Enabling heterogeneous catalysis to achieve carbon neutrality: Directional catalytic conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids

The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions has exacerbated the deterioration of the global environment,which should be controlled to achieve carbon neutrality.Central to the core goal of achieving carbon neutrality is the utilization of CO_(2) under economic and sustainable conditions.Recently,the strong need for carbon neutrality has led to a proliferation of studies on the direct conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids,which can effectively alleviate CO_(2) emissions and create high-value chemicals.The purpose of this review is to present the application prospects of carboxylic acids and the basic principles of CO_(2) conversion into carboxylic acids through photo-,electric-,and thermal catalysis.Special attention is focused on the regulation strategy of the activity of abundant catalysts at the molecular level,inspiring the preparation of high-performance catalysts.In addition,theoretical calculations,advanced technologies,and numerous typical examples are introduced to elaborate on the corresponding process and influencing factors of catalytic activity.Finally,challenges and prospects are provided for the future development of this field.It is hoped that this review will contribute to a deeper understanding of the conversion of CO_(2) into carboxylic acids and inspire more innovative breakthroughs.

Neutralizing possibilities of whole virion and mRNA vaccine triggered antibodies of Wuhan strain of SARS-CoV-2 with receptor binding domains of spike proteins of Delta and Omicron strains

Mutations in the receptor binding domain(RBD)of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have given birth to the new variants of concern viz.Delta and Omicron strain.As we are using vaccines which are either mRNA of spike protein of Wuhan strain or its whole virion vaccine,these vaccines will trigger antibodies to be able to bind with the epitopes of spike protein of Wuhan strain.There appears a need to study whether vaccine generated circulating neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated people are able to neutralize the receptor binding domain of spike protein of currently circulating Delta and Omicron strains as well.We need to address this contention in two phases:first to undertake docking studies of vaccine generated antibodies with Wuhan,Delta and Omicron strains and second to conduct the wet lab studies and observe antigen-antibody bindings employing Immunofluorescence and Cryo-Electron Microscopic studies.The present paper reports results of docking studies using bioinformatic softwares to provide the baseline information for wet lab studies.

Effect of sodium nitroprusside on the microrheological properties of red blood cells in di®erent media

Red blood cell(RBC)aggregation as well as their deformation signi¯cantly affects blood microrheology.These processes depend on various factors,one of which is concentration of the nitric oxide,one of the main signaling molecule in the bloodstream.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide on the microrheological properties of red blood cells(RBCs)in RBC samples of various media after the addition of nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside in vitro.Microrheological properties were measured using laser aggregometer and ektacytometer based on diffuse light scattering and diffraction of laser light on a suspension of RBCs,respectively.The study found that heparin-stabilized blood showed increased RBC aggregation and deformation with sodium nitroprusside concentrations of 100,and 200M,while EDTA-stabilized blood showed slightly decreased aggregation and unchanged deformation.With washed RBCs in dextran solution,the addition of sodium nitroprusside(in the concentrations of 100,and 200M)resulted in decreased aggregation and increased deformation.These-ndings aid in our understanding of nitric oxide's effect on RBC microrheological properties.

The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

The research progress of an E//B neutral particle analyzer

An E//B neutral particle analyzer(NPA)has been designed and is under development at Sichuan University and Southwestern Institute of Physics.The main purpose of the E//B NPA is to measure the distribution function of fast ions in the HL-2A/3 tokamak.The E//B NPA contains three main units,i.e.the stripping unit,the analyzing unit and the detection unit.A gas stripping chamber was adopted as the stripping unit.The results of the simulations and beam tests for the stripping chamber are presented.Parallel electric and magnetic fields provided by a NdFeB permanent magnet and two parallel electric plates were designed and constructed for the analyzing unit.The calibration of the magnetic and electric fields was performed using a 50 kV electron cyclotron resonance ion source(ECRIS)platform.The detection unit consists of 32lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate(LYSO)detector modules arranged in two rows.The response functions ofα,hydrogen ions(H^(+),H_(2)^(+)and H_(3)^(+))andγfor a detector module were measured with^(241)Am,^(137)Cs and^(152)Eu sources together with the 50 kV ECRIS platform.The overall results indicate that the designed E//B NPA device is capable of measuring the intensity of neutral hydrogen and deuteron atoms with energy higher than 20 keV.

外源6-BA对小苍兰‘Red Lion’生长及花期调控的影响

本试验以小苍兰品种‘Red Lion’为材料,研究喷施不同浓度6-BA(25、50、100 mg/L和200 mg/L)对小苍兰生长、生理生化特性及花期的影响,以期为小苍兰花期调控和切花栽培提供技术支持。结果表明:喷施适当浓度的6-BA有利于延长小苍兰‘Red Lion’花期;6-BA浓度为200 mg/L时显著提高小苍兰的花朵直径、花葶长度、小花数、株高、叶片数,较对照花期延长11 d、花朵直径增加50.45%、小花数增加114.89%,同时叶片的丙二醛含量较CK降低34.65%,叶片抗氧化酶(POD、CAT)活性升高,分别比CK提高97.26%和393.24%。综之,喷施适当浓度的6-BA能够显著提高小苍兰‘Red Lion’花朵质量及数量,延长小苍兰花期,其中200 mg/L 6-BA处理效果最佳。

Connotation,pathway and significance of carbon neutrality“super energy system”:A case study of the Ordos Basin,NW China

Super oil and gas basins provide the energy foundation for social progress and human development.In the context of climate change and carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals,constructing an integrated energy and carbon neutrality system that balances energy production and carbon reduction becomes crucial for the transformation of such basins.Under the framework of a green and intelligent energy system primarily based on“four news”,new energy,new electricity,new energy storage,and new intelligence,integrating a“super energy system”composed of a huge amount of underground resources of coal,oil,gas and heat highly overlapping with abundant wind and solar energy resources above ground,and a regional intelligent energy consumption system with coordinated development and utilization of fossil energy and new energy,with a carbon neutrality system centered around carbon cycling is essential.This paper aims to select the traditional oil and gas basins as“super energy basins”with the conditions to build world-class energy production and demonstration bases for carbon neutrality.The Ordos Basin has unique regional advantages,including abundant fossil fuel and new energy resources,as well as matching CO_(2)sources and sinks,position it as a carbon neutrality“super energy basin”which explores the path of transformation of traditional oil and gas basins.Under the integrated development concept and mode of“coal+oil+gas+new energy+carbon capture,utilization and storage(CCUS)/carbon capture and storage(CCS)”,the carbon neutrality in super energy basin is basically achieved,which enhance energy supply and contribute to the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals,establish a modern energy industry and promote regional green and sustainable development.The pioneering construction of the world-class carbon neutrality“super energy system”demonstration basin in China represented by the Ordos Basin will reshape the new concept and new mode of exploration and development of super energy basins,which is of great significance to the global energy revolution under carbon neutrality.

Red/ET同源重组介导的基因克隆载体pBACS的构建、鉴定与应用

目的通过Red/ET同源重组技术构建pBACS基因克隆及测序质粒载体。方法以质粒pBAC2015、pET28a为模板设计四对引物,PCR扩增得到四段彼此间有50 bp同源区域的基因片段,分别命名为bac-sop、bac-ori、bac-kan和bac-T7。利用Red/ET同源重组技术,将四段基因片段电转至E.coli GB05-dir感受态中进行线线重组。经酶切、测序验证阳性克隆质粒。此外,对重组质粒pBACS进行稳定性鉴定;利用pBACS分别进行细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS基因克隆和基因测序。结果酶切和测序的验证结果显示,质粒的大小、元件方向及序列正确;pBACS具有较强的稳定性,适用于作为基因工程的克隆载体;可高效用于细菌16S rDNA和真菌ITS序列的克隆,阳性率为100%。结论成功利用Red/ET技术构建克隆载体pBACS,质粒载体具有稳定性强、重组效率高的特点,在基因克隆和基因测序等方面具有良好的应用潜力。

5G RedCap技术在电力行业应用的研究

Red Cap(5G轻量化)技术通过精简设备能力和降低复杂度,达到节约成本、降低设备功耗和缩小尺寸等目标,同时保留了5G原生能力,实现了技术和成本的平衡。本文研究了Red Cap的技术特性和相关国家政策,并结合电力行业网络需求,分析Red Cap在电力行业不同场景的应用和部署方案,探讨了Red Cap技术的发展潜力和运营商的部署策略。

Using Optical Tweezers to Study the Friction of the Red Blood Cells

In the last two decades the study of red blood cell elasticity using optical tweezers has known a rise appearing in the scientific research with regard to the various works carried out. Despite the various work done, no study has been done so far to study the influence of friction on the red blood cell indentation response using optical tweezers. In this study, we have developed a new approach to determine the coefficient of friction as well as the frictional forces of the red blood cell. This approach therefore allowed us to simultaneously carry out the indentation and traction test, which allowed us to extract the interfacial properties of the microbead red blood cell couple, among other things, the friction coefficient. This property would be extremely important to investigate the survival and mechanical features of cells, which will be of great physiological and pathological significance. But taking into account the hypothesis of friction as defined by the isotropic Coulomb law. The experiment performed for this purpose is the Brinell Hardness Test (DB).

Analysis and Assessment on the Heavy Metals in a Severely Degraded Subtropical Red Soil Region

5 different forests of Pinus massoniana, Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, P. massoniana × S. superba, P. massoniana × L. formosana as the research object were set up to study the Cr, Cu and Zn content of degraded red soil region in subtropics. The soil heavy metal pollution degree was evaluated by national environmental quality standard (II class). The results showed that three soil metals of P. massoniana × S. superba were the highest, and the soil metals enrichment ability was strong. The order of single factor pollution index of metal elements was Cu (1.38) > Cr (0.81) > Zn (0.42), and moderately pollution, pollution warning and no pollution, respectively. There was no significant correlation between three soil heavy metals and soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). These results suggested that the accumulation of heavy metal elements was not derived from the parent material of soil. There was a significant positive correlation between the three metal elements which indicated that the sources of the three elements were similar. The structural equation model showed that the direct and indirect effects among the influencing factors ultimately affected the activity of heavy metals by cascade effects.

Solidification/Stabilization of Chromium in Red Mud-based Geopolymer

Up to 1.5wt%of Cr(Ⅲ)salts(CrCl_(3),and Cr_(2)O_(3))and Cr(Ⅵ)salts(Na_(2)CrO_(4),and CaCr_(2)O_(7))were incorporated into red mud-based geopolymers,respectively.The solidification/stabilization,compressive strength,and durability of the Cr-containing geopolymers were investigated.The experimental results indicate that the red mud-based geopolymer could effectively solidify/stabilize different types of Cr salts with solidification/stabilization rates of above 99.61%.Geopolymers are environmentally safe when the dosage of CaCr_(2)O_(7)is≤1.0wt%,or the dosage of CrCl_(3),Cr_(2)O_(3),and Na_(2)CrO_(4)is≤1.5wt%,respectively.The effects of Cr salts on the compressive strength varies with the type and content of Cr salts.The freeze-thaw cycle is more destructive to geopolymer properties than sulfate attack or acid rain erosion.The solidification/stabilization of Cr is mainly attributed to the following reasons:a)The chemical binding of Cr is related to the formation of Cr-containing hydrates(eg,magnesiochromite((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)_(2)O_(4)))and doping into N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel framework;b)The physical effect is related to the encapsulation by the hydration products(e g,N-A-S-H gel and C-A-S-H gel).This study provides a reference for the treatment of hazardous Cr-containing wastes by solid waste-based geopolymers.

Ultralow charge-discharge voltage gap of 0.05 V in sunlight-responsive neutral aqueous Zn-air battery

Rechargeable neutral aqueous zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are a promising type of energy storage device with longer operating life and less corrosiveness compared with conventional alkaline ZABs.However,the neutral ZABs normally possess poor oxygen evolution reactions(OERs)and oxygen reduction reactions performance,resulting in a large charge–discharge voltage gap and low round-trip efficiency.Herein,we demonstrate a sunlight-assisted strategy for achieving an ultralow voltage gap of 0.05 V in neutral ZABs by using the FeOOH-decorated BiVO4(Fe-BiVO4)as an oxygen catalyst.Under sunlight,the electrons move from the valence band(VB)of Fe-BiVO_(4) to the conduction band producing holes in VB to promote the OER process and hence reduce the overpotential.Meanwhile,the photopotential generated by the Fe-BiVO_(4) compensates a part of the charging potential of neutral ZABs.Accordingly,the energy loss of the battery could be compensated via solar energy,leading to a record-low gap of 0.05 V between the charge and discharge voltage with a high round-trip efficiency of 94%.This work offers a simple but efficient pathway for solar-energy utilization in storage devices,further guiding the design of high energy efficiency of neutral aqueous ZABs.

Evolution model and failure mechanisms of rainfall-induced cracked red clay slopes:insights from Xinshao County,China

Red clay landslides are widely distributed worldwide,resulting in severe loss of life and property.Although rainfall-induced red clay slopes have received extensive attention,the role of cracks in the evolutionary process of red clay slopes and their connection to failure mechanisms is still poorly understood.A comprehensive approach integrating field investigation,laboratory tests,and numerical simulations was conducted to study the 168 red clay landslides in Xinshao County,China.The results show that red clay is prone to forming cracks at high moisture content due to its low swelling and high shrinkage properties.The failure mode of red clay slopes can be summarized in three stages:crack generation,slope excavation,and slope failure.Furthermore,the retrospective analysis and numerical simulations of the typical landslide in Guanchong indicated that intense rainfall primarily impacts the shallow layer of soil within approximately 0.5 m on the intact slope.However,cracks change the pattern of rainfall infiltration in the slope.Rainwater infiltrates rapidly through the preferential channels induced by the cracks rather than uniformly and slowly from the slope surface.This results in a significant increase in both the depth of infiltration and the saturated zone area of the cracked slope,reaching 3.8 m and 36.2 m^(2),respectively.Consequently,the factor of safety of the slope decreases by 13.4%compared to the intact slope,ultimately triggering landslides.This study can provide valuable insights into understanding the failure mechanisms of red clay slopes in China and other regions with similar geological settings.

A green cross-linking method for the preparation of renewable threedimensional graphene sponges for efficient adsorption of Congo red dye

Graphene-based materials possess significant potential for the treatment of dye wastewater due to their exceptional adsorption properties toward stubborn pollutants.However,their utilization is hindered by high preparation costs,low yields,environmental pollution during synthesis,and challenges in regenerating the adsorbent.This study proposes a novel approach to address these limitations by developing nitrogen-doped three-dimensional(3D)polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)crosslinked graphene sponges(N-PGA)using a cross-linking method with ammonium carbonate.This method offers a relatively mild,environmentally friendly approach.Ammonium carbonate serves as both a reducing and modifying agent,facilitating the formation of the intrinsic structure of N-PGA and acting as a nitrogen source.Meanwhile,PVA is utilized as the cross-linking agent.The results demonstrate that N-PGA exhibits a favorable internal 3D hierarchical porous structure and possesses robust mechanical properties.The measured specific surface area(BET)of N-PGA was as high as406.538 m^(2)·g^(-1),which was favorable for its efficient adsorption of Congo red(CR)dye molecules.At an initial concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1),N-PGA achieved an impressive removal rate of 89.6%and an adsorption capacity of 112 mg·g^(-1)for CR dye.Furthermore,it retained 79%of its initial adsorption capacity after 10 cycles,demonstrating excellent regeneration performance.In summary,the synthesized N-PGA displays remarkable efficacy in the adsorption of CR dye in wastewater,opening up new possibilities for utilizing 3D porous graphene nanomaterials as efficient adsorbents in wastewater treatment.

Red cell distribution width/platelet ratio estimates the 3-year risk of decompensation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-induced cirrhosis

BACKGROUND For compensated advanced chronic liver disease(cACLD)patients,the first decompensation represents a dramatically worsening prognostic event.Based on the first decompensation event(DE),the transition to decompensated advanced chronic liver disease(dACLD)can occur through two modalities referred to as acute decompensation(AD)and non-AD(NAD),respectively.Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension(CSPH)is considered the strongest predictor of decompensation in these patients.However,due to its invasiveness and costs,CSPH is almost never evaluated in clinical practice.Therefore,recognizing noninvasively predicting tools still have more appeal across healthcare systems.The red cell distribution width to platelet ratio(RPR)has been reported to be an indicator of hepatic fibrosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease(MASLD).However,its predictive role for the decompensation has never been explored.AIM In this observational study,we investigated the clinical usage of RPR in predicting DEs in MASLD-related cACLD patients.METHODS Fourty controls and 150 MASLD-cACLD patients were consecutively enrolled and followed up(FUP)semiannually for 3 years.At baseline,biochemical,clinical,and Liver Stiffness Measurement(LSM),Child-Pugh(CP),Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD),aspartate aminotransferase/platelet count ratio index(APRI),Fibrosis-4(FIB-4),Albumin-Bilirubin(ALBI),ALBI-FIB-4,and RPR were collected.During FUP,DEs(timing and modaities)were recorded.CSPH was assessed at the baseline and on DE occurrence according to the available Clinical Practice Guidelines.RESULTS Of 150 MASLD-related cACLD patients,43(28.6%)progressed to dACLD at a median time of 28.9 months(29 NAD and 14 AD).Baseline RPR values were significantly higher in cACLD in comparison to controls,as well as MELD,CP,APRI,FIB-4,ALBI,ALBI-FIB-4,and LSM in dACLD-progressing compared to cACLD individuals[all P<0.0001,except for FIB-4(P:0.007)and ALBI(P:0.011)].Receiving operator curve analysis revealed RPR>0.472 and>0.894 as the best cut-offs in the prediction respectively of 3-year first DE,as well as its superiority compared to the other non-invasive tools examined.RPR(P:0.02)and the presence of baseline-CSPH(P:0.04)were significantly and independently associated with the DE.Patients presenting baseline-CSPH and RPR>0.472 showed higher risk of decompensation(P:0.0023).CONCLUSION Altogether these findings suggest the RPR as a valid and potentially applicable non-invasive tool in the prediction of timing and modalities of decompensation in MASLD-related cACLD patients.

Investigation into the Methodology and Implementation of Life Cycle Engineering under China’s Carbon Reduction Target in the Process Industry

The industrial sector is the primary source of carbon emissions in China.In pursuit of meeting its carbon reduction targets,China aims to promote resource consumption sustainability,reduce energy consumption,and achieve carbon neutrality within its processing industries.An effective strategy to promote energy savings and carbon reduction throughout the life cycle of materials is by applying life cycle engineering technology.This strategy aims to attain an optimal solution for material performance,resource consumption,and environmental impact.In this study,five types of technologies were considered:raw material replacement,process reengineering,fuel replacement,energy recycling and reutilization,and material recycling and reutilization.The meaning,methodology,and development status of life cycle engineering technology abroad and domestically are discussed in detail.A multidimensional analysis of ecological design was conducted from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption,carbon emissions,product performance,and recycling of secondary resources in a manufacturing process.This coupled with an integrated method to analyze carbon emissions in the entire life cycle of a material process industry was applied to the nonferrous industry,as an example.The results provide effective ideas and solutions for achieving low or zero carbon emission production in the Chinese industry as recycled aluminum and primary aluminum based on advanced technologies had reduced resource consumption and emissions as compared to primary aluminum production.

A Unifi ed View of Carbon Neutrality:Solar-Driven Selective Upcycling of Waste Plastics

With the rapid development of plastic production and consumption globally,the amount of post-consumer plastic waste has reached levels that have posed environmental threats.Considering the substantial CO_(2)emissions throughout the plastic lifecycle from material production to its disposal,photocatalysis is considered a promising strategy for eff ective plastic recycling and upcycling.It can upgrade plastics into value-added products under mild conditions using solar energy,realizing zero carbon emissions.In this paper,we explain the basics of photocatalytic plastic reformation and underscores plastic feedstock reformation pathways into high-value-added products,including both degradation into CO_(2)followed by reformation and direct reformation into high-value-added products.Finally,the current applications of transforming plastic waste into fuels,chemicals,and carbon materials and the outlook on upcycling plastic waste by photocatalysis are presented,facilitating the realization of carbon neutrality and zero plastic waste.

Diversity, Abundance and Distribution Patterns of Epibenthic Echinoderms in Dungonab Bay, Red Sea, Sudan

The abundance, distribution and diversity of epibenthic echinoderm were investigated at Dungonab Bay in the Red Sea coastal water of the Sudan. Four permanent line transects were chosen. Eight (30 × 2) square metre belt transects along each permanent line transect at 20 metre intervals were used to collect data. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. Spatial variations of epibenthic echinoderm abundance were assessed with one-way analysis of variance. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used to identify and illustrate the similarities in echinoderm abundance between line transects and between belt transects. Indices of richness (d), diversity (H'), evenness (J') and dominance (C) were used to explain the diversity of epibenthic echinoderm species. The distribution pattern of each echinoderm species was determined in each permanent line transect. A total of 986 individuals were recorded within sixteen species of epibenthic echinoderms in the four line transects. Holothuriidae was the dominant family (5 species and 342 individuals). The most abundant echinoderms species was Pearsonothuria graeffei (77 individuals, about 7.81%). Abundances intra-transects and intra-families were insignificant (f = 1.67, p = 0.183, df = 3 and f = 3.24, p = 0.083, df = 9, respectively). The highest values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou evenness index (J'), Margalef species richness index (d), and Simpson Dominance index (C) were 2.738, 0.9875, 2.791 and 0.07159, respectively. The distribution patterns of all species in the study transects varied between clumped and uniform, with the exception of Asthenosoma varium of the Echinothuridae family, which had clumped distribution patterns in all transects. The study concluded that Dungonab Bay supports rich and diverse communities of epibenthic echinoderms.

JrATHB-12 mediates JrMYB113 and JrMYB27 to control the anthocyanin levels in different types of red walnut

Red walnut has broad market prospects because it is richer in anthocyanins than ordinary walnut.However,the mechanism driving anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut is still unknown.We studied two types of red walnut,called red walnut 1(R1),with a red pericarp and seed coat,and red walnut 2(R2),with a red seed coat only.R1 mostly contained cyanidin-3-O-galactoside,while R2 contained a various amounts of cyanidin-3-Ogalactoside,cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside,and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.The LDOX-2(LOC109007163)and LDOX-3(LOC109010746)genes,which encode leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase/anthocyanidin synthase(LDOX/ANS),were preliminarily indicated as the crucial genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in R1 and R2,respectively.The MYB differential genes analysis showed that MYB27 and MYB113 are specifically expressed in the red parts of R1 and R2,respectively,and they are regarded as candidate regulatory genes.Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis and transient injection in walnut showed that both MYB27 and MYB113 were located in the nucleus and promoted anthocyanin accumulation,while MYB27 promoted the expression of LDOX-2,and MYB113 promoted the expression of LDOX-3and UAGT-3.Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that MYB27 could only bind to the LDOX-2 promoter,while MYB113 could bind to the promoters of both LDOX-3 and UAGT-3.In addition,we also identified an HD-Zip transcription factor,ATHB-12,which is specifically expressed in the pericarp.After silencing the expression of ATHB-12,the R2 pericarp turned red,and MYB113 expression increased.Further experiments showed that ATHB-12 could specifically interact with MYB113 and bind to its promoter.This suggests that MYB27controls R1 coloration by regulating LDOX-2,while MYB113 controls R2 coloration by regulating LDOX-3 and UAGT-3,but ATHB-12 can specifically bind to and inhibit the MYB113 of the R2 pericarp so that it becomes unpigmented.This study reveals the anthocyanin biosynthetic mechanisms in two different types of red walnut and provides a scientific basis for the selection and breeding of red walnut varieties.