Supporting IrO2 and IrRuOx nanoparticles on TiO2 and Nb-doped TiO2 nanotubes as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction

IrO2 and IrRuOx(Ir:Ru 60:40 at%),supported by 50 wt%onto titania nanotubes(TNTs)and(3 at%Nb)Nb-doped titania nanotubes(Nb-TNTs),as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),were synthesized and characterized by means of structural,surface analytical and electrochemical techniques.Nb doping of titania significantly increased the surface area of the support from 145(TNTs)to 260 m2g-1(Nb-TNTs),which was significantly higher than those of the Nb-doped titania supports previously reported in the literature.The surface analytical techniques showed good dispersion of the catalysts onto the supports.The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that Nb was mainly in the form of Nb(IV)species,the suitable form to behave as a donor introducing free electrons to the conduction band of titania.The redox transitions of the cyclic voltammograms,in agreement with the XPS results,were found to be reversible.Despite the supported materials presented bigger crystallite sizes than the unsupported ones,the total number of active sites of the former was also higher due to their better catalyst dispersion.Considering the outer and the total charges of the cyclic voltammograms in the range 0.1–1.4 V,stability and electrode potentials at given current densities,the preferred catalyst was Ir O2 supported on the Nb-TNTs.The electrode potentials corresponding to given current densities were between the smallest ones given in the literature despite the small oxide loading used in this work and its Nb doping,thus making the Nb-TNTs-supported IrO2 catalyst a promising candidate for the OER.The good dispersion of IrO2,high specific surface area of the Nb-doped supports,accessibility of the electroactive centers,increased stability due to Nb doping and electron donor properties of the Nb(IV)oxide species were considered the main reasons for its good performance.

Electronic structure and optical properties of Nb-doped Sr_2TiO_4 by density function theory calculation

This paper investigates the effect of Nb doping on the electronic structure and optical properties of Sr2TiO4 by the first-principles calculation of plane wave ultra-soft pseudo-potential based on density functional theory （DFT）.The calculated results reveal that due to the electron doping,the Fermi level shifts into conduction bands（CBs） for Sr2NbxTi1-xO4 with x=0.125 and the system shows n-type degenerate semiconductor features. Sr2TiO4 exhibits optical anisotropy in its main crystal axes,and the c-axis shows the most suitable crystal growth direction for obtaining a wide transparent region.The optical transmittance is higher than 90% in the visible range for Sr2Nb0.125Ti0.875O4.

Significant performance enhancement of all-inorganic CsPbBr_(3)perovskite solar cells enabled by Nb-doped SnO_(2)as effective electron transport layer

All-inorganic CsPbBr_(3)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted great attention because of their high chemical and thermal stabilities in ambient air.However,the short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of CsPbBr_(3)-based PSCs is inadequate under solar illumination because of the wide bandgap,inefficient charge extraction and recombination loss,leading to lower power-conversion efficiencies(PCEs).It is envisaged that in addition to narrowing the bandgap by alloying,J_(sc)of the PSCs could be enhanced by effective improvement of electron transportation,suppression of charge recombination at the interface between the perovskite and electron transporting layer(ETL),and tuning of the space charge field in the device.In this work,Nb-doped SnO_(2)films as ETLs in the CsPbBr_(3)-based PSCs have been deposited at room temperature by high target utilization sputtering(Hi TUS).Through optimizing the Nb doping level alone,the J_(sc)was increased by nearly 19%,from 7.51 to 8.92 mA·cm^(-2)and the PCE was enhanced by 27%from 6.73%to 8.54%.The overall benefit by replacing the spin-coated SnO_(2)with sputtered SnO_(2)with Nb doping was up to 39%increase in J_(sc)and 62%increase in PCE.Moreover,the PCE of the optimized device showed negligible degradation over exposure to ambient environment(T~25°C,RH~45%),with 95.4%of the original PCE being maintained after storing the device for 1200 h.

Bipolar Resistive Switching in Epitaxial Mn_3O_4 Thin Films on Nb-Doped SrTiO_3 Substrates

Spinel （O01）-orientated Mn304 thin films on Nb-doped SrTi03 （001） substrates are fabricated via the pulsed laser deposition method. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicate that the as-prepared epitaxial fihn is well crystaiHzed. In the film plane the orientation relationship between the film and the substrate is [lOOjMn3 04 ｜｜[110] Nb-doped SrTiO3. After an electroforming process, the film shows bipolar nonvolatile resistance switching behavior. The positive voltage bias drives the sample into a low resistance state, while the negative voltage switches it back to a high resistance state. The switching polarity is different from the previous studies. The complex impedance measurement suggests that the resistance switching behavior is of filament type. Due to the performance reproducibility and state stability, Mn3O4 might be a promising candidate for the resistive random access memory devices.

Influence of Oxygen to Argon Ratio on the Structural and Morphological Properties of Nb-Doped SrTiO₃Epitaxial Films Grown by Reactive Ion Beam Sputter Deposition

Nb-doped SrTiO3 (STNO) films were grown on (001)-oriented LaAlO3 substrates by a reactive ion beam sputter deposition at various mixing ratios (OMRs) with a substrate temperature of 800oC. The STNO films exhibited good crystallinity with an epitaxial orientation as characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction, grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, and in-plane pole figure analysis. A decrease of out-of-plane and in-plane lattice constants was observed with an increase of OMR. The surface morphology of the STNO films showed a very dense fine-grain structure. The root-mean-square roughness was found to be increased as the OMR increased. Moreover, the elemental compositions of the STNO films were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

从辐照过的钍中分离镤的研究

研究了以１－苯基－３－甲基－４－苯甲酰基吡唑啉酮－５（ＰＭＢＰ）和三异辛胺（ＴＩＯＡ）为萃取剂，盐酸－氢氟酸溶液为反萃剂，从中子辐照过的钍中分离纯化镤的一个快速、有效的流程。对流程的一些主要步骤中的分离条件作了研究。以钍的裂变产物为多重示踪剂检验了该流程，得到了主要杂质元素的去污因子，给出了镤的回收率。

可见光活性氮掺杂纳米二氧化钛研究进展

氮掺杂可拓宽TiO2的光响应范围和实现可见光响应、增强其对太阳光能的利用和提高它的光催化效率而成为该领域关注的焦点。本文综述了氮掺杂对TiO2能带结构的影响及氮掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜和粉体的制备方法等方面的研究进展,总结了该领域研究中亟待解决的问题并对今后的发展提出了作者的思考。

Effects of reductive annealing on insulating polycrystalline thin films of Nb-doped anatase TiO2:recovery of high conductivity

We studied the effects of reductive annealing on insulating polycrystalline thin films of anatase Nb- doped TiO2 （TNO）. The insulating TNO films were intentionally fabricated by annealing conductive TNO films in oxygen ambient at 400 ℃. Reduced free carrier absorption in the insulating TNO films indicated carrier com- pensation due to excess oxygen. With H2-annealing, both carrier density and Hall mobility recovered to the level of conducting TNO, demonstrating that the excess oxygen can be efficiently removed by the annealing process without introducing additional scattering centers.

T10A钢磨床钳口淬火开裂原因分析

采用宏观检验、微观检验、硬度测试等方法对万能工具磨床用钳口开裂原因进行分析。结果表明,淬火加热温度过高和冷却液浓度偏低是影响磨床钳口淬火开裂的主要原因,并提出了预防措施。

钴钇掺杂(Ba,Sr)TiO_3基介电陶瓷的制备与性能研究

采用二次固相反应法制备Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3介电陶瓷,研究了掺杂钴、钇离子对钛酸锶钡介电性能的影响。结果表明,陶瓷样品Y3+、Co3+的最佳掺杂浓度分别为0.04mol%和0.05mol%,最佳烧结温度为1340℃,样品的相对介电常数为4200,介电损耗(tanδ)为0.005。样品的结构为四方晶系,P4mm空间群。获得了高介电常数、低损耗的Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3介电陶瓷。

针织器材用T10A钢表面化学镀镍工艺

为了在T10A钢表面得到厚度薄且孔隙率较低的化学镀镍层,运用单因素分析法,考察了施镀温度、施镀时间、硫酸镍质量浓度和次磷酸钠质量浓度对化学镀镍层厚度及孔隙率的影响,并初步得到各因素指标的适宜浓度范围。在此基础上,通过正交试验法,确定了化学镀镍的最优工艺配方:硫酸镍25g/L,次磷酸钠25g/L,醋酸钠25g/L,辅助配位剂25g/L,光亮剂2g/L,硫脲2mg/L,pH=4.0,施镀温度70℃,施镀时间10min。正交试验的极差分析表明:在施镀温度、施镀时间、硫酸镍质量浓度和次磷酸钠质量浓度4个因素指标中,硫酸镍质量浓度对于镀层厚度、孔隙率及镀层显微硬度的影响都最大;且采用该化学镀镍配方,可获得孔隙率为12点/cm2,镀层厚度为4.1μm及镀层显微硬度为487HV0.1的镀层。

Photoelectrochemical Performance of Nb-doped TiO_2 Nanoparticles Fabricated by Hydrothermal Treatment of Titanate Nanotubes in Niobium Oxalate Aqueous Solution

Nb-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of titanate nanotubes in niobium oxalate aqueous solution.The effect of Nb doping and rutile content on the photoelectrochemical performance based on TiO2 powder electrodes was investigated.The results show that Nb-doped TiO2 with a small amount of rutile exhibits the enhanced photoelectric conversion efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cell.The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of 8.53%is obtained for 1%Nb—TiO2 containing a small amount of rutile.When a small amount of rutile contained in 2%Nb—TiO2,a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency of8.77%is achieved.

Effect of Nb doping on microstructures and thermoelectric properties of SrTiO_3 ceramics

Nb-doped SrTiO3 thermoelectric ceramics with different niobium concentrations,sintering temperatures and Sr-site vacancies are successfully prepared by high energy ball milling combined with carbon burial sintering.For fully understanding the effect of niobium doping on SrTiO3,thermoelectric transport properties are systematically investigated in a temperature range from 300 K to 1100 K.The carrier mobility can be significantly enhanced,and the electrical conductivity is quadrupled,when the sintering temperature rises from 1673 K to 1773 K（beyond the eutectic temperature（1713 K） of SrTiO3–TiO2）.The lattice vibration can be suppressed by the lattice distortion introduced by the doped niobium atoms.However,Sr-site vacancies compensate for the lattice distortion and increase the lattice thermal conductivity more or less.Finally,we achieve a maximum value of figure-of-merit z T of 0.21 at 1100 K for Sr Ti（0.9）Nb（0.1）O3 ceramic sintered at1773 K.

Structure,optical and electrical properties of Nb-doped ZnO transparent conductive thin films prepared by co-sputtering method

Nb-doped ZnO thin films were fabricated on glass substrates by using co-sputtering with direct-current and radio frequency magnetron sputtering.The structures,optical and electrical performances of Nb-doped ZnO thin films were investigated.The results showed that all thin films have(002)c-axis preferential orientation.The minimum resistivity of 2.12×10^(-3)Ωcm and the maximum carrier concentration of 2.39×10^(19 )cm^(-3) were obtained at the direct-current sputtering power of 10W,respectively.Nb-doped ZnO thin films have also shown high average transmittance of 89.6%,and lower surface roughness of 2.74 nm.Meanwhile,a distinct absorption edge in the ultraviolet range of 300–400 nm was observed in absorbance,the optical band gap of Nb-doped ZnO thin films illustrates an increased tendency with increasing Nb concentration.

Growth temperature dependence of crystal symmetry in Nb-doped BaTiO_(3) thin films

Growth temperature effects on the microstructure of Nb-doped BaTiO_(3) thin films of the composition BaTi_(0.98)Nb_(0.02)O_(3) are studied using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Reciprocal space maps and electron diffraction patterns show that the a-axis lattice parameter increases and the c-axis parameter decreases with increasing growth temperature,indicating a decrease of tetragonality.Bright-field TEM images show low and high densities of threading defects in films grown at low and high temperatures,respectively.The observations are discussed in terms of a hindering of the cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition by a high defect density and a high unit cell volume.

Separation of protactinium in the reaction of 60MeV/nucleon ^(18)O ions with natural uranium

The activities of protactinium were produced by the multi-nucleontransfer reactions in bombardment of the natural uranium with 60 MeV/nucleon 1sOions. A simple, relatively fast radiochemical procedure was used for extraction sep-aration of protactinium from the uranium and a variety of reaction products using1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone and tri-iso-octylamine as extractants. Theγ ray spectrum of the separated protactinium fractions showed that the protactiniumcould be separated from all of the main impurity elements. The decontaminationfactors of the uranium and the main reaction products produced in the reaction aregiven.

Effects of B_2O_3-SiO_2 doping on electrical properties of Ba_(0.65)Sr_(0.35)TiO_3 ceramics

Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics doped with B2O3-SiO2 glass composition were prepared by using conventional solid-state reaction method. The effects of glass dopant on the dielectric and ferroelectric properties were investigated. The results show that the dielectric constant decreases while the dielectric loss increases after doping. And as the glass content increases the dielectric constant decreases while the dielectric loss changes slightly. From the complex impedance analysis the resistance and the relaxation time of the grain and the grain boundary can be calculated. Comparing the P—E hysteresis loop of undoped Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics with that of B2O3-SiO2 doped Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 ceramics, it can be seen that the remanent polarization decreases when the B2O3-SiO2 content is lower than 8%（molar fraction）, and the coercive field increases with the increase of B2O3-SiO2 content.

Macroscopic polarization enhancement boosting piezo-photocatalytic performance via Nb-doping on B-site of Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanosheets

The development of a high-performance ferroelectric piezo-photocatalyst is an efficient strategy for advancing sustainability within the environmental and energy sectors.Yet,a major challenge lies in the creation of a strong polarized electric field that can effectively hinder charge recombination,both within the bulk and on the surface of catalysts.Herein,we synthesize a series of Nb-doped Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)nanosheets via a facile one-pot hydrothermal method to achieve synergistically enhanced piezo-photocatalytic performance in CO_(2)reduction and pollutant degradation.The optimized doped Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)demonstrates remarkable efficiency in the conversion of CO_(2)into CO,with a high production rate of 72.7μmol∙g−1∙h−1 without using co-catalysts or any sacrificial agent,surpassing the performance of unmodified Bi_(4)Ti_(3)O_(12)by up to 4.69 folds.Additionally,our catalyst demonstrates ultra-fast piezo-photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant Rhodamine B(RhB)at low concentrations and exceptional piezo-photocatalytic activity at high concentrations,outperforming most previously reported state-of-the-art catalysts.The systematic corroboration of catalyst characterization and experimental analysis reveals that the synergistic effect arises from the amplified macroscopic polarization induced by lattice distortion caused by the larger Nb ions,thereby improving piezo-photocatalytic efficiency.This research thus offers valuable insights into the direct design and fabrication of versatile catalytic systems,with applications spanning CO_(2)valorization and beyond.

一种形式化的实时协议互操作性测试方法

协议互操作性测试是一种保证网络通信协议实现质量的重要技术.下一代互联网协议需要提供对实时应用的有效支持,然而已有互操作性测试相关研究中并没有考虑协议中的时间约束,现有互操作性测试技术很难应用于实时协议互操作性测试中.文中提出了一种形式化的实时协议互操作性测试方法.首先提出了一个用于描述实时协议互操作性测试被测系统的形式化模型CMpTIOA(通信多端口时间输入输出自动机),基于该模型定义了时间互操作性关系;然后提出一种以时间互操作性关系为指导的测试生成方法,根据被测系统模型生成参数化测试行为树,在该方法中还集成了可执行性预判决机制,在一定程度上缓解了状态空间爆炸问题;最后将提出的理论和方法应用于IPv6邻居发现协议的互操作性测试中,验证了该方法的可行性.