Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Feasible Neighbourhood Solutions in the Local Search of the Job-Shop Scheduling Problem

The meta-heuristic algorithm with local search is an excellent choice for the job-shop scheduling problem(JSP).However,due to the unique nature of the JSP,local search may generate infeasible neighbourhood solutions.In the existing literature,although some domain knowledge of the JSP can be used to avoid infeasible solutions,the constraint conditions in this domain knowledge are sufficient but not necessary.It may lose many feasible solutions and make the local search inadequate.By analysing the causes of infeasible neighbourhood solutions,this paper further explores the domain knowledge contained in the JSP and proposes the sufficient and necessary constraint conditions to find all feasible neighbourhood solutions,allowing the local search to be carried out thoroughly.With the proposed conditions,a new neighbourhood structure is designed in this paper.Then,a fast calculation method for all feasible neighbourhood solutions is provided,significantly reducing the calculation time compared with ordinary methods.A set of standard benchmark instances is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed neighbourhood structure and calculation method.The experimental results show that the calculation method is effective,and the new neighbourhood structure has more reliability and superiority than the other famous and influential neighbourhood structures,where 90%of the results are the best compared with three other well-known neighbourhood structures.Finally,the result from a tabu search algorithm with the new neighbourhood structure is compared with the current best results,demonstrating the superiority of the proposed neighbourhood structure.

Dynamicity of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC):An analysis from peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation(DMC)in India

The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.

Inner-City Neighbourhood Changes Predicted from House Prices in Windsor, Ontario, since the Early- or Mid-1980s

Changes in prices of homes are hypothesized as correlated with the times of their sale and resale and the attributes of their dwelling unit and neighbourhood and those of neighbouring homes. They may also be correlated with the occurrences of events inside the neighbourhoods caused by the activities of individuals and organizations outside the neighbourhoods, such as whether the local economy is in a recession or has a high unemployment rate. Calibrated hybrid housing price models predict precipitous decreases in house prices of approximately 2900 sold and resold homes in two inner-city neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario, during those events since 1981 or 1986. Overall modest predicted percentage increases in houses’ prices during more than 30 years therefore subsumed periods of inner-city neighbourhood deterioration in dispersed locations of unimproved and disimproved homes. Compensatory predictions however are of increasing prices for minorities of homes with improvements to several attributes of the dwelling unit and neighbourhood.

Neighbourhood differences in objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time and body mass index

Background: There is limited Canadian research examining whether directly measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) differ between neighbourhoods with different objectively measured socioeconomic (SES) and recreation (REC) environments. Purpose: To determine whether mean adult PA levels, sedentary time and BMIs were different across four neighbourhoods with contrasting SES and REC environments in Ottawa, Canada. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design to collect pilot data of objectively measured height, weight and PA (using accelerometry) and self-reported covariates in 113 adults (≥18 years). Four contrasting neighbourhoods (high REC/high SES, high REC/low SES, low REC/high SES, and low REC/low SES) were selected based on data collected as part of the Ottawa Neighbourhood Study. Analysis of covariance and logistic regression were used to perform neighbourhood comparisons for PA, sedentary time and BMI, adjusting for age, sex and household income and possible interactions. Post-hoc comparisons using Tukey’s test were performed. Results: Significant neighbourhood-group effects were observed for light intensity PA and sedentary time. Post-hoc tests identified that the low REC/high SES neighbourhood had significantly more minutes of light PA than the low REC/low SES (Mdiff = 56.05 minutes·day, Tukey p = 0.01). Unadjusted BMI differed between the four neighbourhoods, but the differences were not significant after controlling for age, sex and household income. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that light PA and sedentary time differ between neighbourhoods of varying REC and SES environments after controlling for differences in age, sex and household income. Findings also suggest that other area-level factors may explain these neighbourhood differences.

Measuring Exterior Safety of Canadian Residential Neighbourhoods

A safety audit measures the safety of 36 exterior attributes of properties and streets in a low-density residential neighbourhood in terms of four principles of modern crime prevention through environmental design, namely, territoriality, natural surveillance, activity support and access control. Eighty-three residents have walked around each of their small neighbourhoods, and audited the safeties of its area, individual private properties, and adjacent area in daylight;and the safeties of its area, properties, and exterior lighting in darkness. Findings are that older-urban neighbourhoods’ overall safety percentages and attribute safeties in daylight and darkness were consistently lower than those in newer suburban, rural or small-town ones;and frequently lower than those in newer-urban neighbourhoods, or older suburban, rural or small-town ones. Recommendations are about improving 12 less safe or unsafe attributes by means of physical planning and environmental design. Also having identified those attributes, we speculate about replicating the safety audit via online Street Views of existing Canadian neighbourhoods.

Erasmus Student or EU Ambassador? People-to-People Contact in the European Neighbourhood Policy: The Cases of Georgia, Ukraine, and Tunisia

This paper investigates to what extent and why the key Action 1 of the Erasmus+ programme, namely learning mobility of individuals, can be considered a soft power’s instrument on European neighbourhood countries. The core assumption is that due to people-to-people contact, Erasmus participants are most likely to become EU informal ambassadors, in the sense that they become carriers of EU soft power leading to changes in cultural and social perceptions. However, what will the place of Erasmus+ be in the ongoing debate on international cultural relations’ strategy? Erasmus+ can play a major role in this new strategy considering the huge growth of mobility flows between EU and ENP countries, since the new programme was launched. Moreover, EU institutions are looking for new strategic tools of public diplomacy. Have they realised that the external dimension of Erasmus+ lends itself to being one of these? Therefore, the topic of this work is of high interest because it is closely related to the debate about both the means and the ends of the EU external policy. For the sake of this research, three case studies, from different geographical regions neighbouring the EU, have been chosen: Tunisia, Ukraine, and Georgia. A comparison among these three countries will reveal under which conditions Erasmus+ can be considered a soft power’s instrument. Hence, the identification of conditions applicable to all EU partner countries in order to evaluate whether the EU can spread its soft power through Erasmus+, represents the paper’s added value which opens new avenues for further research on the topic.

A Realistic ICT Network Design and Implementation in the Neighbourhood Area of the Smart Grid

The Smart Grid has three main characteristics, which are to some degree antagonistic. These characteristics are: provision of good power quality, energy cost reduction and improvement in the reliability of the grid. The need to ensure that they can be accomplished together demands a much richer ICT monitoring and control network than the current system. In this paper we particularly investigate the design and deployment of the ICT system in the urban environment, specifically in a university campus that is embedded in a city, thus it represents the Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN) level of the Smart Grid. In order to design an ICT infrastructure, we have introduced two related architectures: namely communications network architecture and a software architecture. Having access to the characteristics of a real NAN guides us to choose appropriate communication technologies and identify the actual requirements of the system. To implement these architectures at this level we need to gather and process information from environmental sensors (monitoring e.g. temperature, movement of people and vehicles) that can provide useful information about changes in the loading of the NAN, with information from instrumentation of the Power Grid itself. Energy constraints are one of the major limitations of the communication network in the Smart Grid, especially where wireless networking is proposed. Thus we analyse the most energy efficient method of collecting and sending data. The main contribution of this research is that we propose and implement an energy efficient ICT network and describe our software architecture at the NAN level, currently very underdeveloped. We also discuss our experimental results. To our knowledge, no such architectures have yet been implemented for collecting data which can provide the basis of Decision Support Tools (DSTs).

Measuring Exterior Housing Quality in Four Older-Urban Neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario

Four theoretically-deduced hypotheses about geographical and temporal variations in exterior housing quality within a neighbourhood are summarized as a renovation- or deterioration-of-self effect, a contagion-down-the-street effect, a distance-from-riverbank effect, and a distance-from core effect. These hypotheses are tested with data for the exterior conditions of hundreds of single- detached (-like) houses that have been individually surveyed twice with the same instrument in four older-urban neighbourhoods in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Each surveyed house’s rated conditions of 12 exterior attributes are in particular utilized to calculate its overall exterior quality as a percentage above or below normal. Findings are that houses’ exteriors had average “normal” weathered conditions for Canada. Even so, overall exterior housing qualities in three neighbourhoods exemplified a hypothesized deterioration-of-self effect and proximity-to-core effect, as they had especially declined from their original survey to their resurvey for houses located near to a core such as downtown or a casino. In addition, the hypothesized distance-from-riverbank effect was observed in one neighbourhood where overall exterior housing quality linearly deteriorated with farther distance from a riverbank. Finally, overall exterior housing qualities had no observable contagion-down-the-street effect, and so, residents were not reacting positively or negatively to their neighbours’ maintenance and improvement of their homes’ exteriors. The practical implications of the study’s findings are discussed in the conclusion.

Neighbourhood Conditions and Hamiltonian Properties

本文利用图的独立数和任意３个独立点集中距离２的点对邻域交。

The Hutong neighbourhood grammar:A procedural modelling approach to unravel the rationale of historical Beijing urban structure

Hutong neighbourhoods,composed of Chinese courtyard dwellings(Siheyuan),are historically and socially significant urban spaces that embody the traditional Chinese way of life and philosophy.As part of the national heritage,there is an increasing research interest in Hutong neighbourhoods,many of which are facing oblivion.This study presents a formal grammar for Hutong neighbourhood generation.This research investigates traditional principles of urban planning of ancient Beijing,based on examples on the historical map Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu,to derive the lost design rules.These rules are used to build up a procedural modelling framework,which reveals the development of Beijing’s urban structure from the Yuan(1271–1368)to the Qing(1644–1911)dynasty.Our findings present a grammar incorporated into the procedural modelling framework to parametrically generate Hutong neighbourhoods,which replicates the morphological characteristics of historic cases.It contributes to the understanding of the generation of Hutong neighbourhoods.In support of heritage sustainability,this grammar can be implemented in a computational environment by visual scripting that enables the generation of new instances of Hutong neighbourhoods,both real and virtual.

非冷链商品配送路径优化研究--以京东配送为例

如何有效降低商品配送成本是物流企业的关注重点,学界已就带时间窗的商品配送路径优化算法展开了相关研究,但相关算法还存在着过早陷入局部最优或无法收敛的问题。由此提出一种改进的变邻域遗传搜索算法(VNS-GA),以非冷链商品配送为研究对象,构造起求解物流配送车辆路径规划的数学模型。首先,以配送成本和缺货惩罚成本的最小化作为实现目标,构建了包括车辆使用成本、配送运输成本和时间窗口惩罚成本的配送路径优化模型;其次,运用变邻域遗传优化算法来实现多目标物流配送路径的优化;最后,以京东某北京配送中心的物流配送为例,运用MATLAB软件对VNS-GA算法模型的科学性及有效性进行仿真验证。经实证,VNS-GA算法与传统算法相比具有更好的全局和局部搜索能力。研究期望为配送车辆调度与配送路径规划提供更优的路径选择模型,从而降低物流配送成本和减少便利店因缺货造成的损失。

针对境内居留群体及其聚居区引入服务型爱国社团的思考及建议——以澳门街坊总会广东办事处服务点为例

伴随着改革开放力度的加大,我国入境居留且拥有境外身份的社会群体日益增大,其居留期内的社会服务需求凸显。针对居留群体引入并设立服务型爱国社团,有助于维护国家的安全稳定与繁荣发展,有助于提高居留群体的生活质量,有助于促进境内外交流与粤港澳融合发展,但同时也面临管理、资源不足等问题。澳门街坊总会在内地设立广东办事处及中山、横琴等服务点,以社会效益最大化为目标,建构社会服务机制,以需求为导向提供社会服务。引入境外爱国服务型社团,应依法筛选友好型、信誉良好、能提供优质服务的爱国社团,加强服务管理,促进其规范运作,发挥应有作用。

Competitive effect, but not competitive response, varies along a climatic gradient depending on tree species identity

Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.

伊宁市历史文化街区句法分析——以六星街为例

文化历史街区是城市文化遗产真实性和完整性的代表之一,蕴藏城市独有历史文化内涵。文章以伊宁市历史文化街区—六星街为研究对象,对街区分层级构建评价模型并进行空间句法分析,结合实地考察对评价模型进行验证。结果表明:句法能为六星街历史文化街区研究提供量化分析和参数表达,整合度和选择度的高值主要在工人街、赛依拉木街和黎光街三条主街道,支巷空间不易感知到街区整体空间;可理解度在主街与支巷的节点处呈现高值;庭院全局空间具有较强的开放性,可达性和可穿越性均较高且东西厢房具有一定私密性。文章揭示六星街历史文化街区空间形态特征及成因,并对街区在街区层、巷道层和庭院层存在的问题提出建议,为今后街区保护和更新提供理论参考。

基于近邻元分析的风电机组状态监测特征选择方法

针对现有特征选择方法难以从大量的SCADA参量中挑选出重要变量的问题,基于近邻元分析算法提出一种专门适用于风电机组状态监测的特征变量选择方法。所提方法根据每个待选变量对回归精度的贡献率为各变量赋予相应的重要度权值,从而挑选出最重要的特征变量。通过分析SCADA数据中冗余变量的特点,针对性地提出了基于相关系数矩阵的去除冗余方法。采用Pearson相关系数、互信息和随机森林三种方法作为对比,以门控循环神经网络作为模型预测齿轮箱油池温度,用预测精度指标和残差控制图对各特征选择方法的选择结果进行评价和对比,结果表明所提方法的特征选择结果更加直观、冗余变量更少、预测精度更高。

老旧小区改造项目优先级评价研究

为解决城镇老旧小区改造因资金短缺和改造效率低下等原因导致的改造工作停滞等问题,从多要素、多群体、多目标角度入手,基于组合赋权和TOPSIS法对老旧小区改造项目择优选择。从项目实施条件、实施风险、产生影响和项目协同性4个维度建立改造项目优先级评价指标体系;建立基于TOPSIS法的改造项目优先级评价模型,选取北京市某区10个改造项目进行实证研究;为实现资源高效配置,提出建立老旧小区改造项目储备库制度、鼓励多元主体参与、推进连片改造等优化建议。

The Second Neighbourhood for Quasi-transitive Oriented Graphs

In 2006, Sullivan stated the conjectures： （1） every oriented graph has a vertex x such that d＋＋ （x） ≥ d- （x）; （2） every oriented graph has a vertex x such that d＋＋ （x） ＋ d＋ （x） ≥ 2d- （x）; （3） every oriented graph has a vertex x such that d＋＋（x） ＋ d＋（x） ≥ 2·min{d＋（x）,d-（x）}. A vertex x in D satisfying Conjecture （i） is called a Sullivan-/vertex, i = 1, 2, 3. A digraph D is called quasi-transitive if for every pair xy, yz of arcs between distinct vertices x, y, z, xz or zx （＂or＂ is inclusive here） is in D. In this paper, we prove that the conjectures hold for quasi-transitive oriented graphs, which is a superclass of tournaments and transitive acyclic digraphs. Furthermore, we show that a quasi-transitive oriented graph with no vertex of in-degree zero has at least three Sullivan-1 vertices and a quasi-transitive oriented graph has at least three Sullivan-3 vertices unless it belongs to an exceptional class of quasi- transitive oriented graphs. For Sullivan-2 vertices, we show that an extended tournament, a subclass of quasi-transitive oriented graphs and a superclass of tournaments, has at least two Sullivan-2 vertices unless it belongs to an exceptional class of extended tournaments.

Empowering the community through participation and action in historic neighbourhood conservation planning

This paper presents an attempt to initiate community empowerment within the participatory neighbourhood upgrading context of the Sengul Hammam Neighbourhood(istiklal).We adopted the Participatory Action Research methodology,which aims to generate knowledge meaningful for the community towards upgrading and revitalizing the neighbourhood.Respectively,a series of workshops,focus groups,and community activities were implemented in parallel processes with different neighbourhood groups.In order to change the situation in the neighbourhood,the inquiry began by mobilizing neighbourhood stakeholders and planning the future with primary school children.Later,this gained the active support of parents,women,the municipality,local leaders,and civil associations,and led them to take collective action over garbage collection,cleaning up the neighbourhood and building a playground-park.The mayor at the time of the research showed interest in istiklal but did not or could not give any financial or political support to upgrade the physical setting as a whole.The lack of support from the municipality in that regard and the neighbourhood being left to its own destiny caused a gradual dilapidation and loss of historic and cultural values.

基于改进领结模型的老旧小区改造项目风险管理探究

我国城市建设正在从“增量扩张”向“存量更新”转型,其中老旧小区改造已成为“十四五”规划中有关城市更新中的一项重要惠民举措,但老旧小区改造过程中存在诸多风险,一定程度上阻碍了城市更新的进程,故有必要系统地展开老旧小区改造项目风险识别、评价及管理相关研究。本文提出一种老旧小区改造风险管理方案,首先通过文献梳理及专家咨询较全面地归纳出当前老旧小区改造中潜在的风险因素;然后,构建老旧小区改造风险识别管理方法,即在老旧小区改造项目风险识别的基础上,采用Borda序值法对项目中风险因素的重要程度进行定量化排序,运用改进领结模型对涵盖重要风险因素的施工场景展开研究,分析施工过程中可能发生的事故,并设置预防和缓解屏障以降低事故发生概率和减轻后果影响。最后,以S市某老旧小区改造实际项目风险评价管理为研究案例,测试了本文构建的老旧小区改造风险识别与管理方法的有效性、可行性。

基于动态扩展邻域蚁群算法的移动机器人路径规划

针对蚁群算法易陷入局部最优、路径转折点多、收敛速度慢的问题,提出一种基于动态扩展邻域蚁群算法(Dynamic extended neighbourhoods ant colony optimization,DENACO)。在蚂蚁搜索方式上采用动态扩展邻域方法,并定义新的信息素计算方式和增量规则,在取得更优收敛路径长度的同时,减少路径转折点数量及路径节点数量;引入自适应调整因子改进启发函数,提高算法的全局搜索能力,并设定迭代阈值,提升算法的收敛速度;提出一种路径节点双优化策略,对规划好的路径进一步优化,提高路径综合质量。不同复杂度及不同规模栅格地图中的仿真实验表明,DENACO算法所规划的路径更优,路径转折点数量减少,收敛速度加快,路径节点数量明显减少,表明算法具有更高的可行性和适用性。