Application Research of PETD Combined with MRI Nerve Root Water Imaging in the Minimally Invasive Treatment of LDH

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PETD combined with nerve root water imaging of MRI for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 62 patients with lumbar disc herniation from March 2019 to March 2021. The study included an experimental group of 30 patients and a control group of 32 patients. The experimental group underwent PETD combined with nerve root water imaging of MRI, while the control group received traditional PETD treatment. The visual analogue scoring method (VAS score), and JOA lumbar spine function score before and after surgery were compared between the two groups, and efficacy was assessed and compared using the MacNab score. Results: The mean operation time was significantly reduced in the experimental group (56.43 ±10.40 minutes) compared to the control group (65.69 ±14.12 minutes). The VAS score was compared between the two groups with preoperative (p = 0.624), one month after surgery (p = 0.325), three months after surgery (p = 0.676), one year after surgery (p = 0.341);The JOA score was compared between the two groups with preoperative (p = 0.961), one month after the surgery (p = 0.266), three months after surgery (p = 0.185), one year after surgery (p = 0.870), they were no significant statistical difference;The efficacy evaluation of the last follow-up Macnab showed that all the 30 patients in the experimental group were excellent, 31 of 32 patients in the control group were excellent, 1 case was good;There was no statistical difference in the comparison between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that the combined approach of PETD with nerve root water imaging of MRI is a safe, effective, and more efficient alternative to conventional PETD for treating lumbar disc herniation.

Extradural contralateral S1 nerve root transfer for spastic lower limb paralysis

The current study aims to ascertain the anatomical feasibility of transferring the contralateral S1 ventral root(VR)to the ipsilateral L5 VR for treating unilateral spastic lower limb paralysis.Six formalin-fixed(three males and three females)cadavers were used.The VR of the contralateral S1 was transferred to the VR of the ipsilateral L5.The sural nerve was selected as a bridge between the donor and recipient nerve.The number of axons,the cross-sectional areas and the pertinent distances between the donor and recipient nerves were measured.The extradural S1 VR and L5 VR could be separated based on anatomical markers of the dorsal root ganglion.The gross distance between the S1 nerve root and L5 nerve root was 31.31(±3.23)mm in the six cadavers,while that on the diffusion tensor imaging was 47.51(±3.23)mm in 60 patients without spinal diseases,and both distances were seperately greater than that between the outlet of S1 from the spinal cord and the ganglion.The numbers of axons in the S1 VRs and L5 VRs were 13414.20(±2890.30)and 10613.20(±2135.58),respectively.The cross-sectional areas of the S1 VR and L5 VR were 1.68(±0.26)mm2 and 1.08(±0.26)mm2,respectively.In conclusion,transfer of the contralateral S1 VR to the ipsilateral L5 VR may be an anatomically feasible treatment option for unilateral spastic lower limb paralysis.

A double-network hydrogel for the dynamic compression of the lumbar nerve root

Current animal models of nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation only assess the mechanical compression of nerve roots and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the pressure applied in these models is static, meaning that the nerve root cannot be dynamically compressed. This is very different from the pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation. In this study, a chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel was prepared by a simple two-step method. The swelling ratio of the double-network hydrogel increased with prolonged time, reaching 140. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of the hydrogel reached 53.6 and 0.34 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the hydrogel's crosslinked structure with many interconnecting pores. An MTT assay demonstrated that the number of viable cells in contact with the hydrogel extracts did not significantly change relative to the control surface. Thus, the hydrogel had good biocompatibility. Finally, the double-network hydrogel was used to compress the L4 nerve root of male sand rats to simulate lumbar disc herniation nerve root compression. The hydrogel remained in its original position after compression, and swelled with increasing time. Edema appeared around the nerve root and disappeared 3 weeks after operation. This chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel has potential as a new implant material for animal models of lumbar nerve root compression. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Neurosurgical Institute of Beijing, Capital Medical University, China(approval No. 201601006) on July 29, 2016.

Acupuncture at the “Huatuojiaji” point affects nerve root regional interleukin-1 level in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression

BACKGROUND：It has been shown that interleukin-1 （IL-1） may cause inflammatory reactions, which stimulate the nerve root of patients with lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion and leads to pain. Whether the clinical curative effects of acupuncture in the treatment of lumbar and leg pain are linked to an inhibition of local IL-1 secretion is unknown. OBJECTIVE： To assess the influence of acupuncture on IL-1, this study was designed to verify the effects of acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji （Extra）＂ point on the nerve root in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression, compared with administration of meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, molecular biology experiment, performed at the Experimental Center, Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University between September 2005 and April 2006. MATERIALS： Forty healthy adult Sprague Dawley rats of either gender were included in this study. The rats were randomly and evenly divided into the following four groups： normal control, model, acupuncture and meloxicam groups. Lumbar nerve root compression was induced in rats in the model, acupuncture, and meloxicam groups by inserting a specially made silicon rubber slice at the juncture of the L5 nerve root and the dural sac. The acupuncture needle （pattern number N3030, 30#, 1.5 inch） was purchased from Suzhou Medical Appliance Factory, China. IL-1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., USA. METHODS： The acupuncture group was acupunctured at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point, which is lateral to the compressed L5-6 nerve root, with an acupuncture depth of 0.5 cm. There were two treatment courses, each of involved seven 20-minute acupuncture sessions, one session a day. The meloxicam group was administered intragastrically 3.75 mg/kg meloxicam （5 mg meloxicam /10 mL physiological saline）. Rats in the normal control group and model group received an intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg physiological saline. All administrations were performed once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At day 14 post-surgery, the IL-1 level in the compressed nerve root was determined by a streptavidin-peroxidase （S-P） immunohistochemical method, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the compressed nerve root was simultaneously detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS： The expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA in the L5 nerve root were significantly higher in the model group than in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. However, the expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly lower in the acupuncture and meloxicam groups than in the model group （P 〈 0.05–0.01）. Expression levels of IL-1 and IL-1β mRNA were significantly higher in the acupuncture group than in the meloxicam group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Acupuncture at the ＂Huatuojiaji＂ point decreases the IL-1 level by inhibiting IL-1β mRNA expression to a greater extent than meloxicam administration.

Effect of warm acupuncture on nitric oxide synthase and calcitonin gene-related peptide in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression

BACKGROUND： Varying degrees of inflammatory responses occur during lumbar nerve root compression. Studies have shown that nitric oxide synthase （NOS） and calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP） are involved in secondary disc inflammation. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of warm acupuncture on the ultrastructure of inflammatory mediators in a rat model of lumbar nerve root compression, including NOS and CGRP contents. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled study, with molecular biological analysis, was performed at the Experimental Center, Sixth People＇s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, between September 2006 and April 2007. MATERIALS： Acupuncture needles and refined Moxa grains were purchased from Shanghai Taicheng Technology Development Co., Ltd., China; Mobic tablets were purchased from Shanghai Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., China; enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kits for NOS and CGRP were purchased from ADL Biotechnology, Inc., USA. METHODS： A total of 50, healthy, adult Sprague-Dawley rats, were randomly divided into five groups normal, model, warm acupuncture, acupuncture, and drug, with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the four groups, excluding the normal group, were used to establish models of lumbar nerve root compression. After 3 days, Jiaji points were set using reinforcing-reducing manipulation in the warm acupuncture group. Moxa grains were burned on each needle, with 2 grains each daily. The acupuncture group was the same as the warm acupuncture group, with the exception of non-moxibustion. Mobic suspension （3.75 mg/kg） was used in the oral drug group, once a day. Treatment of each group lasted for 14 consecutive days. Modeling and medication were not performed in the normal group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The ultrastructure of damaged nerve roots was observed with transmission electron microscopy; NOS and CGRP contents were measured using ELISA. RESULTS： The changes of the radicular ultramicrostructure were characterized by Wallerian degeneration; nerve fibers were clearly demyelinated; axons collapsed or degenerated; outer Schwann cell cytoplasm was swollen and its nucleus was compacted. Compared with the normal group, NOS and CGRP contents in the nerve root compression zone in the model group were significantly increased （P 〈 0.01）. Nerve root edema was improved in the drug, acupuncture and the warm acupuncture groups over the model group. NOS and CGRP expressions were also decreased with the warm acupuncture group having the lowest concentration （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： In comparison to the known effects of Mobic drug and acupuncture treatments, the warm acupuncture significantly decreased NOS and CGRP expression which helped improve the ultrastructure of the compressed nerve root.

Changes in lumbosacral spinal nerve roots on diffusion tensor imaging in spinal stenosis

Lumbosacral degenerative disc disease is a common cause of lower back and leg pain. Conventional T1-weighted imaging（T1WI） and T2-weighted imaging（T2WI） scans are commonly used to image spinal cord degeneration. However, these modalities are unable to image the entire lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. Thus, in the present study, we assessed the potential of diffusion tensor imaging（DTI） for quantitative assessment of compressed lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. Subjects were 20 young healthy volunteers and 31 patients with lumbosacral stenosis. T2 WI showed that the residual dural sac area was less than two-thirds that of the corresponding normal area in patients from L3 to S1 stenosis. On T1 WI and T2 WI, 74 lumbosacral spinal nerve roots from 31 patients showed compression changes. DTI showed thinning and distortion in 36 lumbosacral spinal nerve roots（49%） and abruption in 17 lumbosacral spinal nerve roots（23%）. Moreover, fractional anisotropy values were reduced in the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots of patients with lumbosacral stenosis. These findings suggest that DTI can objectively and quantitatively evaluate the severity of lumbosacral spinal nerve root compression.

Prolonged electrical stimulation causes no damage to sacral nerve roots in rabbits

Previous studies have shown that, anode block electrical stimulation of the sacral nerve root can produce physiological urination and reconstruct urinary bladder function in rabbits. However, whether long-term anode block electrical stimulation causes damage to the sacral nerve root re- mains unclear, and needs further investigation. In this study, a complete spinal cord injury model was established in New Zealand white rabbits through T9_10 segment transection. Rabbits were given continuous electrical stimulation for a short period and then chronic stimulation for a longer period. Results showed that compared with normal rabbits, the structure of nerve cells in the anterior sacral nerve roots was unchanged in spinal cord injury rabbits after electrical stimu- lation. There was no significant difference in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, Caspase-3, and Bcl-2. Experimental findings indicate that neurons in the rabbit sacral nerve roots tolerate electrical stimulation, even after long-term anode block electrical stimulation.

Reduction in nerve root compression by the nucleus pulposus after Feng's Spinal Manipulation

Ninety-four patients with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation were enrolled in this study. Of these, 48 were treated with Feng＇s Spinal Manipulation, hot fomentation, and bed rest （treatment group）. The remaining 46 patients were treated with hot fomentation and bed rest only （control group）. After 3 weeks of treatment, clinical parameters including the angle of straight-leg raising, visual analogue scale pain score, and Japanese Orthopaedic Association score for low back pain were improved. The treatment group had significantly better improvement in scores than the control group. Magnetic resonance myelography three-dimensional reconstruction imaging of the vertebral canal demonstrated that filling of the compressed nerve root sleeve with cerebrospinal fluid increased significantly in the treatment group. The diameter of the nerve root sleeve was significantly larger in the treatment group than in the control group. However, the sagittal diameter index of the herniated nucleus pulposus and the angle between the nerve root sleeve and the thecal sac did not change significantly in either the treatment or control groups. The effectiveness of Feng＇s Spinal Manipulation for the treatment of symptoms associated with lumbar intervertebral disc herniation may be attributable to the relief of nerve root compression, without affecting the herniated nucleus pulposus or changing the morphology or position of the nerve root.

L4-to-L4 nerve root transfer for hindlimb hemiplegia after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

There is no effective treatment for hemiplegia after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Considering that the branches of L4 nerve roots in the lumbar plexus root control the movement of the lower extremity anterior and posterior muscles,we investigated a potential method of nerve repair using the L4 nerve roots.Rat models of hindlimb hemiplegia after a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were established by injecting autogenous blood into the posterior limb of internal capsule.The L4 nerve root on the healthy side of model rats was transferred and then anastomosed with the L4 nerve root on the affected side to drive the extensor and flexor muscles of the hindlimbs.We investigated whether this method can restore the flexible movement of the hindlimbs of paralyzed rats after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.In a beam-walking test and ladder rung walking task,model rats exhibited an initial high number of slips,but improved in accuracy on the paretic side over time.At 17 weeks after surgery,rats gained approximately 58.2%accuracy from baseline performance and performed ankle motions on the paretic side.At 9 weeks after surgery,a retrograde tracing test showed a large number of fluoro-gold-labeled motoneurons in the left anterior horn of the spinal cord that supports the L4-to-L4 nerve roots.In addition,histological and ultramicrostructural findings showed axon regeneration of motoneurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.Electromyography and paw print analysis showed that denervated hindlimb muscles regained reliable innervation and walking coordination improved.These findings suggest that the L4-to-L4 nerve root transfer method for the treatment of hindlimb hemiplegia after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage can improve the locomotion of hindlimb major joints,particularly of the distal ankle.Findings from study support that the L4-to-L4 nerve root transfer method can effectively repair the hindlimb hemiplegia after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University(No.IACUC-1906009)in June 2019.

Evaluation of degree of nerve root injury by dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential following lumbar spinal stenosis

BACKGROUND： Computed Tomography （CT） and Magnetic Resonance Imaging （MRI） can display the site of lumbar spinal stenosis and predict nervous compression at the morphological level; however, pure morphological changes cannot reflect functional alterations in a compressed nerve root. Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential （DSEP） provides a means to assess the functional state of a nerve root. OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the clinical significance of DSEP, assessing the degree of nerve root injury following lumbar spinal stenosis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hainan People＇s Hospital, China, between September 2004 and December 2007. PARTICIPANTS： Forty-seven patients diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis by CT or MRI were selected as the case group; fifty healthy subjects were collected as the control group. METHODS： A KEYPOINT myoelectric evoked potential apparatus （DANTEC Company, Denmark） was used to measure DSEP, and stimulative spots were determined in accordance with the skin key sensory spot standards established by The American Spinal Injury Association： L4 in the medial malleolus, L5 in the third metatarsophalangeal joint of the dorsum of foot and S1 in the lateral heel. The needle electrode used as the recording electrode was located at the Cz point of the cranium, and the reference electrode at the Fz point. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Latency of the P40 peak of DSEP, P1-N1 amplitude, P40 waveform and differentiation and disappearance of various waves. RESULTS： The sensitivity and diagnostic concurrence with surgery of nerve root injury following lumbar spinal stenosis evaluated by DSEP was 95.7 %. P40 latencies at L4, L5 and S1 in the case group were significantly longer than in the control group （P 〈 0.05）, and the P1-N1 amplitude in the case group was significantly lower than the control group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. Nerve root injury was categorized according to DSEP latency as follows： severe damage （disappearance of the P40 wave in 103 dermatomes）, moderate damage （prolongation of the P40 peak latency ≥ 3.0 times the standard deviation of the normal mean in 60 dermatomes） and mild damage （prolongation of the P40 peak latency ≥ 2.5 times the standard deviation of the normal mean in 31 dermatomes）. CONCLUSION： DSEP can be used to determine the severity of nerve root injury following lumbar spinal stenosis with high sensitivity and specificity.

Reliability of dermatomal somatosensory-evoked potential in the evaluation of lumbosacral nerve root injury A concurrent case-control study

BACKGROUND： It has been reported that dermatomal somatosensory evoked potential （DSEP） can be used for diagnosing nerve root injury in patients with lumbar disc herniation （LDH）, and that 83% 95% of patients suffer from the disease. Body height correction is not performed prior to determinations of latency and latency difference between the healthy and affected sides. However, latency noticeably correlates to body height. OBJECTIVE： This study aims to determine the lumbosacral nerve root injury in patients with LDH by DSEP, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the DSEP difference between the healthy and affected sides using a diagnostic index following body height correction. DESIGN： A case-control observation. SETTING： Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan Provincial People＇s Hospital. PARTICIPANTS： Ninety-six patients, comprised of 67 males and 29 females, with an average age of 43 years and a mean body height of 1.65 m （range 1.48-1.81 m）, were recruited for this study. These patients suffered from unilateral lower limb radiation pain and received treatment at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hainan Provincial People＇s Hospital between January 2004 and December 2006. All patients were confirmed to suffer from LDH at the L3-4, L-5, and/or Ls-SI by CT and/or MRI examinations. Central nervous system diseases were excluded. In order to obtain a normal reference value, DSEP was determined for a group of 50 subjects, who concurrently received health examinations in the same department. The subjects had no previous history of back leg pain or nervous system disease. The group of healthy controls included 26 males and 24 females, with an average age of 37 years and a mean body height of 1.63 m （range 1.50-1.80 m）. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects for laboratory samples. The protocol was approved by the Hospital＇s Ethics Committees. DSEP was determined with myoelectricity-evoked potential equipment （Keypoint, Batch No. 9020A0042591, Dantec Company, Denmark）. METHODS： DSEP of patients with LDH was determined. Constant-voltage square pulse stimulation was used to determine DSEP, with the following parameters： a pulse wave width of 0.2 milliseconds; a saddle-like stimulating electrode; a stimulation intensity 3 times greater than the sensation threshold; a stimulation frequency of 1.5 Hz; mean superposition greater than 100 times; and inter-electrode impedance 〈 5 k Q. The stimulation point was a skin key sensation point confirmed by the American Spinal Injury Association, i.e. L4 at medial malleolus, L5 at the third metatarsophalangeal joint on the dorsum of the foot, and SI at the lateral heel. The recording electrode was a needle electrode, the recording point was Cz, and the reference electrode was Fz. DSEP latency of P40, and latency differences of P40, between the healthy side and the affected side, were determined. DSEP at L4, L5, and S1 nerve roots of the lower limbs of 50 healthy controls were bilaterally determined. The normal values of P40 latency and P40 N50 amplitude were statistically obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Determination of DSEP values. RESULTS： Ninety-six patients with LDH and fifty healthy controls participated in the final analysis. In the healthy controls, the amplitude of DSEP varied greatly, with a mean amplitude co-efficient of variation of 58% for L4, L5, and SI dermatomes. P40 latency was stable, with a mean latency coefficient of variation of 4.7%. In patients with LDH, the P40 wave disappeared. P40 latency was 2.5 times prolonged compared to normal mean value. P40 latency difference between the healthy and the affected side was 2.5 times higher than the normal mean value of the healthy side. CONCLUSION： DSEP can reflect the functional status of lumbosacral nerve root. P40 latency difference between the healthy side and the affected side is the most sensitive diagnosis index for patients with LDH suffering from unilateral lower limb radiation pain.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of redundant nerve roots of the cauda equina

BACKGROUND Redundant nerve roots(RNRs)of the cauda equina are often a natural evolutionary part of lumbar spinal canal stenosis secondary to degenerative processes characterized by elongated,enlarged,and tortuous nerve roots in the superior and/or inferior of the stenotic segment.Although magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings have been defined more frequently in recent years,this condition has been relatively under-recognized in radiological practice.In this study,lumbar MRI findings of RNRs of the cauda equina were evaluated in spinal stenosis patients.AIM To evaluate RNRs of the cauda equina in spinal stenosis patients.METHODS One-hundred and thirty-one patients who underwent lumbar MRI and were found to have spinal stenosis between March 2010 and February 2019 were included in the study.On axial T2-weighted images(T2WI),the cross-sectional area(CSA)of the dural sac was measured at L2-3,L3-4,L4-5,and L5-S1 levels in the axial plane.CSA levels below 100 mm^2 were considered stenosis.Elongation,expansion,and tortuosity in cauda equina fibers in the superior and/or inferior of the stenotic segment were evaluated as RNRs.The patients were divided into two groups:Those with RNRs and those without RNRs.The CSA cut-off value resulting in RNRs of cauda equina was calculated.Relative length(RL)of RNRs was calculated by dividing the length of RNRs at mid-sagittal T2WI by the height of the vertebral body superior to the stenosis level.The associations of CSA leading to RNRs with RL,disc herniation type,and spondylolisthesis were evaluated.RESULTS Fifty-five patients(42%)with spinal stenosis had RNRs of the cauda equina.The average CSA was 40.99±12.76 mm^2 in patients with RNRs of the cauda equina and 66.83±19.32 mm^2 in patients without RNRs.A significant difference was found between the two groups for CSA values(P<0.001).Using a cut-off value of 55.22 mm^2 for RNRs of the cauda equina,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),and negative predictive value(NPV)values of 96.4%,96.1%,89.4%,and 98.7%were obtained,respectively.RL was 3.39±1.31(range:0.93-6.01).When the extension of RNRs into the superior and/or inferior of the spinal canal stenosis level was evaluated,it was superior in 54.5%,both superior and inferior in 32.8%,and inferior in 12.7%.At stenosis levels leading to RNRs of the cauda equina,29 disc herniations with soft margins and 26 with sharp margins were detected.Disc herniation type and spondylolisthesis had no significant relationship with RL or CSA of the dural sac with stenotic levels(P>0.05).As the CSA of the dural sac decreased,the incidence of RNRs observed at the superior of the stenosis level increased(P<0.001).CONCLUSION RNRs of the cauda equina are frequently observed in patients with spinal stenosis.When the CSA of the dural sac is<55 mm^2,lumbar MRIs should be carefully examined for this condition.

Microanatomical study of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root

BACKGROUND： Because the artery leading to the glossopharyngeal nerve is small and complex, insufficient blood supply can occur due to atherosclerosis, occlusion, or injury. This sometimes results in corresponding nerve degeneration, demyelination, and/or arachnoid adhesion. OBJECTIVE： To observe the nutrient artery origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve root in the medulla oblongata region, as well as the relationship between the artery and glossopharyngeal nerve root, to verify dependence of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia, which is related to contact and compression of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Repetitive measurement. The experiment was performed at Harbin Medical University and Daqing Oilfields General Hospital between November 2006 and April 2007. MATERIALS： Ten cadaver heads （seven male and three female） were supplied by the Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University. A total of 15 patients （nine male and six female）, aged 38-56, that suffered from glossopharyngeal neuralgia were treated at Daqing Oilfields General Hospital and were between 38-56 years old. All cadaver heads were strictly handled according to the Guideline for Medical Ethics Committee. The patients agreed to the criteria set for the study objects. METHODS： （1）The bilateral veins of the nutrient artery were dissected under a surgery microscope. A sliding caliper was used to measure the length of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the oblongata to the jugular foramen. The origin of the nutrient artery was noted, as well as the courser and diameter to explore the relationship between the glossopharyngeal nerve root and the vertebral artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, as well as the branching veins. （2） A total of 15 patients received glossopharyngeal neuralgia surgery. Contact or oppression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, and its branches, were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The relationship and compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, vertebral artery, and its branches in cadaver sections and the living human body. RESULTS： （1） Cadaver dissection： the nutrient arteries of the glossopharyngeal nerve root originated from three or two branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and dorsolateral medullary artery. During the procedure, four sides of the glossopharyngeal nerve root received contact or compression from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery trunk or thick loop branch. The four sides represented 20% of the area, and the two sides that received glossopharyngeal nerve root contact or compression from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery represented up to 10%. （2） Human living body： during surgery, obvious contact or compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with three or more branches of the nutrient arteries accounted for 53.3% of the area. CONCLUSION： The cause of a number of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia is related to contact and pressure of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.

An atypical primary malignant melanoma arising from the cervical nerve root: A case report and review of literture

BACKGROUND Primary melanomas affecting the central nervous system are very rare,and melanomas originating in the spinal canal or origin of the spinal nerve root are even rarer.As a consequence,not much is known about this.CASE SUMMARY Here we report a case of primary malignant melanoma originating in the cervical spinal cord nerve root.A 64-year-old woman presented with symptoms of numbness in the right side of the neck,pain,and hypoesthesia in the right upper limb which persisted for 1 year.Neurological examination showed that the superficial sensation in the right upper limb had decreased with muscle strength of grade 4.Magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed a mass(approximately 2.5 cm×1.4 cm×1 cm)in the right side of the spinal canal in the C-2 plane.Based on findings obtained during operation,perioperative examination,pathological diagnosis,and the diagnostic criteria of primary central melanoma proposed by Hayward,the mass was confirmed to be a melanoma of intraspinal nerve root origin.CONCLUSION This is the first case of primary malignant melanoma originating from cervical spinal cord nerve roots and spread along the inside and outside of the spinal canal.The clinical relevance of this case is discussed to provide new insights into the differential diagnosis of intraspinal tumours.Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms driving the growth pattern and development of this type of tumour.

Primary extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma of the lumbar nerve root:A case report

BACKGROUND Ewing’s sarcoma(ES)is a highly aggressive bone malignancy.Extraskeletal ES(EES)originating in the spinal canal is extremely rare.Herein,we report on a rare case of EES with a primary lumbar spinal nerve root including the complete diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY A young female patient presented with a complaint of right lower limb pain for 1 mo.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)revealed an 11 mm×14 mm×31 mm mass in the lumbar epidural region extending at the fifth lumbar spine(L5)level toward the right L5 neural foramen.Our initial diagnosis was an epidural schwannoma.The patient underwent total laminectomy,tumor resection and pedicle screw internal fixation and the L5 root tumor was found to have been completely removed intraoperatively.Histopathological examination of the lesion showed a typical ES with a large number of small,round cells.Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated positive CD99 and S100.After surgery,the patient received chemotherapy and radiotherapy with a 1 year of follow-up and no recurrent tumors or new lesions were found upon spine MRI and positron emission tomography/computed tomography reexamination.CONCLUSION Clinically,ES outside the bone should be considered when nerve root tumors are encountered inside and outside the spinal canal and the diagnosis should be determined by pathological biopsy.After surgical resection,chemotherapy and radiotherapy should be performed.After treatment,active follow-up and regular review should be completed.

Research progress on therapeutic mechanism of spinal diseases caused by nerve root compression

Manipulation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), which has been proved effective in clinical already, has been used widely in clinical treatment as a significant method to treat the Orthopedics degenerative diseases. At present, plenty of researches on intervention mechanism of manipulation have been carried out, but it has not been completely elucidated. This paper attempts to sort out relevant articles about manipulation therapy of the spinal disease caused by nerve root compressed systematically and classify and expound some confirmed mechanism of these therapy, so as to help other clinical doctors when they select the treatment plan and promote the standardization process of manipulation therapy.

DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF NERVE ROOT STIMULATION METHOD IN CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY

By means of cervical nerve root stimulation(CRS) method, the amplitudes and latencies of compound motor action potential(CMAP) of brachial biceps and brachial triceps muscles in 41 patients with clinical symptoms and signs of cervical radiculopathy were observed. The amplitudes of CMAPs on the affected side in the patients were obviously lower than on the healthy side and control group, latencies of CMAPs on the affected side were also significantly prolonged. The results showed that CRS was a sensitive method for making a direct determination of proximal nerve roit cinductiin function, and a good aid for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy.

Effect of continuous spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine on the ultrastructure of spinal cord and nerve roots in rats

To investigate the effects of continuous spinal anesthesia with different concentrations and doses of ropivacaine on the ultrastructure of the spinal cord and nerve roots.Methods Twenty-four male SD rats weighing 220～280 g were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10% chloral hydrate 300～350 mg/kg.A polyurethane microcatheter was inserted into the lumbar subarachnoid space according to the technique described by Yaksh.An 8 cm catheter segment was left in the subarachnoid space.The animals were randomized to receive normal saline,0.5%,0.75% or 1.0% ropivacaine 40 μl intrathecally 3 times at 1.5 h interval.Six hours after the first intrathecal administration the animals were decaptiated and L 1,2 segment of the spinal cord and nerve roots were immediately removed for electron microscopic examination.Results Electron microscopic examination revealed that in animals which received intrathecal (i.t.) normal saline,0.5% or 0.75% ropivacaine the neurolemma of the nerve roots and the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of the neurons in the spinal cord were intact,while in animals which received i.t. 10.% ropivacaine the neurolemma was stratified and partly disrupted and there were swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole degeneration.Conclusion Six hours continuous spinal anesthesia with 10.% ropivacaine may be injurious to the spinal cord and nerve roots.12 refs,8 figs,1 tab.

Optimal technique of three-dimensional MRI of the lumbar nerve root and its radicular vein in normal and lumbar disc herniation patients

Background Although three-dimensional MRI （3D-MRI） of short T1 inversion recovery turbo spin-echo （STIR TSE） has showed superior to two-dimensional MRI （2D-MRI） in showing the spinal cord and lumbar nerve roots, it remains difficult in demonstrating radicular vein at present. We have found that short T1 inversion recovery long time echo （STIR LONG TE） was better in showing radicular vein. To further study the methods and character of the 3D-MRI of lumbar nerve root, ganglions and radicular vein in normal and lumbar disc herniation （LDH） adults, in the present study, we evaluated two 3D-MRI techniques, STIR TSE and STIR LONG TE for demonstrating lumbar nerve roots and especial radicular vein in normal and LDH adults. Methods Twelve normal adult persons and 19 LDH patients were included in this study; special oblique coronal location was adopted. STIR TSE and STIR LONG TE were performed in all participants, and the detection rates of radicular vein and nerve root of L3, L4, L5,S1 were calculated. The grading system was used in grading compromise of the intraspinal extradural lumbar nerve root, ganglion and radicular vein in LDH patients, and all the grading injury of nerve root, ganglion and radicular vein had been evaluated. Results The definite rate of radicular vein （DRRV） of 3D-MRI of STIR LONG TE was significantly different from that of STIR TSE. DRRV of STIR LONG TE was L3, 91.7%, L4, 100%, L5, 100%, $1, 100% and that of STIR TSE was L3, 33.3%, L4, 37.5%, L5, 58.3%, $1,45.8% in normal adults. It showed no difference between STIR LONG TE and STIR TSE in the detection rate of nerve root. The different patho-injuries of nerve root, ganglion and radicular vein could be seen in all LDH patients by the 3D-MRI of STIR LONG TE. The mean score of Japanese Orthopaedic Association （JOA） was 16.16, and 29 nerve roots were calculated in all the study. The mean grading injury of nerve root was 2.17, that of nerve root ganglion was 1.28, that of radicular vein was 1.83, and the mean co-grading injury of nerve root, ganglion and radicular vein was 5.31. The correlation coefficient was 0.478 （P=0.010） between the score of JOA and that of radicular vein. Conclusion The 3D-MRI of STIR LONG TE is superior to STIR TSE for not only detecting the lumbar nerve root, ganglion and especial radicular vein in normal adults, but also displaying their patho-injuries degree in LDH patients.

Is it necessary to use the entire root as a donor when transferring contralateral C7 nerve to repair median nerve？

If a partial contralateral C7 nerve is transferred to a recipient injured nerve, results are not satisfactory. However, if an entire contralateral C7 nerve is used to repair two nerves, both recipient nerves show good recovery. These findings seem contradictory, as the above two methods use the same donor nerve, only the cutting method of the contralateral C7 nerve is different. To verify whether this can actually result in different repair effects, we divided rats with right total brachial plexus injury into three groups. In the entire root group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve of the affected limb. In the posterior division group, only the posterior division of the contralateral C7 root was transected and transferred to the median nerve. In the entire root ＋ posterior division group, the entire contralateral C7 root was transected but only the posterior division was transferred to the median nerve. After neurectomy,the median nerve was repaired on the affected side in the three groups. At 8, 12, and 16 weeks postoperatively, electrophysiological examination showed that maximum amplitude, latency, muscle tetanic contraction force, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle were significantly better in the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups than in the posterior division group. No significant difference was found between the entire root and entire root ＋ posterior division groups. Counts of myelinated axons in the median nerve were greater in the entire root group than in the entire root ＋ posterior division group, which were greater than the posterior division group. We conclude that for the same recipient nerve, harvesting of the entire contralateral C7 root achieved significantly better recovery than partial harvesting, even if only part of the entire root was used for transfer. This result indicates that the entire root should be used as a donor when transferring contralateral C7 nerve.