carrier stage.Blockage of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could not affect the T-cell response in the immune tolerance and inactive virus carrier stages of chronic HBV infection.However,it could significantly restore the T-cell response in the immune clearance stage of chronic HBV infection.Furthermore,the PD-1 expression level in T cells was associated with the alanine aminotransferase level during the immune clearance stage of chronic HBV infection. CONCLUSION:The PD-l/PD-L1 pathway plays a different role in T-cell response during the natural course of chronic HBV infection.

Comparison on the Perinatal Complications for Newborns between by IVF-ET and Natural Delivery

This study was conducted to compare the perinatal complications for newborns by In vitro fertilization with embryo transfer(IVF-ET)and natural delivery.Respectively 50 cases of the IVF-ET and 50 cases of the natural delivery were selected from Hospital of Chengde Medical University as research subjects.All the recruited cases were selected with the newborns from April,2021 to April,2022.Defining the IVF-ET as the test group,while the natural delivery as the control group to compare and analyze the perinatal situations and the incidences of complications in both the groups.This study showed that the incidences of pregnancy-induced hypertension,diabetes,multiple pregnancy,premature delivery,and cesarean section in the test group were significantly(p<0.05)higher,than the control group.In addition,the incidences of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(NRDS)and hyperbilirubinemia of newborns in the test group were statistical(p<0.05)higher,compared to the control group.In contrast,there are no statistically significant differences in terms of hypoglycemia,pneumonia,and neonatal asphyxia incidences between the two groups(p>0.05).Interestingly,there is a significant difference(p<0.05)in the incidences of neonatal cardiac anomalies in both groups,however,no significant differences(p>0.05)were observed in terms of birth defects including hypospadias,the cleft lip and palate,polydactyly,anal atresia,and esophageal atresia in both the groups.In summary,the test tube babies of IVF-ET are more susceptible to complications in their perinatal stage compared with natural delivery newborns,therefore,during the clinical development physicians should strengthen clinical attention and take proactive healthcare management,in order to maintain the health and life of the newborns.