A simplified approach for negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge

A simplified approach was proposed to analyze the negative skin friction calculation of special-shaped pile considering pile-soil interaction under surcharge. Based on the concentric cylinder shearing theory, considering the changes of pile shape(such as, taper angle and diameters of pile base, etc.), the load-transfer of special-shaped pile was built. The accuracy of the developed simplified approach was verified by numerical simulation model with the same condition. Then, the influence factors, such as, taper angles, the diameter of pile base, surcharge, and pile-soil interface parameters were analyzed and discussed. The results show that the developed simplified approach can calculate NSF of special-shaped pile under surcharge effectively. A limited parametric study indicates that in many practical situations special-shaped piles(such as belled wedge pile shown in this work) offer a design option that is more economical than traditional uniform cross-section piles.

Theoretical Formula for Calculating Negative Skin Friction of Pile in Layered Soil and Its Application

Based on Zeevaert＇s method, a theoretical formula was developed to calculate the negative skin friction of pile in layered soil. For practical purpose,a cut-and-try method was proposed to determine neutral point. Case studies indicate that the total calculated negative skin friction was in agreement with the measured one, which verifies the feasibility and practicability of theoretical formula. Furthermore, the methods for calculating efficiency factor of drag load and settlement were also given.

Dragload and Downdrag Performances of Inclined Pile Group Embedded in Consolidating Soil

The performance of inclined pile group embedded in consolidating soil under surcharge load was investigated by experiment in comparison with vertical pile group and single pile under the same conditions; dragload, downdrag, and layered soil settlement were measured. A three-dimensional numerical model was built via FLAC3D software, and verified by the experimental results. Influence factors, such as consolidation time, pile spacing, and pile tilt angle were analyzed. The results show that dragload of inclined pile group increases with the increase of consolidation time and pile spacing or the decrease of pile tilt angle. Downdrag of inclined pile group increases with the increase of consolidation time, pile spacing and pile tilt angle.

Analysis of bearing capacity of pile foundation in discontinued permafrost regions

Piles are the main building foundation in permafrost regions. Thawing the permafrost foundation would have a negative effect on a pile, and may cause damage to the building. This paper focuses on the effects of negative friction force due to the melt of permafrost, and presents four calculated methods for bearing capacity of a pile. An engineering station was taken as an example, where the lengths of a pile were compared based on four methods. Finally, quick field load tests were carried out, and some meaningful conclusions are presented. Thus, these analytical results can be used to design a pile for permafrost regions.

考虑溜桩效应的海上风电导管架基础稳定性分析

导管架桩基沉桩及打桩过程中遇到软弱土层会发生溜桩现象,导致桩周土体重塑,侧摩阻力降低,从而影响桩基稳定性。因此,开展考虑溜桩效应的导管架基础承载特性研究对于海上风电工程安全至关重要。以东海某风电场为工程背景,采用理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析溜桩效应对导管架基础承载特性的影响规律,得到以下结论:沉桩过程中发生溜桩,深度为19.6 m;打桩过程中发生溜桩,深度为19.0 m;溜桩对上拔桩和下压桩的承载特性影响差别不大;侧摩阻力折减系数对导管架桩基挠度影响显著,最大增幅达到309.1%;对导管架桩基弯矩影响相对较小,最大增幅为57.6%。

Loading Sequence Effects on Dragload and Downdrag for Pile Foundation

Negative skin friction (NSF) is one of the important problems when designing a pile foundation. However, the influence of loading sequence on the dragload and downdrag for pile foundation is seldom studied. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model was established using FLAC3D. Compared with the results of model test, the established model could be used to study the NSF of pile foundation. The influencing factors were discussed including the length-diameter ratio of pile and the loading sequence of pile head load and surcharge. A case history was analyzed using FLAC3D. The calculated results are in good agreement with the measured results. It is concluded that the dragload and downdrag are remarkably influenced by the loading sequence of pile head load and surcharge. The dragload and downdrag reach the maximum values under the condition of surcharge after pile head load.

Effects of inner sleeves on the inner frictional resistance of open-ended piles driven into sand

In open-ended piles, inner friction is developed between inner pile shaf and the inner soil. Inner frictional resistance depends largely on the degree of soil plugging, which is influenced by many factors including pile diameter, relative density and end conditions of piles. In this paper, effects of inner sleeves on inner frictional resistance are discussed. The experiments were conducted on a medium-dense sandy ground using laboratory-scale piles. It was observed that the piles penetrated under partially-plugged or unplugged state. The results suggest that inner fiictional resistance, Qin increases with sleeve height, l linearly and requires 2D （D is pile outer diameter） of l to produce a large as 50% of Qt by Qin （Qt is total resistance）. The results also indicate that bearing capacity increases with wall thickness at the pile tip, which can be attributed to the increase in annular area. The results also indicate that soil plug height is independent of sleeve height. The results also reveal that the penetration of straight piles is closer to unplugged state than the sleeved piles. The results of incremental filling ratio and plug length ratio also indicate that the degree of soil plugging is affected by the sleeve height.

杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性研究

为了研究杂填土地基中螺杆桩竖向承载特性,基于极限平衡理论分析了桩-土咬合机理,结合桩-土之间的相互作用得到螺纹段等效侧阻力增大系数,在此基础上建立了单桩竖向承载力计算公式,并对杂填土地基中螺杆桩单桩进行缩尺模型试验。结果表明,螺杆桩在竖向荷载作用下,荷载-沉降曲线经历了弹性、弹塑性、塑性破坏3个阶段。根据模型试验所得桩身轴力和桩侧等效侧阻力沿深度的分布规律,总体上螺纹段等效侧阻力高于直杆段。当桩体达到极限承载力时,试验所得等效侧阻力扩大系数与理论分析结果基本一致。

抗拔桩承载能力影响因素与群桩变形规律试验研究

利用自主研发的桩基室内抗拔测试装置,结合数值模拟技术对抗拔桩的承载破坏过程及影响因素、群桩的协同工作特征展开了深入研究。结果表明:抗拔桩的承载破坏经历4个阶段,承载初期,桩顶侧摩阻力最先发挥作用,桩顶土体发生塑性破坏;随上拔荷载不断增大,桩体产生相对位移,桩周土体由于桩身侧摩阻力产生塑性破坏;当桩身轴力自桩顶传递至桩底时,桩身底端产生抗拔“吸附力”,并伴随局部土体塑性破坏;随着桩周土体塑性区的拓展、连通,抗拔桩承载能力达到极限;桩身长径比、桩-土界面摩擦因数、桩侧土体压力与其承载极限呈正相关关系,其中桩身长径比对桩端“吸附力”具有重要影响;群桩抗拔过程中,角桩侧摩阻力发挥最充分,桩身位移量最小,极限承载力最大,中心桩桩身位移最大,极限承载力最低;距径比影响抗拔桩的群桩效应,当距径比从2增大至8时,桩身侧摩阻力提高30%,将距径比8作为群桩工程的推荐值,6~10作为群桩距径比的推荐范围。

大直径嵌岩灌注桩竖向承载特性试验研究

为了探讨泥岩地基大直径灌注桩竖向承载性能,依托青岛某机场桩基工程,对嵌入泥岩的9根大直径灌注桩进行了竖向抗压静载试验和桩身应力监测,分析大直径嵌岩灌注桩的竖向抗压性能,明确大直径灌注桩的荷载传递规律。结果表明,试桩桩身完整性较好,桩身质量可靠;试桩荷载沉降(Q-s)曲线均为缓变型,加载初期存在明显的压密段,桩顶沉降量为10.31 mm,最低回弹率大于50%;最大荷载作用下,各试桩的竖向抗压极限承载力特征值均不小于6480 kN,试桩竖向抗压承载能力仍有较大潜力;试桩均表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,轴力自桩顶到桩端逐渐衰减,桩侧摩阻力峰值发生在中风化泥岩段,桩端阻力占桩顶荷载的10.55%~34.48%。

桩端采空区对嵌岩桩承载力的影响

针对桩端采空区对嵌岩桩的设计(如承载性能和长期服役性能)提出的挑战,以杜家山特大桥采空区嵌岩桩为原型,进行缩尺模型试验,研究采空区到桩端不同距离以及采空区是否注浆的单桩承载力。计算比例参数,并选择合适的试验材料进行模型构建;通过多级荷载试验,获得采空区到桩端不同距离以及注浆后桩顶沉降、桩基础轴力、桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力的变化特征;并对比分析了无采空区嵌岩桩的承载特征。结果表明,随着采空区到桩端距离的减小,桩端持力层的承载能力减小,不利于模型桩的承载力;注浆后,桩端持力层的承载能力明显增加,导致模型桩的桩顶沉降显著减少,承载能力显著提高。

碎石土填方场地嵌岩桩负摩阻力性状分析

以西南地区土石混合体为研究对象,通过单桩室内模型试验,研究了素填土和土石混合料地基中桩周土体沉降、桩土位移、桩身轴力、桩侧负摩阻力、中性点位置等。结果表明:土石混合料填土地基中桩周土体与桩身沉降较素填土地基中更小;在堆载及加载作用下,中性点位置随着荷载等级提高而下移,且土石混合料地基的中性点位置高于素填土地基,其中性点位置距桩顶0.36 l~0.52(l l为有效桩长)内;桩身轴力在土石混合料和素填土中均随深度先增后减,但土石混合料填土地基中桩身轴力小于素填土地基。

湿陷性黄土地基大跨度桩基承载特性模型试验

城市车辆段上盖开发工程中的大跨度桩基具有单桩竖向承载较大、桩间大跨度范围内土体受荷较小的特点。以西安地铁某车辆段大跨度桩基为研究对象,制备人工湿陷性黄土作为相似材料,开展了湿陷性黄土地层大跨度桩基的室内模型试验,研究大跨度桩基在湿陷性黄土地层中的荷载传递机制与变形规律。结果表明:制备的人工湿陷性黄土与现场原状黄土性质接近,将其应用于模型试验时可以得到良好的效果;大跨度桩基在未浸水时,荷载沉降曲线为陡降型,桩身轴力在桩顶附近显著下降,未达到极限承载力时,桩顶沉降、桩端阻力线性增大;在黄土浸水湿陷后,桩身轴力沿埋深方向呈“D”字型分布,随着浸水时间的增加,桩顶沉降、桩端阻力先缓慢增加后显著增加,中性点位置不断向桩身下部移动。

海上风电大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载特性现场试验研究

钢管桩是海上风电工程最主要的基础型式,但针对海上大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载力问题的研究却相对较少。结合广东汕头海上风电工程,进行了海上大直径超长钢管桩竖向承载力特性的现场试验研究,对比了桩底沉降和桩顶沉降随上部荷载的变化特点,分析了桩身侧摩阻力和桩端阻力随上部荷载的变化规律,并依据试验结果对大直径超长钢管桩极限承载力判定方法进行了探讨。试验结果表明:大直径超长钢管桩桩身变形较大,利用桩底沉降随荷载的变化曲线更容易对现场加载量进行控制和调整,也更容易对承载力的极限状态进行判断;大直径超长钢管桩端阻力随桩顶荷载的变化曲线呈“S”形;现行规范中采用Q/Qmax-s/d曲线斜率开始转变为0.2的点所对应的荷载作为极限承载力,将过高的估计大直径超长钢管桩的竖向抗压极限承载力。

循环压拔荷载作用下桩基础模型试验研究

随着大型建筑物不断兴起,桩基础作为西部地区基础常用形式之一,在承受上拔力作用时发挥着不可替代的作用。为了探明桩基础在循环荷载作用下的承载特性,在黄土高原区某典型黄土地基上,对单桩进行抗拔试验、循环压拔试验和循环抗拔试验。重点分析循环压拔加载路径下桩顶轴向位移和桩侧摩阻力的分布规律,阐述桩基承载力在不同循环次数以及循环荷载时的变化规律。结果表明:循环荷载和循环次数都是影响桩顶轴向位移变化的重要因素,并引入弱化因子来定量描述循环次数的影响;荷载越大,桩侧摩阻力越大,循环荷载下桩侧摩阻力整体呈下降趋势;压拔循环加载会在一定程度上减少对桩土之间接触的破坏,桩基承载力的损失也会更少,试验对竖向循环压拔荷载作用下的桩基础承载能力研究具有深刻的工程实践意义。

不同荷载作用下桥梁摩擦桩承载特性研究

研究桥梁钻孔灌注摩擦桩的承载特性及桩身力学性质的分布规律对桥梁的安全稳定运行具有重要意义。以重庆三店互通式1号桥梁桩基为研究对象,根据桥梁桩基特点设计室内试验,依次进行了灌注摩擦桩单桩承载力、桩身轴力以及侧摩阻力等桩基性能研究,并将试验结果与数值模拟结果以及理论公式计算结果进行对比验证。研究表明:持力层岩性对桥梁灌注摩擦桩桩顶沉降量存在影响,持力层岩土性能越高,则桩顶沉降量越小;桩身轴力及摩阻力的变化幅度均随着桩顶荷载的增加呈先增大后减小的规律,且桩身中部所受到的摩阻力最大;经理论公式和有限元分析的验证,本次试验结果整体上偏差率较小,3种分析计算方法均可较好地得出灌注摩擦桩桩身轴力变化规律。研究结果可为桥梁运营后期的病害防治提供重要的理论支撑。

水泥土搅拌桩长芯复合地基桩土应力比计算研究

桩土应力比是复合地基的重要设计参数,加芯搅拌桩复合地基桩土应力比的计算是一个工程技术难题。针对长芯搅拌桩,采用“截面法”将其划分上部等芯桩和下部刚性桩:前者采用考虑柔性性荷载作用下的侧阻分段非线性分布模式,后者采用线性侧阻分布模式;采用叠加原理计算长芯搅拌桩的桩土应力比。研究表明:高填方路堤柔性荷载作用下,侧阻分段非线性分布模式提高了桩的竖向荷载的分担比。桩径越大、桩长越长,桩土应力比越大。桩长对桩土应力比的影响幅度大于桩径。本文结果可为相关研究提供参考。

福建省滨海典型地层搅拌植桩基础竖向承载特性研究

搅拌植入管桩是在水泥土搅拌桩中植入管桩,形成共同受力的一种新型桩基础,目前被广泛应用于黏土、粉砂层中,但在滨海软土下覆强风化岩地层里尚无实践经验。为进一步探究桩端入岩对搅拌植入管桩竖向承载特性的影响,依托国道G324线福清新厝双屿至大沃段公路工程,在现场进行了3根搅拌植入管桩的竖向荷载试验,采用慢速维持荷载法开展桩端持力层为强风化凝灰岩的搅拌植入管桩承载性能研究。试验结果表明:在近海典型地层中,搅拌植入管桩的荷载-沉降曲线呈缓降型变化,并表现出摩擦端承桩的工作特性;桩身上部侧摩阻力将先于下部发挥,具有明显的异步性;同一土层不同深度处,桩侧摩阻力随桩土相对位移变化规律基本一致,但极限侧摩阻力会随深度的增大而呈小幅度增加;当搅拌植入管桩桩端进入强风化凝灰岩时,粉质黏土层处桩侧摩阻力实测值与规范推荐值基本一致,而在强风化凝灰岩地层中桩侧摩阻力则较规范推荐值提高了35%~44%;在桩端阻力计算上,桩端承载力特征值建议采用相关标准规范中混凝土预制桩极限桩端阻力标准值的一半,以弥补在搅拌植入管桩桩端入岩条件下端阻力计算无据可依的不足。

竖向载荷下桥梁桩基承载特性研究

为分析竖向荷载作用下桥梁桩基础的承载特性,文中以某桥梁工程为例,通过静载试验分析了单桩及群桩的荷载-位移曲线、单桩桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻力随桩深的变化规律。结果表明,随着桩身深度的增加,桩身侧摩阻力呈现先增加后降低的趋势,曲线存在反弯点,发生在桩深为30cm的位置;随着加载水平的增加,桩身侧摩阻力不断增加。桩的数量越多,桩基的沉降量越小,承载力越好。九桩的最大桩顶沉降量为20mm,卸载后的恢复沉降量为8.5mm;六桩的最大桩顶沉降量为25mm,卸载后的恢复沉降量为12.1mm;四桩的最大桩顶沉降量为28mm,卸载后的恢复沉降量为18.5mm。

大厚度湿陷性黄土场地群桩基础负摩阻力分析

文中采用有限元仿真方法,分析群桩的桩土沉降、负摩阻力以及桩身轴力。结果表明,群桩的极限荷载承载力为45 kN,所有桩的桩周土沉降量均随着深度的增加而不断降低。当距桩顶深度小于20 m时,中心桩的桩周土沉降最小;当距桩顶深度大于20 m时,中心桩的桩周土沉降最大。浸水后的角桩、边桩和中心桩的摩阻力分别比浸水前高40%、38%、33%。浸水前,桩身轴力随着桩顶深度的增加呈现不断降低的趋势;浸水后,桩身轴力随着桩顶深度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。距桩顶最远处,浸水后角桩、边桩和中心桩的桩身轴力均高于浸水前的桩身轴力。