This paper compares monthly and seasonal rain rates derived from the Version 5 （V5） and Version 6 （V6） TRMM Precipitation Radar （TPR, TSDIS reference 2A25）, TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI, 2A12）, TRMM Combined Ins...This paper compares monthly and seasonal rain rates derived from the Version 5 （V5） and Version 6 （V6） TRMM Precipitation Radar （TPR, TSDIS reference 2A25）, TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI, 2A12）, TRMM Combined Instrument （TCI, 2B31）, TRMM calibrated IR rain estimates （3B42） and TRMM merged gauge and satellite analysis （3B43） algorithms over New Mexico （NM） with rain gauge analyses provided by the New Mexico water districts （WD）. The average rain rates over the NM region for 1998- 2002 are 0.91 mm d^-1 for WD and 0.75, 1.38, 1.49, 1.27, and 1.07 mm d^-1 for V5 3B43, 3B42, TMI, PR and TCA; and 0.74, 1.38, 0.87 and 0.97 mm d^-1 for V6 3B43, TMI, TPR and TCA, respectively. Comparison of V5 3B43 with WD rain rates and the daily TRMM mission index （TPR and TMI） suggests that the low bias of V5 3B43 for the wet months （summer to early fall） may be due to the non-inclusion of some rain events in the operational gauge analyses that. are used in the production of V5 3B43. Correlation analyses show that the WD rain rates vary in phase, with higher correlation between neighboring WDs. High temporal correlations （〉0.8） exist between WD and the combined algorithms （3B42, 3B43 and TCA for both V5 and V6） while satellite instrument algorithms （PR, TMI and TCI） are correlated best among themselves at the monthly scale. Paired t-tests of the monthly time series show that V5 3B42 and TMI are statistically different from the WD rain rates while no significant difference exists between WD and the other products. The agreements between the TRMM satellite and WD gauge estimates are best for the spring and fall and worst for winter and summer. The reduction in V6 TMI （-7.4%） and TPR （-31%） rain rates （compared to V5） results in better agreement between WD estimates and TMI in winter and TPR during summer.展开更多
Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates in New Mexico (NM) continue to be higher than national rates. Hispanic CRC mortality rates in NM surpass those of overall Hispanics in the US. This study was designed t...Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates in New Mexico (NM) continue to be higher than national rates. Hispanic CRC mortality rates in NM surpass those of overall Hispanics in the US. This study was designed to characterize and understand factors contributing to low CRC screening rates in this border region. Methods: A CRC Knowledge Assessment Survey (KAS) was administered in either English or Spanish to 247 individuals attending community events throughout southern NM. A subset of these individuals completed an online CRC risk assessment survey managed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Data analysis tested for significant differences in knowledge, physician-patient CRC interactions, CRC risk level perception, and screening rates across diverse ethnic and age groups. Results: Both CRC knowledge and physician-patient CRC interactions were positively associated with participant screening history. Significant age and ethnic differences for CRC knowledge, physician-patient CRC interactions, and screening history in the NM border sample were also seen. Age-eligible Hispanics (50+) as well as those less than 50 years of age had lower CRC knowledge and were less likely to engage in physician-patient CRC interactions than non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). The age-eligible Hispanics also reported lower CRC screening rates than their NHW counterparts. Conclusions: Low CRC knowledge and limited physician-patient CRC interactions appear to contribute to low screening rates in this NM population. Expanding education and outreach efforts for this border population are essential to promote early CRC detection and thereby decrease overall CRC mortality rates.展开更多
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners were measured in (unwashed) whole-body field (deer) mice (Peromyscus maniculaltus) collected directly upgradient from a sediment retention structure (weir) within Los Alamos C...Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners were measured in (unwashed) whole-body field (deer) mice (Peromyscus maniculaltus) collected directly upgradient from a sediment retention structure (weir) within Los Alamos Canyon (LAC), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), New Mexico, USA, from 2007 through 2013. Samples were also collected approximately 8 km downgradient of the retention structure in 2009 and 2013. LAC, a major drainage that crosses LANL lands, contains legacy waste, including PCBs, and occasionally discharges storm water and snowmelt flows to the Rio Grande approximately 8.8 km away from the weir. The Rio Grande is the major waterway that flows southward across the state. The weir was constructed across the channel on the northeastern boundary of LANL in late 2000 to help contain sediments mobilized by floodwaters as a result of a large wildfire in early 2000 that burned forest lands west and adjacent to LANL. Total PCBs in field mice directly upgradient of the sediment retention structure from 2007 through 2012 were significantly greater (p 0.05) than in field mice collected from background locations but decreased in concentration over time;by 2013 the levels were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to background. The highest mean total PCB concentration in field mice was below the levels that may negatively impact field mice population attributes. Total PCBs in field mice collected 8 km below the sediment retention structure in 2009 were lower than field mice collected from behind the weir and decreased over time;also by 2013, the amount of PCBs in field mice 8 km below the sediment retention structure were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from background. The rank order of concentrations of ICES 7 PCB congeners in upgradient and downgradient field mice were: No. 153 > 180 > 138 > 118 > 28 > 101 > 52 and No. 153 > 180 > 138 > 52 > 101 > 118 > 28, respectively. Based on the PCB homolog distribution, the major formulation detected in field mice was Aroclor-1260. Overall, the reduction of PCBs in whole-body field mice from both sites over time was attributed, in part, to sediment control practices.展开更多
Breeding bird abundance, species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, productivity, and survivorship were determined near a high-explosive detonation site at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, dur...Breeding bird abundance, species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, productivity, and survivorship were determined near a high-explosive detonation site at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, during pre-operation (1997-1999) and operation (2000-2014) periods. The operation periods consisted of detonations ( 0.05) in mean avian abundance and species evenness in any of the operation periods as compared with the pre-operation period. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the vessel containment period (2007-2014) than the pre-operation period. The time period of this study coincided with a wildfire (2000), a bark beetle infestation (2002), and two periods of drought (Nov 1999-Mar 2004 and Dec 2005-Dec 2014) that affected the study area. Analysis of aerial photos determined that the average percent canopy cover of mature ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) within 100 feet of mist net sites declined from 12% to 3% between 1991 and 2014 and the percent cover of shrubs slightly increased. The percent similarity in presence/abundance between the pre-operation avian community and avian community during the open air, foam containment, and vessel containment periods were 59%, 63% and 68% respectively. Two bird species associated with large trees became less common over the study period (capture rate dropped below 2.0 adults per 600 net-hours relative to the pre-operations period), and four bird species associated with edge and scrub habitats became more common over the study period (capture rate increased to more than 2.0 adults per 600 net-hours relative to the pre-operations period). Bird demographics (productivity and survival) were not negatively affected by the initiation of firing site operations. The increase in diversity and the change in bird species composition over time were probably related to the change in vegetation from a woodland to a more open woodland/shrub environment.展开更多
In order to promote and consolidate trade cooperation between Mexico and China, on September 23,ProMexico and China's Investment Promotion Agency signed an agreement memorandum based upon bilateral business,in ord...In order to promote and consolidate trade cooperation between Mexico and China, on September 23,ProMexico and China's Investment Promotion Agency signed an agreement memorandum based upon bilateral business,in order to help reinforce investment between both nations.展开更多
Aims Determining the ecological consequences of interactions between slow changes in long-term climate means and amplified variability in climate is an important research frontier in plant ecology.We combined the rece...Aims Determining the ecological consequences of interactions between slow changes in long-term climate means and amplified variability in climate is an important research frontier in plant ecology.We combined the recent approach of climate sensitivity functions with a revised hydrological‘bucket model’to improve predictions on how plant species will respond to changes in the mean and variance of groundwater resources.Methods We leveraged spatiotemporal variation in long-term datasets of riparian vegetation cover and groundwater levels to build the first groundwater sensitivity functions for common plant species of dryland riparian corridors.Our results demonstrate the value of this approach to identifying which plant species will thrive(or fail)in an increasingly variable climate layered with declining groundwater stores.Important Findings Riparian plant species differed in sensitivity to both the mean and variance in groundwater levels.Rio Grande cottonwood(Populus deltoides ssp.wislizenii)cover was predicted to decline with greater inter-annual groundwater variance,while coyote willow(Salix exigua)and other native wetland species were predicted to benefit from greater year-to-year variance.No non-native species were sensitive to groundwater variance,but patterns for Russian olive(Elaeagnus angustifolia)predict declines under deeper mean groundwater tables.Warm air temperatures modulated groundwater sensitivity for cottonwood,which was more sensitive to variability in groundwater in years/sites with warmer maximum temperatures than in cool sites/periods.Cottonwood cover declined most with greater intra-annual coefficients of variation(CV)in groundwater,but was not significantly correlated with inter-annual CV,perhaps due to the short time series(16 years)relative to cottonwood lifespan.In contrast,non-native tamarisk(Tamarix chinensis)cover increased with both intra-and inter-annual CV in groundwater.Altogether,our results predict that changes in groundwater variability and mean will affect riparian plant communities through the differential sensitivities of individual plant species to mean versus variance in groundwater stores.展开更多
文摘This paper compares monthly and seasonal rain rates derived from the Version 5 （V5） and Version 6 （V6） TRMM Precipitation Radar （TPR, TSDIS reference 2A25）, TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI, 2A12）, TRMM Combined Instrument （TCI, 2B31）, TRMM calibrated IR rain estimates （3B42） and TRMM merged gauge and satellite analysis （3B43） algorithms over New Mexico （NM） with rain gauge analyses provided by the New Mexico water districts （WD）. The average rain rates over the NM region for 1998- 2002 are 0.91 mm d^-1 for WD and 0.75, 1.38, 1.49, 1.27, and 1.07 mm d^-1 for V5 3B43, 3B42, TMI, PR and TCA; and 0.74, 1.38, 0.87 and 0.97 mm d^-1 for V6 3B43, TMI, TPR and TCA, respectively. Comparison of V5 3B43 with WD rain rates and the daily TRMM mission index （TPR and TMI） suggests that the low bias of V5 3B43 for the wet months （summer to early fall） may be due to the non-inclusion of some rain events in the operational gauge analyses that. are used in the production of V5 3B43. Correlation analyses show that the WD rain rates vary in phase, with higher correlation between neighboring WDs. High temporal correlations （〉0.8） exist between WD and the combined algorithms （3B42, 3B43 and TCA for both V5 and V6） while satellite instrument algorithms （PR, TMI and TCI） are correlated best among themselves at the monthly scale. Paired t-tests of the monthly time series show that V5 3B42 and TMI are statistically different from the WD rain rates while no significant difference exists between WD and the other products. The agreements between the TRMM satellite and WD gauge estimates are best for the spring and fall and worst for winter and summer. The reduction in V6 TMI （-7.4%） and TPR （-31%） rain rates （compared to V5） results in better agreement between WD estimates and TMI in winter and TPR during summer.
文摘Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates in New Mexico (NM) continue to be higher than national rates. Hispanic CRC mortality rates in NM surpass those of overall Hispanics in the US. This study was designed to characterize and understand factors contributing to low CRC screening rates in this border region. Methods: A CRC Knowledge Assessment Survey (KAS) was administered in either English or Spanish to 247 individuals attending community events throughout southern NM. A subset of these individuals completed an online CRC risk assessment survey managed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Data analysis tested for significant differences in knowledge, physician-patient CRC interactions, CRC risk level perception, and screening rates across diverse ethnic and age groups. Results: Both CRC knowledge and physician-patient CRC interactions were positively associated with participant screening history. Significant age and ethnic differences for CRC knowledge, physician-patient CRC interactions, and screening history in the NM border sample were also seen. Age-eligible Hispanics (50+) as well as those less than 50 years of age had lower CRC knowledge and were less likely to engage in physician-patient CRC interactions than non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). The age-eligible Hispanics also reported lower CRC screening rates than their NHW counterparts. Conclusions: Low CRC knowledge and limited physician-patient CRC interactions appear to contribute to low screening rates in this NM population. Expanding education and outreach efforts for this border population are essential to promote early CRC detection and thereby decrease overall CRC mortality rates.
文摘Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners were measured in (unwashed) whole-body field (deer) mice (Peromyscus maniculaltus) collected directly upgradient from a sediment retention structure (weir) within Los Alamos Canyon (LAC), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), New Mexico, USA, from 2007 through 2013. Samples were also collected approximately 8 km downgradient of the retention structure in 2009 and 2013. LAC, a major drainage that crosses LANL lands, contains legacy waste, including PCBs, and occasionally discharges storm water and snowmelt flows to the Rio Grande approximately 8.8 km away from the weir. The Rio Grande is the major waterway that flows southward across the state. The weir was constructed across the channel on the northeastern boundary of LANL in late 2000 to help contain sediments mobilized by floodwaters as a result of a large wildfire in early 2000 that burned forest lands west and adjacent to LANL. Total PCBs in field mice directly upgradient of the sediment retention structure from 2007 through 2012 were significantly greater (p 0.05) than in field mice collected from background locations but decreased in concentration over time;by 2013 the levels were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to background. The highest mean total PCB concentration in field mice was below the levels that may negatively impact field mice population attributes. Total PCBs in field mice collected 8 km below the sediment retention structure in 2009 were lower than field mice collected from behind the weir and decreased over time;also by 2013, the amount of PCBs in field mice 8 km below the sediment retention structure were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from background. The rank order of concentrations of ICES 7 PCB congeners in upgradient and downgradient field mice were: No. 153 > 180 > 138 > 118 > 28 > 101 > 52 and No. 153 > 180 > 138 > 52 > 101 > 118 > 28, respectively. Based on the PCB homolog distribution, the major formulation detected in field mice was Aroclor-1260. Overall, the reduction of PCBs in whole-body field mice from both sites over time was attributed, in part, to sediment control practices.
文摘Breeding bird abundance, species richness, evenness, diversity, composition, productivity, and survivorship were determined near a high-explosive detonation site at Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA, during pre-operation (1997-1999) and operation (2000-2014) periods. The operation periods consisted of detonations ( 0.05) in mean avian abundance and species evenness in any of the operation periods as compared with the pre-operation period. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the vessel containment period (2007-2014) than the pre-operation period. The time period of this study coincided with a wildfire (2000), a bark beetle infestation (2002), and two periods of drought (Nov 1999-Mar 2004 and Dec 2005-Dec 2014) that affected the study area. Analysis of aerial photos determined that the average percent canopy cover of mature ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) within 100 feet of mist net sites declined from 12% to 3% between 1991 and 2014 and the percent cover of shrubs slightly increased. The percent similarity in presence/abundance between the pre-operation avian community and avian community during the open air, foam containment, and vessel containment periods were 59%, 63% and 68% respectively. Two bird species associated with large trees became less common over the study period (capture rate dropped below 2.0 adults per 600 net-hours relative to the pre-operations period), and four bird species associated with edge and scrub habitats became more common over the study period (capture rate increased to more than 2.0 adults per 600 net-hours relative to the pre-operations period). Bird demographics (productivity and survival) were not negatively affected by the initiation of firing site operations. The increase in diversity and the change in bird species composition over time were probably related to the change in vegetation from a woodland to a more open woodland/shrub environment.
文摘In order to promote and consolidate trade cooperation between Mexico and China, on September 23,ProMexico and China's Investment Promotion Agency signed an agreement memorandum based upon bilateral business,in order to help reinforce investment between both nations.
基金supported by grants from the National Science Foundation to the University of New Mexico(UNM)for Long-term Ecological Research,most recently DEB#1655499 and by the UNM Department of Biology.
文摘Aims Determining the ecological consequences of interactions between slow changes in long-term climate means and amplified variability in climate is an important research frontier in plant ecology.We combined the recent approach of climate sensitivity functions with a revised hydrological‘bucket model’to improve predictions on how plant species will respond to changes in the mean and variance of groundwater resources.Methods We leveraged spatiotemporal variation in long-term datasets of riparian vegetation cover and groundwater levels to build the first groundwater sensitivity functions for common plant species of dryland riparian corridors.Our results demonstrate the value of this approach to identifying which plant species will thrive(or fail)in an increasingly variable climate layered with declining groundwater stores.Important Findings Riparian plant species differed in sensitivity to both the mean and variance in groundwater levels.Rio Grande cottonwood(Populus deltoides ssp.wislizenii)cover was predicted to decline with greater inter-annual groundwater variance,while coyote willow(Salix exigua)and other native wetland species were predicted to benefit from greater year-to-year variance.No non-native species were sensitive to groundwater variance,but patterns for Russian olive(Elaeagnus angustifolia)predict declines under deeper mean groundwater tables.Warm air temperatures modulated groundwater sensitivity for cottonwood,which was more sensitive to variability in groundwater in years/sites with warmer maximum temperatures than in cool sites/periods.Cottonwood cover declined most with greater intra-annual coefficients of variation(CV)in groundwater,but was not significantly correlated with inter-annual CV,perhaps due to the short time series(16 years)relative to cottonwood lifespan.In contrast,non-native tamarisk(Tamarix chinensis)cover increased with both intra-and inter-annual CV in groundwater.Altogether,our results predict that changes in groundwater variability and mean will affect riparian plant communities through the differential sensitivities of individual plant species to mean versus variance in groundwater stores.
