The messier objects as a tool in teaching astronomy

The French astronomer Charles Messier (1730- 1817) compiled a catalogue [1] of astronomical objects which reached109 innumber after additions by later astronomers were added. The catalogue contains galaxies, emission nebulae, a supernova remnant, a double star, globular clusters, open clusters, an asterism, a star cloud, and planetary nebulae. While the objective of Messier in compiling the catalogue was to guide comet hunters not to be confused by his objects which he thought looked like comets [2], the Messier Catalogue as it later became known became a standard guide to astronomers for a study of the sky’s “greatest hits” or the best samples of objects which can be observed and studied. This paper explores the value of the Messier Catalogue in the teaching of Astronomy and Earth Science. The range of objects is wide and contains some of the best examples of their type. The teaching method I propose is the actual observations of the objects through a telescope, with the corresponding explanation. Some principles which will be covered through this process are stellar evolution from the birth and death of stars, galaxy types, formation of galaxies, galactic interactions, life in the Universe, cosmology, and our place in the Universe.

Robust Multi-Objective Optimization of Chromatographic Rare Earth Element Separation

Rare earth elements are strategic commodities in many countries, and an important resource for the growing modern technology industry. As such, there is an increasing interest for development of rare earth element processing, and this work is a part of further development of chromatography as a rare earth element separation process method. Process optimization is pivotal for process development, and it is common that several competing objectives must be regarded. Chromatographic separation processes often consider competing objectives, such as productivity, yield, pool concentration and modifier consumption, which leads to Pareto optimal solutions. Adding robustness to a process is of great importance to account for process disturbances and uncertainties but generally comes with reduced performance of the other process objectives as a trade off. In this study, a model-based robust multi-objective optimization was carried out for batch-wise chromatographic separation of the rare earth elements samarium, europium and gadolinium, which was considered highly un-robust due to the neighbouring peaks proximity to the product pooling horizon. The results from the robust optimization were used to chart the required operation point changes for keeping the amount of failed batches at an acceptable level when a certain level of process disturbance was introduced. The loss of process performance due to the gained robustness was found to be in the range of 10% - 20% reduced productivity when comparing the robust and un-robust Pareto solutions at Pareto points with identical yield. The methodology presented shows how to increase robustness to a highly un-robust system while still keeping multiple objectives at their optima.

基于多任务学习多目标优化的稀土元素组分含量与浓度多维度软测量

稀土混合萃取溶液中各元素组分含量的在线软测量是优化连续萃取生产过程、确保产品高纯化的前提.现有软测量方法可独立求解单个稀土元素组分含量,但忽略了多元素组分含量间或组分含量与其它相关因素(如浓度)间的共性.本文为探索多稀土元素组分含量间及组分含量与浓度间的共性,将多任务学习方法用于稀土元素组分含量软测量中.首先,构建多任务深度神经网络,提高模型的泛化能力和鲁棒性.其次,提出基于多目标优化算法的稀土多元素组分含量预测方法,通过搜索Pareto最优以提升各任务的预测精度.经多组对比实验表明,该方法在多元素组分含量或多元素组分含量与浓度同时训练时性能最佳,能满足稀土元素组分含量在线检测的精确性和实时性.

宋代理学美学的生态审美境界论

宋代理学家以一种带有生态意义的审美终极关怀去观照自然、社会和人生,构建了体系完备的生态审美境界论。宋代理学美学的生态审美境界论由“孔颜乐处”观、“曾点之乐”观、“圣贤气象”观组成,三者相辅相成,其实质是一种追求万物一体、人生圆融、社会和谐的天地境界,标志着中国古代美学达到了一个新的发展水平。

中国科学技术大学-中国科学院紫金山天文台2.5米大视场巡天望远镜(墨子巡天望远镜)

中国科学技术大学-中国科学院紫金山天文台2.5米大视场巡天望远镜(即墨子巡天望远镜,WFST)是中国科学技术大学“双一流”学科平台建设项目,双方于2018年3月1日召开望远镜项目预研启动会,2019年7月正式开展望远镜建设,2023年8月望远镜建成并开展调试观测,2023年9月17日望远镜首光仪式暨科学战略研讨会召开,并成功发布仙女座星系图片,标志着望远镜设备基本达到设计标准,已经可以开展天文观测研究。墨子巡天望远镜口径2.5米,采用国际先进的主焦光学系统设计和主镜主动光学矫正技术,可实现3度视场范围内均匀高像质和极低像场畸变成像,配备7.65亿像素大靶面主焦相机,具备大视场、高像质、宽波段的特点。墨子巡天望远镜安置于青海省海西州茫崖市冷湖镇赛什腾山海拔4200米的天文台址,是冷湖天文观测基地首个投入运行并开展天文观测研究的大型设备。墨子巡天望远镜通过获取天体高精度位置和多波段亮度观测数据,监测移动天体和光变天体,高效搜寻和监测天文动态事件,可以在高能时域天文、太阳系天体普查、银河系结构和近场宇宙学等研究领域取得突破性原始创新成果。同时,墨子巡天望远镜将面向国家航天强国战略,开展太阳系近地天体等搜寻与监测研究,服务航天安全和深空探测战略需求。

新农科背景下“Python数据科学导引”公共课程建设

为适应新农科背景下社会对具有数据科学思维的复合型人才的需求,文中通过分析国内外高等院校本科生的数据科学教育现状,详细阐述了国内高等农林院校建设数据科学课程体系的必要性。以内蒙古农业大学为例,在“新农科”背景下,依托计算机公共课程开展数据科学课程建设,具体从课程的教学目标、内容及安排、考核办法、资源建设等方面出发,实现了面向农林专业通识教育的数据科学课程设置与实践,为农林院校培养复合型人才开辟了新思路,也有助于计算机公共课程的进一步发展。

业务驱动的低轨卫星物联网终端模态切换方法

针对低轨卫星物联网场景下基于窄带物联网(narrow band Internet of Things,NB-IoT)体制的物联终端大尺度地理范围内多场景应用业务时延和终端功耗需求动态变化问题,提出一种利用马尔可夫链模型评估NB-IoT终端在扩展不连续接收(extended discontinuous reception,eDRX)和节能模式(power saving mode,PSM)下的时延功耗的方法,建立了以下行业务延迟和终端功耗为优化目标的多目标优化问题。在信关站利用终端历史业务数据信息离线训练基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的时延功耗的回归预测模型,以回归预测模型作为非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-II,NSGA-II)的目标函数,得到多目标优化问题的Pareto前沿解集,进一步从Pareto前沿解集中选择满足当前应用时延功耗需求的工作状态定时器参数值,在线配置终端。仿真结果表明,相比于传统的地面物联网终端固定式定时器参数配置方法,所提出的业务驱动的定时器参数配置方法在终端动态多场景应用下能够更好地满足业务时延和终端功耗需求。

基于CEI测量的GEO目标快速轨道恢复

连线干涉测量(Connected Element Interferometry,CEI)是一种全天时全天候的被动测角技术,已用于空间目标的跟踪监视.地球静止轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit,GEO)卫星需要频繁机动以保持轨位或完成其他任务,其机动后的快速轨道恢复能力对于监视预警极为重要.针对基于CEI的GEO短弧定轨和预报,分析了定轨算法的形亏和数亏,在附加先验轨道约束的短弧定轨基础上,提出了轨道半长轴初值的自适应优化方法.利用亚太七号卫星的CEI仿真和实测数据进行了短弧定轨和预报,实验结果表明,采用优化后的半长轴初值,30min短弧定轨和10min预报的卫星位置分量精度均优于4km,能够满足非合作GEO目标机动后快速轨道恢复的需求.

Google Earth影像与同源Quick Bird影像在城市土地利用分类上的对比研究

Quick Bird(QB)、IKONOS等高分辨率遥感影像是Google Earth(GE)影像中的重要来源,经过图形化处理后,免费提供给公众浏览和使用.通过对相同区域、同期QB及其GE影像分别采取基于像素和面向对象的分类方法实施土地利用分类,对比分析两类影像在不同土地利用类型、不同分类方法上的分类效果,阐明GE影像进行土地利用分类的可行性,并就其在不同分类方法、不同分类类型情况下的适应性进行评价和建议.

一元而非二元的理学“性”论--论“气质之性”非“气质的性”

理学的“性”是本体化的概念,其“性”论解释了人与物、人与人、物与物的种种差别,不是狭义的人性论,而是其本体论之一部分。“气质之性”不是指气质本身的“性”,而是指本体意义的“天地之性”透过人物所禀的具体气质而在经验世界呈现出来的具体状态,“天地之性”与“气质之性”是体用关系,而非并列的二元关系。

基于多目标多智能体强化学习的低轨卫星切换策略

针对低轨卫星通信系统(LSM)中地面用户流量需求分布不均衡和用户并发切换过多等挑战,提出了一种基于多目标多智能体协同深度强化学习的低轨卫星切换策略,以地面小区用户流量需求满意度、切换时延、用户冲突为优化目标,采用多智能体协同深度学习算法对目标进行优化,其中每个智能体仅负责一个小区用户的卫星切换策略,智能体之间通过共享奖励实现协作,从而达到多目标优化的效果。仿真结果表明,所提的切换策略的平均用户流量满意度为73.1%,平均切换时延为343 ms,对比启发式算法能够更好满足地面小区用户的流量需求、平衡卫星网络的负载。

Revisit of Dynamical Mechanisms of Transporting Asteroids in the 3:1 Resonance to the Near-Earth Space

It is well-known that the asteroids in the main belt trapped in the 3：1 Mean Motion Resonance （MMR） with Jupiter （at semi-major axes -2.5 AU） are few in number, forming one of the so-called Kirkwood Gaps. Wisdom pointed out that chaotic motion of such aster- oids can increase their eccentricities and make them approach and cross the orbit of Mars （or even the Earth）. We numerically investigated the orbital evolution of the asteroids involved in 3：1 MMR （NEOs） over millions of years and revisited the dynamical mechanisms of trasporitng such asteroids into the NEO region. The results show that the dynamical evolution of the asteroids around 2.5 AU is mainly dominated by the 3：1 resonance, the v5 and v6 secular resonances and the Kozai resonance, and these bodies can evolve into NEOs through several of the dynamical mechanisms, so indicating possible dynamical origin of the NEOs.

Astrometry of three near Earth asteroids with the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope

Under the framework of observational campaigns organized by the GAIA Follow Up Network for Solar System Objects, three near Earth asteroids, 367943 Duende, 99942 Apophis and 2013 TV135, were observed with the Lijiang 2.4m telescope administered by Yunnan Observatories. The software package PRISM was used to calibrate the CCD fields and measure the positions of 99942 Apophis and 2013 TV135, and our own software was used for 367943 Duende. A comparison of the results show that the ephemerides of INPOP10a and JPL are consistent for 99942 Apophis and 2013 TV135, however, they are quite inconsistent for 367943 Duende. Moreover, we have found that differences between the mean values in the ephemerides of INPOP10a and JPL are about 72＂ and -199＂ in right ascension and declination respectively for 367943 Duende. Moreover, the ephemeris published by JPL is reliable in terms of the mean observed-minus-calculated （O - C） residuals in right ascension and declination of about 2.72＂ and 1.49＂ respectively.

Geochemical characteristics of REE in the Late Neo-proterozoic limestone from northern Anhui Province, China

Ten representative limestone samples [six from Wangshan Formation(WL) and the other four from Gouhou Formation(GL)] were collected from outcrops of the northern Anhui Province, and REE concentrations in limestone were measured by ICP-MS. The depositional environment and source of the REE were analyzed, and the results implys that the total REE of samples are low compared with the recent marine sediments, which range from 9.61 to 54.18 mg/kg and an average of 22.93 mg/kg. The PAAS-normalized REE+Y patterns of limestone are characterized by(1) light REE depletion in WL and enrichment in GL with the values of(Nd/Yb)SN ranging form 0.65 to 0.91 and 1.12 to 1.46, respectively;(2) light negative Ce anomaly(0.85–1.02) and positive La anomaly(0.92–1.27); and(3) both Eu(0.91–1.23) and Y(1.42–2.38) expressing light positive anomaly. The character indicated that the depositional environment was oxygenated, with infection by the hydrothermal activity and contamination of detritus.

Orbit Design for Responsive Space Using Multiple-objective Evolutionary Computation

Responsive orbits have exhibited advantages in emergencies for their excellent responsiveness and coverage to targets.Generally,there are several conflicting metrics to trade in the orbit design for responsive space.A special multiple-objective genetic algorithm,namely the Nondominated Sorting Genetic AlgorithmⅡ(NSGAⅡ),is used to design responsive orbits.This algorithm has considered the conflicting metrics of orbits to achieve the optimal solution,including the orbital elements and launch programs of responsive vehicles.Low-Earth fast access orbits and low-Earth repeat coverage orbits,two subtypes of responsive orbits,can be designed using NSGAI under given metric tradeoffs,number of vehicles,and launch mode.By selecting the optimal solution from the obtained Pareto fronts,a designer can process the metric tradeoffs conveniently in orbit design.Recurring to the flexibility of the algorithm,the NSGAI promotes the responsive orbit design further.

用于地球静止轨道目标的光学检测算法

针对地球静止轨道(GEO)空间目标探测任务中目标特征薄弱、尺度小和定位精度要求高的问题,提出SFFRetinaNet(Shallow focus and FreeAnchor RetinaNet)算法。该算法针对空间目标特征提取不充分的问题,设计了一种聚焦浅层特征的残差网络结构,增强了网络对图像浅层特征的提取能力;引入了FreeAnchor检测器,将锚框匹配策略转化为极大似然估计问题进行优化,提高了目标检测框的定位精度;针对观测图像中目标样本数量匮乏、分辨率低及分布不均匀的问题,引入多分辨率融合的Copy-Paste数据增强方法,提高了算法的检测效果。SFF-RetinaNet算法在Kelvins SpotGEO挑战赛的数据集上进行了测试,mAP达到了71.28%,相较原算法提高了12.33%,算法检测速度提高了3fps,能够更好地应用于地球静止轨道空间目标检测任务。

The Permian-Triassic Transitional Zone: Jordan, Arabian Plate;Linked to Siberian Large Igneous Province and Neo-Tethys Breakup Degassing via Climate Forcing, Atmospheric Hazard and Metal Toxicity

End-Permian Gondwana siliciclastics (50 - 70 m) of the Um Irna F exposed along the NE Dead Sea, exhibit carbonate-free fining upward cycles (FUC) deposited during acid flash flood events under tropical climate. Several ferruginous paleosol intercalations cover periods of drying upward formation (DUP) under semiarid/arid climates. Thin grey pelite beds interbedded between paleosol and overlying FUC, are interpreted as tephra deposits sourced in Siberian LIP- and Neo-Tethys (NT)-Degassing. The Wadi Bassat en Nimra-section exhibits the P-T transitional zone where flash flood deposits meet supra-/intertidal sediments of the southward-directed transgressive NT. Decreasing flash-flooding continued through the Lower Scythian (Ma’in F.) during transgression, reworking, and resedimentation. Two euryhaline foraminifera-bearing limestone beds are discussed as indicators for the end of mass extinction (recovery phase: ca. 250.8 - 250.4 Ma) possibly correlating with the Maximum Flooding Surface MFS Tr 10 (ca. 250.5 Ma) on the Arabian Shelf (Khuff cycles B;A). Comparable data from the Germanic Basin as FUC/DUP-cycles, tephrasuspicious “Grey Beds” with high concentrations of As, Co, Pb, Zn, and Cu as well as the U-Pb Age data of the Siberian LIP meet the PTB-Zone between the MFSs Intervals P 40 (ca. 254 Ma)/Tr 10 (ca 250.5 Ma) on the Arabian Shelf. MFS (Tr 10, 20, 30) and SBs resp. on the Arabian Plate, as well as Scythian Substage boundaries correlate with ∂13 C-excursions recorded at Musandam, UAE. Thereby, the ratio of greenhouse gases (+climate forcing)/aerosols und tephra (-climate forcing) takes a significant influence on the ∂13C-Variation.

动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究进展

以近地小天体防御为背景,介绍了近地小天体的基本概念和物理特性,分析了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体的研究进展。讨论了超高速动能撞击近地小天体表面成坑形貌、相似律以及成坑过程中抛射物产生机制、演化过程和抛射物质量速度分布相似律。总结了基于结合点源假设、实验和数值模拟结果建立的超高速动能撞击小天体动量传递理论模型和相似律。分析了近地小天体的物理特性和撞击条件对动量传递系数的影响规律。归纳了超高速动能撞击偏转近地小天体研究中存在的问题,对超高速动能撞击防御小天体的发展趋势提出了若干建议。