The unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature is proved by using Carnot’s theorem. Hence this unattainability is distinct from the Planck-Fer-mi statement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics that the entropy...The unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature is proved by using Carnot’s theorem. Hence this unattainability is distinct from the Planck-Fer-mi statement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics that the entropy vanishes at ?T=0. It is shown that the isothermal compressibility KT is in general larger than the adiabatic compressibility Ks and the difference KT?−?Ks?vanishes in the low temperature limit.展开更多
Loschmidt’s paradox is extended by replacing its assumption of time reversibility with full CPT symmetry. Mobility is identified as a means for expressing collisions or dissipation, and the cross product of its gradi...Loschmidt’s paradox is extended by replacing its assumption of time reversibility with full CPT symmetry. Mobility is identified as a means for expressing collisions or dissipation, and the cross product of its gradient with the magnetic field, for expressing parity. Three phenomena incorporating such cross products are identified. The first is the cross product of the mobility gradient with the magnetic field. The second combines this cross product with the E cross B drift. The third is the reciprocal of the Nernst effect expressed as a cross product of the temperature gradient and the magnetic field. Simulations are conducted for testing Loschmidt’s extended paradox. Onsager’s exclusion of magnetic fields and rotation from reciprocals violates CPT symmetry and is unjustified. All three cross-product phenomena skew statistics in a fashion unanticipated by Boltzmann’s assumptions in his H-Theorem. CPT symmetric systems fall outside the assumptions of the theorem which is not rendered invalid but simply limited to its domain of applicability. Therefore, these systems do not violate the second law as Boltzmann defines it. They bypass it.展开更多
The Kerr black hole is regarded as a thermodynamical system composed by two subsystems, the outer horizon (event horizon) and the inner horizon (Cauchy horizon). The black hole entropy is contributed by both the area ...The Kerr black hole is regarded as a thermodynamical system composed by two subsystems, the outer horizon (event horizon) and the inner horizon (Cauchy horizon). The black hole entropy is contributed by both the area of oilier horizon and the minus area of inner horizon. The entropy satisfies Nernst theorem.展开更多
Quantum physics can be understood in terms of classical thermodynamics, which is already considered to be a complete field. However, inconsistencies in classical thermodynamics have been discovered in the area of soli...Quantum physics can be understood in terms of classical thermodynamics, which is already considered to be a complete field. However, inconsistencies in classical thermodynamics have been discovered in the area of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The use of samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes in SOFCs lowers the open-circuit voltage (OCV) below the Nernst voltage (Vth). The low OCV is calculated with Wagner’s equation, included in the Nernst-Planck equation, which is based on the first and second thermodynamic laws. Experimental and theoretical limitations of Wagner’s equation have been discovered. Considering the separation of the Boltzmann distribution and Maxwell’s Demon, only carrier species having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy can contribute to current conduction, as determined by incorporating different constants in the definitions of the chemical and electrical potentials. This means that an additional thermodynamic law is needed. Furthermore, quantum physics can be explained by the additional thermodynamic law.展开更多
The Nernst-Einstein equation is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient of calcium ion in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system based on the data of the density and electrical conductivity.It is assumed that all the aluminium...The Nernst-Einstein equation is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient of calcium ion in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system based on the data of the density and electrical conductivity.It is assumed that all the aluminium ions form tetrahedral structure and merge with chain or ring in the case of molar concentration of CaO higher than Al2O3.And in this case,calcium ion is assumed to be the conclusive charge carrier.A formula between the diffusion coefficient and concentration of calcium ion as well as temperature is deduced,which gives an increasing function relation between the diffusion coefficient and the concentration of calcium ions.展开更多
文摘The unattainability of the absolute zero of temperature is proved by using Carnot’s theorem. Hence this unattainability is distinct from the Planck-Fer-mi statement of the Third Law of Thermodynamics that the entropy vanishes at ?T=0. It is shown that the isothermal compressibility KT is in general larger than the adiabatic compressibility Ks and the difference KT?−?Ks?vanishes in the low temperature limit.
文摘Loschmidt’s paradox is extended by replacing its assumption of time reversibility with full CPT symmetry. Mobility is identified as a means for expressing collisions or dissipation, and the cross product of its gradient with the magnetic field, for expressing parity. Three phenomena incorporating such cross products are identified. The first is the cross product of the mobility gradient with the magnetic field. The second combines this cross product with the E cross B drift. The third is the reciprocal of the Nernst effect expressed as a cross product of the temperature gradient and the magnetic field. Simulations are conducted for testing Loschmidt’s extended paradox. Onsager’s exclusion of magnetic fields and rotation from reciprocals violates CPT symmetry and is unjustified. All three cross-product phenomena skew statistics in a fashion unanticipated by Boltzmann’s assumptions in his H-Theorem. CPT symmetric systems fall outside the assumptions of the theorem which is not rendered invalid but simply limited to its domain of applicability. Therefore, these systems do not violate the second law as Boltzmann defines it. They bypass it.
文摘The Kerr black hole is regarded as a thermodynamical system composed by two subsystems, the outer horizon (event horizon) and the inner horizon (Cauchy horizon). The black hole entropy is contributed by both the area of oilier horizon and the minus area of inner horizon. The entropy satisfies Nernst theorem.
文摘Quantum physics can be understood in terms of classical thermodynamics, which is already considered to be a complete field. However, inconsistencies in classical thermodynamics have been discovered in the area of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The use of samarium-doped ceria (SDC) electrolytes in SOFCs lowers the open-circuit voltage (OCV) below the Nernst voltage (Vth). The low OCV is calculated with Wagner’s equation, included in the Nernst-Planck equation, which is based on the first and second thermodynamic laws. Experimental and theoretical limitations of Wagner’s equation have been discovered. Considering the separation of the Boltzmann distribution and Maxwell’s Demon, only carrier species having sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy can contribute to current conduction, as determined by incorporating different constants in the definitions of the chemical and electrical potentials. This means that an additional thermodynamic law is needed. Furthermore, quantum physics can be explained by the additional thermodynamic law.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50774004)
文摘The Nernst-Einstein equation is used to calculate the diffusion coefficient of calcium ion in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system based on the data of the density and electrical conductivity.It is assumed that all the aluminium ions form tetrahedral structure and merge with chain or ring in the case of molar concentration of CaO higher than Al2O3.And in this case,calcium ion is assumed to be the conclusive charge carrier.A formula between the diffusion coefficient and concentration of calcium ion as well as temperature is deduced,which gives an increasing function relation between the diffusion coefficient and the concentration of calcium ions.
