The genetics of nicotine dependence:Relationship to Pancreatic cancer

Smoking of tobacco products continues to be a major cause of worldwide health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that tobacco smoking is the greatest risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. Smokers who are able to quit smoking can reduce their risk of pancreatic cancer by nearly 50% within two years, however, their risk of developing pancreatic cancer remains higher than that of non-smokers for 10 years. Nicotine is the major psychoactive substance in tobacco, and is responsible for tobacco dependence and addiction. Recent evidence suggests that individuals have genetically based differences in their ability to metabolize nicotine, as well as genetic differences in the psychological reward pathways that may influence individual response to smoking initiation, dependence, addiction and cessation. Numerous associations have been reported between smoking behavior and genetic polymorphisms in genes that are responsible for nicotine metabolism. In addition, polymorphisms in genes that encode neurotransmitters and transporters that function in psychological reward pathways have been implicated in differences in smoking behavior. However, there is a large degree of between-study variability that demonstrates the need for larger, well-controlled casecontrol studies to identify target genes and deduce mechanisms that account for the genetic basis of interindividual differences in smoking behavior. Understanding the genetic factors that increase susceptibility to tobacco addiction may result in more effective tobacco cessation programs which will, in turn, reduce the incidence of tobacco related disease, including pancreatic cancer.

Nicotine dependence in community-dwelling Chinese patients with schizophrenia

Background Smoking is a serious public health problem. Patients with schizophrenia usually have a higher prevalence of smoking than the general population, but the level of nicotine dependence is seldom studied, especially for patients living in the communities. Aims This study aimed to examine the level of nicotine dependence in Chinese community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia and explored its associated sociodemographic and clinical factors. Methods A total of 621 patients with schizophrenia treated in the primary care centres of Guangzhou were consecutively recruited. The level of nicotine dependence was assessed with the Chinese version of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Results 148 patients with schizophrenia were current smokers, and the mean (SD) score of FTND was 5.06 (2.55) for all the current smokers. The prevalence of nicotine addiction was 48.0%(95% Cl: 40.0%-56.0%) in patients with current smoking. The patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher level of nicotine dependence than the Chinese general population. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that male gender, being unemployed, having a family history of psychiatric disorders, having major medical conditions, first illness episode and less severe positive symptoms were significantly associated with a higher level of nicotine dependence. Conclusion Community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia in China, especially male patients, had a higher level of nicotine dependence than the general population.

Effects of electroacupuncture on pain sensation in a rat model of hyperalgesia with nicotine dependence

Tobacco smoking is considered to be one of the main risk factors in the development of chronic pain.Long-term chronic exposure to nicotine and other forms of tobacco have been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of pain.Studies have shown that acupuncture can help smokers to reduce their desire to smoke,reduce their withdrawal symptoms,and avoid a relapse after treatment.However,little has been reported about the effects of acupuncture on pain sensitivity caused by long-term smoking.Models of hyperalgesia were established in rats exposed to nicotine for 6 weeks.After 6 weeks of continuous nicotine exposure,electroacupuncture at bilateral acupoints Zusanli(ST36)and Taichong(LR3)was performed 20 minutes per day for 6 days at a continuous wave with a frequency of 2 Hz and a stimulus intensity of 1 m A.The results revealed that electroacupuncture treatment increased the mechanical response threshold of hind paw of nicotine-dependent rats with hyperalgesia and up-regulated the protein expression of pain-related factorsμ-opioid receptor,β-endorphin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 in the spinal cord and midbrain periaqueductal gray and the protein expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 in the spinal cord.These findings suggest that electroacupuncture treatment has positive analgesic effects on pain sensitivity caused by long-term chronic nicotine exposure.One possible mechanism for the improved analgesia is that electroacupuncture increases the expression of painrelated factors in the spinal cord and midbrain periaqueductal gray.This study was approved by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(IACUC)of the University of Miami(#18-167)on December 12,2018.

Intervention Effects on the Willingness to Stop Smoking and Social Nicotine Dependence Based on Single-Session Group Therapy with Frequent Use of Role Play Targeting Smokers with Mental Disorders

Objective: We devised a “Smoking-Cessation Motivation Program” as a community welfare service aimed at making short-term improvements in social nicotine dependence and enhancing the willingness to stop smoking among people with mental disorders. Method: The study conducted a controlled trial to empirically examine the effects of the program on the willingness to stop smoking and social nicotine dependence among 26 smokers with mental disorders in the intervention group, who were compared with a control group of 16 individuals. Results: Results demonstrated the program’s effectiveness in reducing social nicotine dependence, and a variance analysis with age as the covariate evidenced a mutual interaction between social nicotine dependence and the willingness to stop smoking, confidence to stop smoking, and resisting the temptation to smoke. Conclusion: Future studies should examine longer-term program results, the impact of program duration, and other factors that influence the program’s effectiveness.

Dental Implant Patients Grouped by the Brinkman Index: Their Attitude toward Smoking, Nicotine Dependence, and Knowledge of Peri-Implantitis

Purpose: This study investigated the attitude of patients, grouped by the Brinkman index, towards smoking by using the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) and their knowledge of peri-implantitis. Methods: The participants were 3093 new patients who visited the Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2013 for an oral implant. The methodology included a questionnaire about sex, age, smoking status, daily average number of cigarettes, years of smoking, knowledge of peri-implantitis, and the KTSND. The patients were grouped according to their smoking status by calculating their Brinkman index (over 200 or not): current smokers with the possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(+)CS), current smokers with no possibility of nicotine dependence (BI(-)CS), ex-smokers (ES), and non-smokers (NS). The Brinkman index is obtained by multiplying one’s daily average number of cigarettes by the number of years they have been smoking. Results: Data were collected from 2182 respondents (response rate = 71%). The KTSND scores of BI(+)CS (16.89 ± 4.26) were significantly higher than the scores of ES (11.99 ± 4.52) and NS (11.53 ± 5.01). In current smokers, there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. The patients replied “I don’t know” about peri-implantitis most often in all groups;however, there were no significant differences between the groups. Discussion: BI(+)CS were more dependent on nicotine in social situations than the other groups were. In Japan, a Brinkman index over 200 is required for a nicotine-dependence management fee to be instituted for health insurance treatment. This is a major concern for young smokers, who may be excluded from treatment because their years of smoking are substantially less. Results revealed that there were no significant differences between BI(+)CS and BI(-)CS. Therefore, it was suggested that the Brinkman index did not sufficiently group the participants.

Nicotine Addiction Models and Evaluation of Animal Behavior

Nicotine is one of the most widely concerning components of cigarette smoke.Long-term intake of nicotine can lead to nicotine dependence that affects higher brain functions,which may involve anxiety,learning and memory impairments,and abnormal decision-making.To facilitate analyzing the molecular mechanisms of nicotine dependence,it is common to establish rodent nicotine dependence models to better understand the physiological changes.This paper summarizes and evaluates the application of animal behavior evaluation experiments in nicotine-dependent animal models,in order to provide a reliable reference for researchers to establish rodent nicotine-dependent models for evaluation.

Prevalence of nicotine dependence among smokers aged 40 years and older in China

Background:Nicotine dependence,also known as tobacco dependence,is a common chronic disease and a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases.The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of nicotine dependence and its changes among smokers aged 40 years and older in China,to analyze the characteristics of nicotine dependence among smokers,and to provide a reference for smoking cessation interventions.Methods:The data were sourced from nationally representative large-sample surveys conducted during 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 in the Chinese population,covering 125 counties(districts)in 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities.Variables related to smoking and nicotine dependence among residents≥40 years old were collected in face-to-face interviews.A total of 20,062 and 18,975 daily smokers were included in the 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 surveys,respectively.The severity of nicotine dependence was evaluated according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Heaviness of Smoking Index.The level and change in nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years were estimated using a complex weighted sampling design,and their influencing factors were analyzed.Results:Levels of nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years in China could be divided into very low,low,medium,high,and very high,accounting for 31.1%,27.9%,13.4%,20.5%,and 7.1%of the total,respectively.The average Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score was 3.9(95%confidence interval[CI]:3.8-4.0),with the prevalence of medium-high nicotine dependence being 41.0%(95%CI:39.0-42.9%)and that of high and very high nicotine dependence being 27.6%(95%CI:26.0-29.3%),both of which were significantly higher in men than in women(both P<0.001).Among daily smokers,those with a low education level,age at smoking initiation<18 years,and with smoking duration of≥20 years had a higher degree of nicotine dependence.In terms of geographic region,the level of medium-high nicotine dependence in South China was higher than in other areas,and the decline in the prevalence of high nicotine dependence was the greatest in Northwest China(P<0.001).The prevalence of medium-high and high and very high nicotine dependence was significantly higher in men with chronic respiratory symptoms,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),and/or chronic respiratory diseases than in men without these conditions(all P<0.05).The prevalence of high and very high nicotine dependence in women with chronic respiratory symptoms and chronic respiratory diseases was significantly higher than that in women without these conditions(both P<0.05).Compared with that during 2014-2015,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence among daily smokers decreased during 2019-2020 by 4.5 percentage points in the total population(P<0.001)and by 4.8 percentage points in men(P<0.001),with no significant change seen in women(P>0.05).Additionally,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence in men with chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD decreased by 6.7 and 4.7 percentage points,respectively(P<0.05),but showed no significant change in women with these conditions(P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of medium-high nicotine dependence was higher among daily smokers who were male;50-59 years old;unmarried/divorced/widowed/separated;engaged in agriculture,forestry,husbandry,fishery and water conservancy;had a low education level;started smoking before the age of 18 years;and smoked for more than 20 years.Conclusions:The past few years have seen a slight decline in the prevalence of high(severe)nicotine depen-dence among smokers aged≥40 years in China.However,41.0%of daily smokers had medium-high nicotine dependence,and 27.6%had high or very high nicotine dependence,with notable differences in population and geographic distributions.Development of tailored interventions,optimization of smoking cessation service sys-tems,and integration of smoking cessation into the management of chronic diseases will effectively reduce the burden of nicotine dependence in China.

The neuroprotective effect of L-Theanine and its inhibition on nicotine dependence

The benefits of tea for human health are widely accepted all over the world.L-Theanine,a nonprotein amino acid found in tea plants,is the major tea component that contributes to the unique pleasing taste of tea.L-Theanine has been shown to promote relaxation,enhance cognitive performance and act antagonistically against the excitement induced by caffeine.Recently,it was found that L-Theanine had inhibitory effect on nicotine dependence.This paper reviews the neuroprotective properties of L-Theanine and discusses the inhibitory effects of L-Theanine on nicotine dependence.

电针治疗尼古丁依赖的疗效观察

目的观察电针治疗尼古丁依赖的临床疗效。方法将60例尼古丁依赖者用随机数字表法分为电针组和对照组,每组30例。对照组采用口服酒石酸伐尼克兰片治疗,电针组予电针治疗。分别于治疗前以及治疗第3天、治疗第1周、治疗第2周、治疗第3周、治疗第4周和第16周随访时,观察两组吸烟量、烟草依赖评估量表(fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence,FTND)、吸烟严重度指数(heaviness of smoking index,HSI)、吸烟渴求简短问卷(brief questionnaire of smoking urges,QSU-Brief)和明尼苏达尼古丁戒断症状量表(Minnesota nicotine withdrawal scale,MNWS)评分的变化。结果治疗第4周及第16周随访时,两组吸烟量、FTND、HSI、QSU-Brief和MNWS的评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05)。治疗第3天以及治疗第1、第2和第3周,电针组吸烟量评分低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗第4周,两组吸烟量评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗第3天以及治疗第1、第2和第3周,电针组QSU-Brief评分低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗第4周及第16周随访时,两组QSU-Brief评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论电针可改善尼古丁依赖者的戒断症状,临床疗效优于口服酒石酸伐尼克兰片,电针疗效的累积效应与时间呈正相关。

中—重度尼古丁依赖患者戒烟干预疗效评价

目的探索中—重度尼古丁依赖患者清肺利咽方联合戒烟干预的疗效。方法对112例中—重度尼古丁依赖患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较不同组别患者(对照组:常规干预组;干预组:清肺利咽方联合干预组)的戒烟情况和戒烟不良反应情况。结果在7d时点戒断率方面,治疗后第1、3、6个月时两组患者无显著差异(P>0.05);在持续戒断率方面,干预组患者治疗后第3、6个月时均高于对照组患者(P<0.05)。此外,干预组患者的戒烟相关不良反应率显著低于对照组患者(P<0.01)。结论针对中—重度尼古丁依赖患者,采用清肺利咽方联合戒烟药物干预有助于提高持续戒断率,并显著减少戒烟相关不良反应。

不同程度尼古丁依赖者脑沟深度和脑回指数改变的脑形态学研究

目的 探讨不同程度尼古丁依赖者脑沟深度和脑回指数改变的影像形态学变化。方法 选取2017年1月至2020年1月在南京医科大学附属无锡精神卫生中心就诊的尼古丁依赖者41例,其中轻度尼古丁依赖组21例,中重度尼古丁依赖组20例,同时招募无尼古丁依赖的健康者41名作为健康对照组。比较三组法氏尼古丁依赖测试(FTND)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表-17(HAMD-17)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分,采用3T磁共振成像获取脑结构像数据,并运用基于表面的形态学测量(SBM)方法分析三组、脑沟深度和脑回指数的差异,进一步分析轻、中重度尼古丁依赖组脑沟深度及脑回指数与临床症状的相关性。结果 轻、中重度尼古丁依赖组FTND评分高于健康对照组,中重度尼古丁依赖组高于轻度尼古丁依赖组(P<0.05)。轻、中重度尼古丁依赖组HAMD-17评分高于健康对照组,中重度尼古丁依赖组低于轻度尼古丁依赖组(P<0.05)。轻度尼古丁依赖组HAMA评分高于健康对照组、中重度尼古丁依赖组(P<0.05)。中重度尼古丁依赖组左后扣带回脑沟深度值低于健康对照组(P<0.05)。中重度尼古丁依赖组左顶下缘角回脑回指数低于轻度尼古丁依赖组(P<0.05)。中重度尼古丁依赖组左舌回脑回指数与FTND评分呈正相关(rs>0,P<0.05)。结论 中重度尼古丁依赖者局部脑区脑沟深度减少、脑回指数减少,尼古丁依赖程度与左舌回形态学变化相关。

混合模式正念干预对精神分裂症患者控烟的效果

目的探讨混合模式的正念干预对精神分裂症患者吸烟程度、自我效能水平、吸烟渴求程度及尼古丁依赖水平的影响,以期望为提高精神分裂症患者戒烟率及自我效能,减少其尼古丁依赖水平及吸烟渴求程度,促进其全面康复提供一种简便、有效的方法。方法选择2023年5—12月本院收治的80例精神分裂症患者作为研究对象,按随机列表法分为研究组和对照组两组,每组各40例。研究组给予混合模式正念干预及常规治疗,对照组给予常规治疗,于治疗前、治疗4周后及治疗8周结束时,采用一般自我效能量表(General Self-Efficacy Scale,GSES)、尼古丁依赖检验量表(Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence,FTND)、吸烟渴求量表(Tobacco craving questionnaire,TCQ)进行评估,并记录近48小时吸烟量(Smoking Volume,SV)。结果重复测量方差分析显示:各变量组间效应(F=10.618、7.457、143.765、7.971,均P<0.01)、时间效应(F=146.998、42.059、111.658、76.330,均P<0.01)、分组×时间(F=151.933、44.588、107.516、75.109,均P<0.01)交互效应显著。简单效应分析显示:研究组GSES评分有所提升,而FTND评分、TCQ评分及SV均有所下降,变化均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。研究组治疗4周后及治疗8周结束时GSES评分高于基线,而FTND评分、TCQ评分及SV低于基线,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。研究组治疗4周后及治疗8周结束时GSES评分高于对照组,而FTND评分、TCQ评分及SV低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论混合模式正念干预能有效提升精神分裂症患者自我效能,降低其吸烟量、吸烟渴求程度及尼古丁依赖水平,促进患者全面康复。

烟碱依赖量表的研究进展

综述了烟碱依赖和成瘾的定义,介绍了烟碱依赖评估常见的11种量表的研制理论和方法,并总结了量表的特点及共性,简述了量表的应用,展望了量表在烟碱依赖评估方面的研究前景。

尼古丁替代治疗制剂的新进展

过去20年里,国际上出现了多种类型的用于戒烟和尼古丁依赖治疗的尼古丁制剂,包括尼古丁透皮剂、尼古丁口胶剂、尼古丁喷剂和尼古丁舌下含片等。这些制剂在临床使用中有各自的优点,也有其局限性。现对近年国外研究出的新型尼古丁制剂的临床应用进行综述,以期提高现有的治疗水平。

冲动性对不同成瘾行为发展的调控及其神经机制

近年来越来越多的研究证据提示,个体冲动性在成瘾疾患发生发展机制中具有关键作用,可能成为成瘾行为的潜在易感标记以及早期识别和干预的重要靶点,但冲动性对不同成瘾行为变化发展的调控机制尚不明确。项目拟综合跨成瘾谱系比较、纵向追踪设计、冲动行为干预等研究途径,采用人格测量、神经认知、神经影像等技术,首先比较尼古丁依赖者与网络游戏成瘾者的冲动性结构及其在前额叶–纹状体环路的结构功能改变;然后采用混合分组设计筛选出具有高低冲动性的非成瘾青少年进行连续追踪研究,考察冲动性对尼古丁依赖与网络游戏成瘾的预测效力;并采用认知行为训练,对吸烟成瘾者与网络游戏成瘾者进行冲动干预,考察行为干预对冲动性水平及前额叶–纹状体环路功能的改变,以及对不同成瘾行为发展的抑制后效。旨在探索冲动性作为成瘾的潜在易感标记及干预靶点的效力。

中学生父母烟草依赖性、吸烟影响因素及其对中学生吸烟状况影响分析

目的了解中学生父母的烟草使用及烟草依赖性状况,探究其吸烟影响因素及父母吸烟行为对青少年的影响。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法,在杭州市的中学生父母中抽取所需要的样本量。对研究对象的一般情况、吸烟及烟草依赖性状况进行描述性统计分析;对吸烟行为影响因素分析在单因素非条件Logistic回归分析的基础上采用非条件Logistic逐步回归法拟合Logistic回归模型。结果父亲和母亲的吸烟率分别为65.8%和3.2%。开始吸烟年龄主要在17～25岁。养成每天吸烟习惯的年龄主要在19～30岁。大多数吸烟者对戒烟持消极态度。吸烟的父母中93.7%有不同程度的烟草依赖症状。父母的吸烟行为对子女产生了负面影响。父母吸烟状况的影响因素有:性别、学历、体育运动情况、饮酒频率、饮酒量、童年时父亲吸烟、首次吸烟年龄及开始养成每天吸烟习惯年龄。结论有效地开展父亲的控烟工作对预防青少年吸烟至关重要。要做好中学生父母的烟草控制工作,必须加强烟草危害知识的通俗化教育,以便被不同文化层次的人群所接受。控烟教育与提倡改变静息式生活方式、科学运动、适度饮酒等内容相结合,往往能提高并巩固控烟教育的效果。

尼古丁依赖检测量表在男性吸烟精神分裂症住院患者中的试测

目的:研究中文版尼古丁依赖检测量表(FTND)在吸烟男性精神分裂症住院患者中应用的信效度。方法:连续性入组220例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版轴I精神分裂症诊断标准的吸烟男性住院患者,用FTND量表和Russell吸烟原因问卷(RRSQ)分别测查对象的尼古丁依赖程度和吸烟原因中的依赖维度分;根据自愿原则选取37例患者间隔2周后完成FTND量表重测;采用信度分析、相关分析和因子分析评价量表的信效度。结果:FTND量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.68,2周重测信度系数为0.72(P<0.01);量表总分与RRSQ依赖分的效标关联效度系数分别为0.53(P<0.01);量表因子分析提取了两个公因子,累积解释总变异的52.4%;不同病程、住院次数和首次吸烟年龄患者的FTND评分差异均存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:中文版FTND量表在吸烟男性精神分裂症住院患者中应用的内部一致性较低,重测信度、效标关联效度、结构效度和实证效度良好。

六城市成年吸烟者尼古丁依赖状况

目的了解6城市市区成年吸烟者尼古丁依赖水平和其相关因素。方法采用多阶段抽样法,分别在北京、沈阳、上海、长沙、广州和银川6个城市各抽取800名成年吸烟者,采用入户调查的方式进行问卷调查。结果调查对象尼古丁依赖水平(HSI)为2.5±1.7,其中男性2.5±1.7,女性1.9±1.7,低于发达国家。影响尼古丁高度依赖的因素主要有性别、年龄、学历、吸烟年数、健康意识和购烟平均价格。男性(OR=2.352)、教育程度低的吸烟者更容易出现尼古丁高度依赖,并且随着学历降低,高度依赖的程度逐渐增高(以大专、大学及以上为对照,中学、中专人群的OR值为1.417,小学或以下人群的OR值为1.853);烟龄超过10年的吸烟者依赖程度更高(OR=4.519);认为吸烟对自己的健康没有影响(OR=1.345)和认为吸烟有益健康的人群(OR=2.419)、购烟平均价格为每盒4元以下的人群更容易出现高度依赖(OR=1.635)。结论我国吸烟者的尼古丁依赖评分(HSI)比发达国家低。在我国,男性、高年龄、教育程度低、烟龄超过10年、健康意识低、购烟平均价格低的人群更容易出现尼古丁高度依赖。

视觉模拟标尺评估吸烟者尼古丁渴求强度的能力初探

目的:探讨视觉模拟标尺(VAS)评估吸烟者尼古丁渴求强度的能力。方法:在知情同意的前提下,采用VAS和Fagerstrm尼古丁依赖检验量表(FTND)对广告招募的北京市区211例吸烟史≥1a、每日吸烟≥10支,并有戒烟动机的吸烟者进行横断面现场调查,以VAS分和FTND总分的相关分析评估VAS评估吸烟者尼古丁渴求强度的能力,并以吸烟者吸烟量、吸烟深度、呼气一氧化碳(CO)浓度和尿中可替宁浓度等指标来验证。结果:VAS与FTND呈线性正相关(P=0.000);VAS与日吸烟量、吸烟深度、呼气CO浓度、尿液可替宁浓度呈正相关(P均<0.01)。饮酒组与非饮酒组中VAS与FTND皆呈正相关(P=0.000)。非饮酒组中VAS与日吸烟量、吸烟深度、呼气CO浓度都呈正相关(P均<0.05)。饮酒组中VAS与日吸烟量、尿液可替宁浓度呈正相关(P均<0.01)。结论:VAS对吸烟者中尼古丁渴求强度有较好的评估能力,推荐该量表可以用来作为评价尼古丁渴求强度的工具。同时,在VAS结合自报吸烟深度评价饮酒者的尼古丁渴求程度时,应当考虑饮酒因素的影响。

年龄相关因素与尼古丁依赖之间的关系探讨

目的探讨年龄、开始吸烟年龄等年龄相关因素与尼古丁依赖之间的关系,为开展控烟工作提供参考依据。方法采用尼古丁依赖标准评估量表(FTND),对522名天津市城区吸烟者的尼古丁依赖程度进行定量分析。比较不同年龄组、开始吸烟年龄组间每日吸烟量(CPD)、FTND得分、偏FTND(Partial FTND)得分以及尼古丁高度依赖率等的差异,并对年龄相关因素与FTND得分进行相关性分析。结果天津市城区居民吸烟者FTND平均得分为(3.92±2.72)分,且有30.3%的吸烟者存在尼古丁依赖现象。其中,男性FTND得分平均为(3.88±2.73)分,女性平均得分为(4.31±2.65)分。FTND、CPD、偏FTND三者与年龄之间并非直线相关,而是大致呈现"倒U型"分布,三者的均数和尼古丁高度依赖率均表现为中年组高于青年组和老年组。开始吸烟年龄与尼古丁依赖呈负相关,开始吸烟年龄越小,平均每日吸烟量越大,尼古丁依赖程度也越严重。结论天津市城区居民吸烟者尼古丁依赖严重,妇女、老年人以及青少年是控烟的重点关注人群,应根据不同年龄段吸烟者尼古丁依赖的特点制定相应政策和干预措施。