Integration of Architecture and Rockery in Classical Gardens of Suzhou

With the pilings of rockeries,bridge trails,doors and windows,pavilions,towers,walls,halls and studios,corridors and courtyards as the research subject,illustrated with a large number of pictures,the relationship between architecture and rockery in classical gardens was elaborated.In classical gardens,their harmonious,complementary and positive aspect was emphasized,and their opposite,repulsive and passive aspect was restricted,and even the passiveness could be transferred into positivity,so as to make the beauty of architecture and the beauty of nature coexist,coming to the state that the artificiality and the nature blend into one whole.The research was to provide reference for the design and construction of modern gardens.

Study on Rockeries and Plant Furnishings in Yangzhou Gardens

Rockeries of Four Seasons (Siji Jiashan) in the Ge Garden, House of Rockeries (Pianshi Shanfang) and Attached-to-wall Rockeries (Tiebi Jiashan) in the He Garden, Rockeries World (Juanshi Dongtian) and Flowing Water on Rockeries (Shibi Liucong) in the Park of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou City were taken as representatives of rockeries in Yangzhou gardens. Plant furnishings and their combinations with rockeries were analyzed, for example, plants can be applied as the background to support the rockeries; closely combined with rockeries to form the principal scenery; applied as decorations to supplement rockeries; applied as the foreground to enrich landscape layer. Characteristics of plant and rockeries landscaping were analyzed, and it was proposed that rockeries landscaping was combined with cultural characteristics of plants, focused on diversity of plant furnishings and also combination of plant figures and appreciation perspectives, and valued growth habits of plants. On this basis, relevant suggestions were given for the construction of rockeries in Yangzhou gardens.

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.

The Comparison of Several 3D Digital Techniques Applied in Rockery Surveying and Mapping:A Case Study of North China University of Technology

By summarizing research status of traditional garden,the obstacles and difficulties of garden rockery research are analyzed,and the breakthroughs and advantages of 3D digital technique in garden rockery surveying and mapping are introduced.The rockery in North China University of Technology is taken as the research object.Using many kinds of digital 3D techniques,3D scanning and modeling analysis of the rockery are conducted.Modeling result and accuracy of each technique are analyzed,and application prospect of 3D digital technique in rockery research of classical garden is explored.

Rockery Protection Under the Framework of World Heritage Protection

In this paper, the content of rockery protection was discussed through the analysis of a series of documents such as the convention, declaration, and regulations concerning heritage protection in accordance with the principles of authenticity and integrity. Through the analysis of the influence factors of the rockery and its environment, it is proposed that the rockery protection should strengthen environmental protection on the basis of the protection of the body of a rockery. From the perspectives of structure, skill, materials and function, the contents of the rockery protection and the human settlement environment where the rockery is located, the external environment and internal environment of the rockery space were analyzed, and the contents of the rockery protection were preliminarily proposed.

Analysis of Style of Rockery Building and Stone Stacking Technique in the Royal Garden of the Song Dynasty: A Case Study of Genyue Royal Garden

Rockery building and stone stacking is a technique commonly used in building of classical gardens.Its emergence allows the fairy thought of"one pond and three mountains"to be reflected in different classical gardens.In the Northern Song Dynasty,the style of rockery building and stone stacking in the royal garden was an artistic climax in the history of the garden,and the technique of rockery building and stone stacking in Genyue Royal Garden was considered as the beginning of specialization.Through sorting out the records of the royal gardens in the Song Dynasty,this paper summarized the content of studying the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty,and systematically sorted out the development history of the techniques and styles of the royal gardens of the Song Dynasty and applied them into construction of some gardens.

Exploration of Zhangs' Rockery Gardening: A Case Study of Qi Biaojia's Yu Garden

Zhang Yifan is the son of gardening Master Zhang Nanyuan, and his story can only be found in Qi Biaojia's Diary. Qi recorded his communications with Zhang Yifan and Zhang's transformation over Yu Garden in detail, thus the diary shows high documentation value. Zhang's transformation over Yu Garden was important for others exploring and understanding the contents, style, and construction period of Zhangs' rockery gardening, and also for spreading Zhangs' style in Yuezhong(the present Shaoxing City, and Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, including 8 counties of the former Shaoxing Prefecture). This paper summarized and verified the characteristics, contents and construction period of Zhangs' rockery gardening by analyzing the study case, and elaborated the spreading and development of Zhangs' gardening style in Yuezhong.

中国叠石掇山与日本枯山水的对比研究

中国假山与日本枯山水同属于东方园林体系,但其山石造园艺术各有特色。文章通过历史渊源、主导思想、古籍著作、法式原则、营造技法、使用功能等六个维度探讨了中国假山和日本枯山水的异同点,并通过中国环秀山庄叠石掇山与日本龙安寺方丈庭园枯山水进行案例分析,期望通过文章的研究对东方体系中假山造园艺术的分类有一定借鉴意义。

何以赏冬?——南京瞻园西假山明代暖亭形制研究

南京瞻园西假山为明代遗构,据传假山山洞内有一供暖火房,与西假山顶原有铜亭配套。但查诸历代史籍图册,均无暖亭图像资料与之印证。现存西假山顶部扇亭为20世纪50—60年代刘敦桢先生主持瞻园修缮时重建,位置与原山顶亭址相当。笔者借主持瞻园西假山修缮之机,对几近塌毁的建筑遗址开展充分探查与测绘研究,发现并判断现瞻园西假山内坍塌淤塞的砖构设施应是明万历时期所建之供暖火房,以烟道供暖、地面辐射、铜柱散热方式为山顶暖亭提供热源。这一供暖方式体现了明代江南王公园林受北方取暖文化影响,在重要观景建筑营造上采取极其奢华建造方式的园林建筑案例,并且也因靡费过度在清初即被弃用。暖亭体系虽未能成为江南地区之后园林建筑的一种范式,但其性质的特殊性及其小冰河时期在明初江南的出现仍给人们带来诸多启发与思考。以现状勘察为基础,结合历史图像、文献资料,对瞻园西假山暖亭一组建筑形制进行复原研究,以期充分揭示这组独特的园林建筑遗产特色,并对其修缮保护提供依据与参考。

杭州传统园林假山洞夏季微气候营造研究

聚焦于假山洞知觉体验视角,以黄龙洞、抱朴道院和蒋庄为例,采用三维激光扫描技术量化假山洞的外环境特征和洞体特征,并实地测量微气候相关指标,以研究杭州传统园林假山洞夏季微气候的营造理法。结果表明:1)植物、水体对其夏季微气候影响显著,植物郁闭度每增加10个百分点,假山洞空气温度将下降0.85℃,相对湿度增加0.38个百分点;水体面积每增加1m^(2),相对湿度增加0.15个百分点。2)进深、孔洞数量、容积对其夏季微气候影响显著,进深每增加1 m,洞内空气温度下降0.22℃;容积每增加1 m^(3),假山洞相对湿度增加0.37个百分点;孔洞数量每增加5个,风速提高0.21m/s。研究结论揭示了传统园林假山洞营构的生态智慧,为当代传统园林假山洞夏季微气候的营造提供依据。

画意营造:刘敦桢瞻园叠山的当代实践

【目的】“画意营造”的造园理念确立于晚明时期,在当代风景园林实践重视延续传统营园智慧的背景下,仍具有应用价值。20世纪50—60年代刘敦桢主持的南京瞻园整修设计,是一次高水准的当代“画意”造园实践,尤其体现在假山部分。【方法】结合文档搜集法和实地观察法,梳理刘敦桢瞻园“画意”叠山设计的生成过程。【结果】北假山整修参考了画家阎次平的小斧劈皴和倪瓒的折带皴,并借鉴画论营造出高远、深远的画意空间;南假山设计融合了马远和黄公望的画风,通过山池形态和细部叠石营造出峭拔、幽深、自然的意境;西假山溪涧叠石采用黄公望的披麻皴法,呈现圆润柔和的美感。【结论】刘敦桢的“画意”叠山实践,探索了对石料运用和风格选择的综合调配,为当代造园实践提供了宝贵经验,为传统文化的现代转译提供了有益启示。

基于数字化的假山手工模型制作方法探究——以瞻园假山模型表达为例

中国古人用独具的移天缩地的方式,将传统文化中的自然观念融于古典园林的建造之中,而其中的假山承载着时代变迁的厚重信息,是园林精华之所在,正所谓“片山有致,寸石生情”。但从古至今对于假山的记录与表达都还是有局限性的,在尝试了二维图纸、三维电脑模型、三维手工模型之后,发现二维图纸以抽象的方式展示假山的本质特征,三维电脑模型虽然可以模拟空间效果,但无法完全还原假山的真实质感和空间感,而三维手工模型是呈现真实空间的一种有效手段,能够增加对假山的感性认知与创造力,这既是工作工具,也是研究工具,基于此围绕瞻园假山,从实操方法和材料选取两方面展开对假山手工模型的探究。

基于“波函数塌陷”算法(WFC)对中国古典园林假山空间的现代转译探索

在数字化建筑的时代背景下,如何以具有创新性的现代建筑语言对传统建筑、园林空间进行再现,对于当下地域建筑创作有着研究意义。文章从跨学科视角探索假山空间转译的可能性,将假山转译与参数化建筑关联,基于“波函数塌陷”算法(WFC),以传承传统假山空间为起点,对传统假山空间进行数字化转译与应用模拟,初步构想转译后的假山空间在城市环境中的应用方式,从新型的建筑构成模式出发,进一步引发对于未来城市构成方式的思考。

综合勘探法在假山工程加固中的应用

钻探和物探是目前探明地层结构及内部异常的常用手段,平原地区城市公园中假山的地质条件较为脆弱,一般采用堆砌黏性土作为山体,外部采用叠石护坡,且上覆较多构筑物,不宜在山体区域开展钻探,需采用踏勘及高密度电法相结合的综合勘探法进一步查明。结合工程实例,经过踏勘及物探手段发现:山体不规则、叠石分布不合理、人工水系的密布及山脚孔洞的开挖,导致土堆砌遭到冲刷及不均匀沉降,裂隙及空洞出现。进而造成山体裂缝、岩体外倾、挡土墙位移及构筑物基底悬空等风险隐患。根据风险隐患特点及成因,提出了相应的加固措施,为今后假山加固设计及施工提供建议,从高密度电法视电阻率断面可以看出,山体外侧及人工水系分布处是视电阻率低密度区集中区域,应重点加固。

园林工程中假山施工技术探讨

旨在深入探讨园林假山的施工技术,以保证其稳固性和美观性,为我国园林景观建设提供理论支持。首先,对园林假山进行了综述,分析了人工造景的作用和构造特点。接着,详细剖析园林假山施工技术中的施工准备、基础施工、山体施工和山石固定措施四个部分的施工方法和技巧。研究结果表明,施工前的准备和勘查现场的工作至关重要,不同地区的土壤和气候条件可能需要采用不同的基础施工方法。在山体施工阶段,掇山和置石是关键步骤,需要注重石块的布局和结构,以创造出丰富多彩的效果。园林假山的施工技术对确保其稳固性和美观性具有重要影响,有助于提高我国园林景观建设的质量。

建筑主题包装大假山TCP工艺和城堡GRP制作安装

耀雪冰雪世界项目目前在建造实施过程中,鉴于项目主题乐园属性,主题包装是呈现整体观感效果的关键工序,尤其体现在项目大假山TCP工艺和城堡大量GRP构件上。通过新工艺、新材料的应用,满足技术可靠、安全性、规范性要求,取得了良好的施工效果,可为类似项目的施工提供参考。

从《园冶》探析余荫山房营造

《园冶》是中国古典园林建筑的造园瑰宝,是造园学的第一部传世专著。文章旨在从《园冶》探析余荫山房的营造,根据《园冶》中的屋宇、掇山和借景三方面,研究岭南四大名园之一的古典园林——余荫山房的造园手法。研究方法包括文献分析和实地考察,通过对余荫山房布局、屋宇营造、掇山景观和借景营造的详细讨论,总结出随曲合方的空间布局、因境选形的掇山营造以及务实与归隐的借景意境。结果表明,《园冶》对余荫山房的营造产生了深远影响,展示了岭南园林独特的建筑风格和文化内涵。文章延续补充了《园冶》应用于中国园林的研究,然而,尚有待进一步研究《园冶》与岭南庭园的内在关系。

近代闽粤两地华侨园林假山造园艺术与差异性比较研究

近代闽粤侨乡华侨园林的形成与发展,加速了岭南园林的近现代化演变。闽粤华侨园林假山与其他园林要素结合营造形成的园林空间体现了近代“西学东渐”历史语境下中西园林文化的糅合创新,具有明显的艺术特征和地区差异性。以近代闽粤两地典型华侨私园作为研究对象,通过历史文献研究结合田野调研,探讨其假山营造依墙而设、小中见大,独自成景、观赏性强,兼收并蓄、精进创新,以及造景手法灵活多样的艺术特征,并进一步分析归纳了两地假山营造在使用材料和风格特点的差异性。

中国园林叠山美的结构要素与评价

从中国园林叠山美的本质与内涵出发,提出了中国园林叠山美的物质形态、力学要素、时空要素、人文要素及意境要素5个基本结构要素,并结合AHP-模糊综合评价方法,对其进行了量化评价,初步建立了中国园林叠山美的结构要素评价模型.

苏州古典园林建筑与山石的融合

以苏州园林的叠山、桥径、门窗、亭、楼阁、墙垣、厅堂轩馆、廊以及庭园为研究对象,配以大量的图片,阐述了古典园林中建筑与山石之间的关系。它们突出彼此协调、互相补充的积极的一面,限制彼此对立、互相排斥的消极一面,甚至能够将消极转为积极,从而使园林的建筑美与自然美相融,达到一种人工与自然高度协调的"天人合一"的境界。通过研究,以期为现代园林设计与施工提供借鉴。