The effects of plasma radiation on the nonlinear evolution of neo-classical tearing modes are investigated based on a set of reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations.It is found that the radiation can reduce the pressure...The effects of plasma radiation on the nonlinear evolution of neo-classical tearing modes are investigated based on a set of reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations.It is found that the radiation can reduce the pressure near the rational surface.During the nonlinear evolution,the magnitude of perturbed bootstrap current is drastically enhanced in the presence of the radiation.Besides,the radiation can increase the growth rate of the magnetic islands by diminishing the pressure,such that the magnetic islands do not saturate compared with that without radiation.On the other hand,with the increase of the ratio of parallel to perpendicular transport coefficientχ‖/χ⊥,the reduction of pressure can further increase the growth rate of magnetic islands in the presence of plasma radiation.Finally,the mechanisms of the destabilizing effects driven by the radiation are discussed in detail as well.展开更多
Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars ...Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.展开更多
In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East...In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East Asia policy,this Gulf country has improved its relations with Asian powers,particularly China,across a wide range of the interests on its agenda.What are the motivating factors that led the Saudi leadership to closer relations with Beijing?As this year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between two countries,it is worth examining the growing pace of Sino-Saudi relationship.This paper draws on the‘neoclassical realist approach’to explore the evolving nature of Saudi foreign policy towards China since the Arab uprisings to the present with a particular focus on the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman era.Upon examining the main determinants that could have had an impact on Saudi foreign policy strategy towards China,this review found that Riyadh’s growing attention to Beijing is mainly influenced by a variety of both internal and external factors related to Saudi leadership,regional patterns as well as the international context.While the combination of these factors pushes Saudi Arabia and China towards cooperation,this paper argues that there are other factors that can act as limiting forces on the Sino-Saudi relationship.展开更多
基金supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Energy R&D Program of China(Nos.2019YFE03090300 and 2017YFE0301100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11925501 and 12075048)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.DUT21GJ204 and DUT21LK28)。
文摘The effects of plasma radiation on the nonlinear evolution of neo-classical tearing modes are investigated based on a set of reduced magnetohydrodynamic equations.It is found that the radiation can reduce the pressure near the rational surface.During the nonlinear evolution,the magnitude of perturbed bootstrap current is drastically enhanced in the presence of the radiation.Besides,the radiation can increase the growth rate of the magnetic islands by diminishing the pressure,such that the magnetic islands do not saturate compared with that without radiation.On the other hand,with the increase of the ratio of parallel to perpendicular transport coefficientχ‖/χ⊥,the reduction of pressure can further increase the growth rate of magnetic islands in the presence of plasma radiation.Finally,the mechanisms of the destabilizing effects driven by the radiation are discussed in detail as well.
文摘Economic movements have close relation with historical transformations. Historical and social transformations have seriously determined economic views, so, economic movements have been the indicators of economic wars of social classes. But no concept can describe sharp contrast in economics better than the two opponent concepts in economics： ＂orthodox＂ and ＂heterodox＂ economics. In this article, the reason why neo-classic economics, also called as orthodox economics, has a serious place in economic literature while the opponent＇s economic movements, named heterodox economics, do not defend only one ＂truth＂ and are not as important as orthodox economics will be examined. While doing this examination, Louis Althusser＇s ＂ideology＂ and Antonio Gramsci＇s ＂hegemony＂ will help us as these two concepts are quite instructive in understanding the irreplaceable significance of orthodox economics. As a result, by discussing alternative point of views about economics, positive emphasis of multivocality in economics literature will be revealed. On the other hand, every heterodox economics cannot criticize orthodox economics in the same way. In this study, institutional economics, which is accepted to be part of heterodox economics, will be discussed thoroughly. Institutional economics had a serious attitude against orthodox economics. In this study, generally the points in orthodox economics that institutional economics opposes will be emphasized, and although both economics approaches＇ ideological attitude will be attempted to be discussed generally, it will become easy to discuss the reason why heterodox economics developed an opposing ideology against the ideology of orthodox economics.
文摘In light of the unprecedented developments in the Middle East since the Arab uprisings that started at the end of 2010,Saudi Arabia’s international and regional role began to grow.Placing a clear emphasis on its East Asia policy,this Gulf country has improved its relations with Asian powers,particularly China,across a wide range of the interests on its agenda.What are the motivating factors that led the Saudi leadership to closer relations with Beijing?As this year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between two countries,it is worth examining the growing pace of Sino-Saudi relationship.This paper draws on the‘neoclassical realist approach’to explore the evolving nature of Saudi foreign policy towards China since the Arab uprisings to the present with a particular focus on the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman era.Upon examining the main determinants that could have had an impact on Saudi foreign policy strategy towards China,this review found that Riyadh’s growing attention to Beijing is mainly influenced by a variety of both internal and external factors related to Saudi leadership,regional patterns as well as the international context.While the combination of these factors pushes Saudi Arabia and China towards cooperation,this paper argues that there are other factors that can act as limiting forces on the Sino-Saudi relationship.
