Development of Suburban New Towns in Shanghai: Jobs-Housing Spatial Relationship Analysis

This paper identifies the employment and housing locations of residents in Shanghai based on mobile phone signaling data, so as to obtain the employment density and commuting data and analyze the development of nine suburban new towns from the perspective of jobs-housing spatial relationship. Firstly, the paper defines employment-intensive areas and gets the average employment density of each new town according to the employment density data. Then it marks out the scope of the employment influence through analyzing the sources of workers in each new town in accordance with the commuting data. Finally, it analyzes the jobs-housing balance of each new town using independence index, finding that suburban new towns in Shanghai have become main clusters of economic activities, while the scope of employment influence in each new town is still concentrated in its administrative area, with less attraction to residents in other areas. The independence index demonstrates a law that the suburban new town which is farther from the central city sees a higher degree of jobs-housing balance. Among them, new towns located in the outer suburbs with a low independence index indicate their special development situation, the reason of which is worth further study.

Influence of new town development on the urban heat island-The case of the Bundang area

Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996 However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 1985 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above +2 0 Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be +4 5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.

Land use suitability analysis for town development planning in Nanjing hilly areas: A case study of Tangshan new town, China

Land use suitability analysis plays an important role in sustainable land use and solving environmental problems caused by rapid urban development.A land use suitability mapping approach for town development planning in hilly areas was constructed based on two multi-criteria evaluation methods:Weighted Linear Combination(WLC)and Ordered Weighted Averaging(OWA),to comparatively evaluate and map land use suitability of Tangshan new town in Nanjing,China.Fourteen evaluation factors related to topographic,environmental,socio-economics and historical sites data were used as suitability criteria.The analytic hierarchy process(AHP)method and GIS techniques were integrated into the evaluation models to create the land use suitability map for town development planning.The results of WLC approach showed that 11.4%of the total area is highly suitable while the 48.6%is unsuitable.The results of WLC and OWA approach showed the distribution of degree of land use suitability is almost the same.The areas located at the southern and eastern flat regions are highly suitable for land use,whereas the areas close to the mountain forests,steep slopes,waters,and hot springs,have lower suitability for land use.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the suitability results of the two proposed methods are robust.Indirect validation was achieved by mutual comparison of suitability maps derived from the WLC and OWA methods.It demonstrated that the overall agreement is 90.81%and kappa coefficient is 0.81,indicating that both methods provide very similar spatial suitability distributions.By overlaying the resultant map with the previous master plan map of Tangshan new town,the overlay map once again indicated a satisfactory ecological fit between the two maps.At last,several recommendations are proposed aiming at improving the long-term town development plan for Tangshan new town.

TRANSPORT PLANNING FOR NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT:EXPERIENCE OF HONG KONG

Since the 1960s, Hong Kongs new towns have been builton the assumption that they could be socially and economically selfcontained entities. A study of the linkage between three new townsand metropolitan area confirms that substantial commuting trips arestill made. The new towns serve as dormitories for people workingin the metropolitan area. The commuters' reliance on publictransport is significant. The towns are thus far from self-containedeven aller 20 years of development. The public transport network,trip rate, peak factor, purpose, mode choice, costs and journey time,are signilicantly different from those originally estimated. Thesemay be related to distance from the metropolitan area,theavailability of modes, the structure of the public transport netwrk,and changs in the economical structure of Hong Kong. lt suggeststhat the direct and indiscriminant importation of Westernplanning practice to plan new towns with an oriental socio-economicsetting deserves critical review.

New Life in a New Town

Standing on the highest point of the Three Gorges worksite, a vast expanse of white building structures comes into view, a new town nestling deep in the green hills and blue water like a mini-landscape pot decorating the huge Three Gorges Dam just one kilometer away. This is the youngest county town in the present-day China. Living in it are 45,000 people displaced by the mammoth Three Gorges Water Project on China’s longest river of the Yangtze. One could see no overhead lines in the town or chimneys on top of the roofs or walls on the four sides. Rainwater and sewage water go down into separate pipelines, with rainwater discharged directly into the Yangtze

Research on Newly Urbanized Towns and Districts in China

Since the last decade the central government endeavors to promote large scale of urbanization in China.Lots of new urban towns and districts are taking shape. Outline of the 12th Five-year Plan released by the central government points out that the new towns and districts are to be regulated. But few researches are considering the new towns and districts especially in the spatial distributive pattern and status in China. Given this situation this paper, after sorting out the world-wide research and development of new urban towns and districts, gives definitions of broad and narrow meanings. Based on the broad meaning definition, the database of new towns and districts in China is established. This paper then conducts a preliminary analysis of the new towns and districts.Then the two-step work plan and the advices are also proposed to further improve the research and practice of its kind in China.

Post-Reform New Town Development in China

In this paper, we present an overview of urban practice in China since the late 1970s and come up with a refreshed concept regarding "new towns" as existing in a widely different politico-economic context. With the urbanization of capital being the theoretical backbone of this paper, we attempt to reveal basic laws inherent in the emergence and proliferation of various forms of urban spaces within a rapidly modernizing country. Considered from various viewpoints such as land institutions, national policy designs, and the fi nancial capital and bank system, our paper covers: a historical overview of China's post-reform new towns, a theoretical framework to explain related phenomena, empirical approaches to interpreting the contributory factors, and a theoretical outline for further research.

Post-suburbanization in Qingpu New Town:Process and formation mechanism

Under the wave of globalization,some cities in China,especially the so-called “megacities” are entering or have already entered the stage of post-suburbanization.The study places Shanghai suburbs in the post-suburbanization landscape and takes Qingpu New Town as an example to systematically analyze the development and formation mechanism of post-suburbanization spaces.This study reveals the features of the post-suburbanization in China as follows.Firstly,In China,post-suburbanization is achieved based on industrialization as well as on the promotion of urbanization.Although urbanization has strengthened other functions of suburban spaces aside from living and production,the production attributes of suburbs remain stable.Secondly,post-suburbanization space with the new town as the development model is an important path for a new round of suburban space growth,it has expanded the space for capital accumulation in metropolitan areas,thus promoting the possibility of reorganizing economic activities within metropolitan areas.At the same time,it focuses on the integration of industries and cities,and the simultaneous development of urbanization and industrialization.In turn,this promotes the accumulation of capital centered on the urban environment and manufacturing production.Furthermore,China’s special institutional circumstance enables its government to organize various actors to form a growth alliance,which will act together in the production of post-suburbanization space.

Anyang:A Case Study of Foreign University Involvement in Chinese Sustainable New Town Planning

Over the last ten to fifteen years,planning and design professionals in the United States and Europe have increasingly been engaged in consulting work in China.Major Architectural & Engineering firms from the United Kingdom and the United States,for example,have been opening offices in Beijing and Shanghai.Recently,the concern with sustainable urban development and China's policies to alleviate pressures of urbanization has been an engine for commissions for new town plans and city expansion plans across China's provinces.During the 2007-2009 academic years,the School of Planning at the University of Cincinnati prepared a conceptual plan for the expansion of the City of Anyang through a collaborative agreement between the city and it.The experience of the faculty leading this project with field work,the planning process,plan preparation,and the engagement of students has revealed some important issues that need to be addressed by planning schools and planning professionals engaged in planning in provincial China.Thus,this paper is a case study of foreign university involvement in Chinese sustainable new town planning,and the following sections discuss the Anyang Eastern New Town Conceptual Plan,identify the key issues regarding preparing the plan,contracting and payment,data availability,data sharing and field investigation,and finally discuss the lessons learned regarding the planning process,project program and expectations.

Study on Network System Construction of Forest Ecological in Huaining New Town

Urban forest isan importantcomposition and the window and soul of modern cities, which has a close relationship with ecologicalenvironment andinvesting environment. Sourban foresthasbeen constructed in China. Huaining County could hold of the historical opportunity and come up with the great blueprintof forest ecological network system construction for the new town. This paper mainly introduces the guiding ideas, principles, goals and overall layouts of the construction in the new town, and hope that it will be a modelfor other county-level forest ecological network system construction in China.

From Ancient Cultural Town to New Civilized City

Liaoyang, an ancient city with a history over 2400 years, is an only one that gets the title of provincial-level civilization city. Liaoyang launches the Theme Education of "Welcoming Olympic Games,

上海安亭新镇经验:规划结构中的文化和空间适应与转化

this paper we study planned and unplanned adjustment processes in master-planned communities and new towns by a first wave of residents,in which changes in lifestyles play a central role.How can unplanned transitions be stimulated and play a role in making a new town more attractive,sustainable,adjustable,and fexible in use?We apply this to the case of Anting New Town in Shanghai.We focus on both personal and collective adjustments and appropriation in housing,commercial,as well as public space.We explore methods of doing visual research by observation,in line with methods by Venturi and Boudon.By adding economic and socio-cultural drivers and institutional frameworks,which allow these alterations to happen,conclusions are made about the possible sustainability,adjustability,and flexibility of these planned structures.We analyze adjustments from different perspectives on the themes of urbanity and identity:architectural-morphological,②functional-economical,and socio-cultural.Following different approaches to studying the planned and unplanned city,we explain how the urbanity and identity of Anting have changed in various ways.Appropriation of building structures and urban spaces is a key element in this process of change.It is the outcome of a wider process of economicand socio-culturalchange.

基于多源数据的城市形态成熟度评价指征——以上海新老城区为例

In China,in recent years it has become a prevailing trend to promote the spatial maturity and high-quality transformation of new towns,yet there are few quantitative methods to evaluate their urban morphological maturity.From the perspective of quantitative urban morphology,this paper integrates street view data and cutting-edge analytical techniques into classic urban morphological study and develops a quantitative index for evalu-ating urban morphological maturity that fits Chinese cities by adjusting the indicators in line with the unique characteristics of the built environment ofChinese cities.Focusing on five new towns,as well as a historic area,of Shanghai,the paper evaluates their urban morphological maturity with this quantitative index and verifies its validity by comparing the evaluation result with that of expert consensus.It then proposes some design guidelines that may provide robust support for the regeneration of these new towns.Given its reliance on the multi-source data of open access and ready avail-ability,this index holds promise for evaluating the urban morphological maturity of other new towns,to provide support for urban form improvement frombothholisticanddetailed perspectives.

Urban spatial development and land use in Beijing： Implications from London＇s experiences

Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development,protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile,London,as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization,has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area,such as the creation of Garden Cities,a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area,arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then,some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly,several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing,concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing,measures to improve the green belt,the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill,and effective implementation of land-use planning.

The Changing Planning Concept of Postwar Hong Kong:Contract,Welfare,and Space

Accommodating high-density economic activities,the cellular urban structure of Hong Kong has a certain origin in the New Town Movement of post-war Europe.In the post-war era,the planning practice of Hong Kong,as a response to a series of urban crises,transformed the European new town ideal into a unique structure of Asian vertical"Garden City."This paper starts with the refl ection on the relationship between planning system and planning theory,thereby revisiting the"welfare state"tradition hidden behind the cityscape of Hong Kong.Through a brief review of the history of planning exchanges between Hong Kong and mainland cities like Shenzhen,it points out that the"collectivism"tradition was somehow overlooked in the urban design guidelines of mainland cities.