Prediction of Maize Yield and Its Component Factors in Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia under Climate Change

[Objective] The aim was to quantitatively predict the variation trend of maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia under future climate change scenarios.[Method] Based on the data of daily temperature,precipitation and radiation in 25 km × 25 km grid in Ningxia from 2010 to 2100 obtained by regional climate model,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in the 21st century was studied by means of corrected CERES-Maize model.[Result] With climate warming,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia in 2020s and 2050s showed increase trend compared with base years（average in 1961-1990）when current adaptive maize variety and optimum production management measures were adopted,while maize yield went down in 2080s with the further increase of temperature.The grain number per spike and spike grain weight as the yield components of maize also showed the same trend with maize yield.In 2020s and 2050s,the increase of maize yield under B2 scenario was higher than that under A2 scenario,while the decrease of maize yield under B2 scenario was lower than that under A2 scenario in 2080s.[Conclusion] With the increase of temperature,maize yield in Yellow River irrigation area of Ningxia went up firstly and then went down.

Analysis on the Climatic Characteristics of Hail in the South Mountain Area of Ningxia

[Objective] The research aimed to study the climatic characteristics of hail in the southern mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years. [Method] Based on the hail observation data of 5 surface meteorological stations (Guyuan, Xiji, Jingyuan, Longde, Liupanshan) in the south of Ningxia during 1960-2009, the spatial distribution rule, the interannual and monthly climatic characteristics and variation trends of hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia were analyzed by using the statistical method. Moreover, the hail disaster prevention and reduction measures in Guyuan were put forward. [Result] The hail in the south mountain area of Ningxia in recent 50 years had the obvious annual, seasonal, monthly and daily variation characteristics. The hail might occur from March to October and mainly concentrated during May-August which occupied 72% in the whole year. The occurrence probability of hail in June was the biggest and occupied 21.7% in the whole year. It was the typical multi-hail zone in summer. The interannual variation of hail occurrence in Guyuan was big and had 3-year periodicity. The secondary-order time trend of hail in Guyuan was the anti-parabolic type, and the hail occurrence times during the 1960s-1980s presented the increase trend. It was the hail multi-occurrence period in the 1970s and 1980s. After the 1990s, the hail presented the decrease trend. In recent 20 years, the hail significantly decreased. The hail in Guyuan mainly concentrated during 12:00-21:00, and the hail occurrence times occupied 85% of total times. The hail distribution in Guyuan area had the obvious regional characteristics. The hail in the mountain area, hilly area was more and in the stream valley, north Pingchuan area was less. The hail cloud mainly derived from the mountain areas, such as Liupanshan, Nanhua Mountain, Yueliang Mountain, Xifeng Mountain and Yunwu Mountain, etc. The move direction of hail cloud was mainly from northwest to southeast or from north to south. Part of hail cloud disappeared in the original place. According to the regional distribution of hail, the hail risk in Guyuan City was divided into the high, moderate and low occurrence zones by combining with the hail disaster data. [Conclusion] The research provided the scientific basis for the forecast, early-warning of hail weather and the artificial hail suppression.

Study on the Countermeasures of Eco-environment Conservation in the Mountainous Areas of Southern Ningxia under New Situation

Under the implementation of principal functional zoning,further promotion of western development,regional migration,new countryside construction,global warming and so on,the spatial adjustment of regional industry and its structure must be enforced.The spatial adjustment and arrangement of population and economy in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia could create tremendous opportunity for its eco-environment conservation.Based on analysis on the opportunity and challenge of eco-environment conservation in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia,some countermeasures of eco-environment conservation were discussed in the paper,so as to provide some theoretical references for the eco-environment conservation in the mountainous areas of southern Ningxia.

Analysis of the Ecological Migration Pattern in Ethnic Minority Areas——A Case Study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

By taking Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as an example,this paper analyzes the ecological migration pattern in ethnic minority areas.The basic patterns of development for poverty relief in Ningxia are in-situ migration and new area development pattern.The new area development pattern includes three types,namely small town development pattern around urban radiation districts,urban labor migration pattern,and large-scale ecological migration pattern.Finally,successful experience of ecological migration in Ningxia is summarized.First,scientific industrial planning shall be made on the basis of proper selection of ecological migration location in immigrant settlement regions.Second,scientific and comprehensive ecological migration policies should be formulated.

THE RATIONAL UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN IRRIGATED AREA OF THE YELLOW RIVER IN NINGXIA

The paper describes the water resources in the irrigated area of Ningxia, China, andthe methods for improving the utilization of the water resources, and puts forward somesuggestions so as to utilize the water resources rationally. The history of irrigation farming in Ningxia can be traced back to more than two thou-

Rayleigh Wave Tomography of Ningxia and Its Adjacent Areas Based on Ambient Noise

In this article,the vertical components of the continuous waveform data of 90 seismic stations in Ningxia and its adjacent regions recorded from January 2012 to December 2013 are used to obtain the Rayleigh surface wave group velocity dispersion images in the study area( 101°- 112°E,31°-42°N) according to the method of noise imaging,with period between 6s - 50s and resolution of 0.5°. The Yinchuan basin in the 6s - 26 s period obviously shows a low velocity anomaly,which is not uniform and has a tendency to gradually weaken; the Guanzhong Basin in 6 s-22s shows a strip of low velocity anomaly and demonstrates a transverse inhomogeneity,where velocity in the southeast is slightly faster than that in the northwest. In the 30s - 50s period it shows that in the Yinchuan graben basin and its southern area,there is a large low velocity anomaly area,which moves from northeast to southwest. It shows that between the main active tectonic zones,like mountains and basins,there are obvious geomorphologic boundaries. For example,the deep fault near Liupan Mountain is the dividing line between two large tectonic units of eastern and western of China. The inversion results have good correlation with the geological structure and the stratigraphic landform. The results are consistent with the results of artificial seismic section tomography across the basin. It provides an important basis for the dynamics of active tectonic zones and the mechanism of earthquake occurrence in this area.

RECENT TECTONIC DEFORMATION ANOMALY AND EARTHQUAKES IN GANSU-NINGXIA-QINGHAI AREA

By processing and analyzing geodetic data of vertical deformation, fault deformation and horizontal deformation by GPS in Gansu Ningxia Qinghai area and by comparing them with geological structures and many medium to strong earthquake activities in this area, some features of recent tectonic deformation anomaly and the development of medium to strong earthquakes are studied. The results show that: ①Near the main faults tectonic deformations are relatively large. The amount of vertical movement and the deformation status evolve with time. The horizontal movement and deformation show obvious compressional strike slip character. ②The dominant stress of tectonic deformation and seismic development in this area comes from the persistent northeastward compression of Qinghai Tibet block;The time spatial distribution evolution of tectonic deformation and seismic activities are closely related to dynamic evolution of block motion and regional tectonic stress field. ③The abnormal uplift and high gradient deformation belts and remarkable fault deformation anormaly on the borders of regional tectonic blocks are indicators of developing moderate to strong earthquakes but earthquakes may not necessarily take place in the position of maxium deformation, it usually occurred in the region where fault deformation anormaly shows “trend accumulation acceleration turn ” variation character or nearby. On the basis of above study, a preliminary prediction for strong earthquake risk in this area is given.

AN APPROACH TO THE FORESTRY PROBLEMS AND TACTS IN THE NEW IRRIGATION AREA OF YANGHUANG IN NINGXIA

This article exponded the importance of forestry construction in Ningxia, Yang HuangNew Irrigation Area economy development. It analysed the problems that may exist in theforestry constructions of New Irrigation Area, (such as the monostructure of trees,struction simplicity, monoculture of stand and lack of functions) And put forward the cont-er actions and construtioes advices.

The Models for the Development of Specialty Agriculture in the Hilly Areas of Southern Ningxia: Are They Truly Effective?

The development of specialty agriculture is of great significance to western China's agricultural structure adjustment,and it's an essential way for the construction of ecological agriculture in Southern Ningxia mountainous area.This paper makes a summary about the development status of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area and put forward the basic benefit goal and problems needing attention.On this basis,the paper studies the development pattern of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area from the aspects of production factors and industry.This paper suggests that the development pattern of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area should combine the regional agricultural pattern and innovative organization structure pattern,demonstration agriculture and market-directing pattern,engineering agricultural pattern and enterprise-driven pattern.The development of specialty agriculture in Southern Ningxia Mountainous Area should promote the three patterns,in order to achieve the construction of ecological agriculture and agricultural structure adjustment.

宁夏灌区不同牧草复种模式综合效益分析

针对宁夏引黄灌区饲草产量低、栽培技术落后、季节性青饲料极其短缺导致草畜矛盾尖锐等现状,本研究设置了秋播饲用小黑麦(×Triticosecale Wittmack)+高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense)(T-SS)、饲用小黑麦+饲用高粱(S.bicolor)(T-FS)、饲用小黑麦+饲用谷子(Setaria italica)(T-FM)和饲用小黑麦+青贮玉米(Zea mays)(T-SM)4个复种模式处理,通过检测分析不同处理的生长指标、草产量、营养品质(粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维)、经济效益及土壤养分含量,旨在探明4种不同饲草复种模式的生产性能和综合效益,为该区牧草复种技术提供理论依据。结果表明:4种复种牧草的株高、茎粗和SPAD差异极显著,不同复种系统对牧草鲜草、干草产量、枝条数、粗蛋白产量、品质、土壤理化性状和经济效益均有极显著影响。高丹草复种系统草产量最高、枝条数最多、粗蛋白产量最高,饲用谷子粗蛋白含量最大,青贮玉米酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量最低,而相对饲用价值最大;对土壤有机质、全盐和pH的影响不显著,对速效钾和碱解氮含量的影响显著,对速效磷影响极显著;高丹草复种系统的产投比最高。综合评价筛选出饲用小黑麦复种饲用谷子和高丹草的种植模式可推广为宁夏引黄灌区牧草周年栽培模式。

宁南山区不同植被类型土壤水分变化特征

以宁夏南部山区山杏林、沙棘林、山杏×沙棘混交林3种典型植被为试材,采用野外定位监测法,对3种植被0~100 cm不同深度土壤水分进行连续1年定位观测,研究了不同植被类型土壤水分时间变化和垂直变化规律,以期了解宁南山区主要植被类型的土壤水分状况及耗水特性。结果表明:不同植被类型土壤储水量在年内变化趋势整体呈“M”型,土壤储水量按照从大到小的排序为山杏林(158.35 mm)>山杏×沙棘混交林(139.72 mm)>沙棘林(123.24 mm)。不同植被类型日平均土壤含水量的变化动态相似,其变化趋势与降雨量密切相关,9月山杏林、沙棘林、山杏×沙棘混交林地的土壤含水量分别是8月的1.56、1.41、1.49倍;3种植被类型平均土壤含水量最大值均在10月,最小值均在8月。在垂直方向上,3种植被土壤水分的变化有一定的差异性,随着土层深度的增加,沙棘林土壤含水量呈先增加后降低的趋势,山杏林、山杏×沙棘混交林土壤含水量呈波形变化趋势;3种植被类型土壤水分的变异系数总体呈下降趋势,沙棘林各土层变异系数的均值最大,为39.36%。综上,山杏林土壤水分状况最好,其次是山杏×沙棘林,为该区域植被恢复与可持续管理提供重要参考依据。

西夏·青史淡淡千百年——漫步地震五千年(10)

西夏是一个生机蓬勃而神秘的王朝,它的兴亡都伴有地震的发生,而甘肃—宁夏地区恰是地震高发区,值得关注这里的地震活动。对于存疑的996年地震事件,从小震密集、史料记载、地质探槽、地震强度上做了初步探讨,推测了这次地震位置和大小。介绍了1739年平罗地震的水患教训。注意到1920年海原8.5级地震的新研究中,发现了许多有价值的新信息,揭示了全球地震活动的大背景。甘肃—宁夏三角区的力学关系是三体问题,不可忽视旋转运动;对于发震条件,除断层带外,还要重视深部物性的结构差异。

气候变化背景下宁夏灌区冻土变化特征及其对农业生产的影响

为掌握气候背景下宁夏灌区季节性冻土变化及其对农事活动的影响,争取最大限度地提高光热资源利用效率,挖掘生产潜力,开展了气候变化背景下宁夏灌区冻土变化特征及其对农业生产的影响研究。利用宁夏灌区4个代表性站点1961—2020年冬季逐日冻土资料,采用统计方法,分析宁夏灌区逐年最大冻土深度、土壤冻结日期、解冻日期及冻结日数变化特征,并分析冻土变化对农业生产的影响。结果表明,1961—2020年冬季各代表性站点中最大冻土深度均有明显的变化趋势,2001年以前各地最大冻土深度明显变浅,2001年以后惠农、永宁、吴忠整体冻土深度有所增加,永宁、吴忠呈波动性变化,无明显趋势性变化;1961—2020年中宁最大冻土深度明显变浅。土壤冻结日期、完全解冻日期分别有不同程度延后和提前趋势;各站点冻土持续日数年变化呈缩短的趋势,其中中宁的冻土持续时间缩短趋势最明显。

供钾水平对宁南山区花椰菜产量及钾素平衡的影响

【目的】为宁夏冷凉花椰菜生产中钾肥合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】以宁夏冷凉主导花椰菜为试验材料,设置0(K_(0))、10(K_(10))、20(K_(20))、30(K_(30))、40 kg/667m^(2)(K_(40))5个施钾水平,通过田间试验,研究供钾对露地花椰菜产量、钾素吸收分配利用及土壤根层钾素质量与平衡的影响。【结果】供钾显著增加花椰菜产量,增产率在5.32%~16.24%,供钾水平与花球产量呈极显著的二次抛物曲线关系,最高产量为3 529.43 kg/667 m^(2),最佳供钾水平为24.28 kg/667 m^(2)。在苗期和莲座期茎叶是花椰菜钾元素的累积中心,不同处理茎叶分配比例在49.67%~90.49%,进入成熟期花球是花椰菜钾元素的累积中心,不同处理花球累积分配比例在42.25%~53.73%,整株花椰菜钾素累积量苗期以K_(30)处理最高,莲座期和成熟期均以K_(20)处理最高,较对照分别显著提高69.40%、79.38%。钾肥利用效率为21.77%~40.31%,以K20处理的钾肥利用率、贡献率及农学效率均最高,分别为45.28%,21.31%、38.670 kg/kg。供钾水平低于20 kg/667 m^(2)时,土壤钾素平衡表现为亏缺,供钾水平超过30 kg/667 m^(2)钾素盈余由负转正,再继续投入钾肥,钾素盈余。【结论】综合考虑花椰菜钾素吸收利用分配与产量和土壤钾素有效性与菜田钾素收支平衡等因素,建议宁夏南部山区花椰菜适宜的供钾水平为21.82~29.24 kg/667 m^(2)。

宁夏中部干旱区露地甘薯栽培适应性比较研究

为丰富宁夏干旱区适宜栽种的甘薯品种,实现区域甘薯产业高质高效持续发展,以收集的国内外23个甘薯品种为材料,对植株农艺性状、甘薯产量、甘薯品质、栽培适应性等多指标进行比较分析。结果表明,徐薯25、苏薯8号、安平一号、济薯26号、徐薯55-1、安纳芋、徐薯27、岩薯5号8个品种为早熟品种,9月中旬为最佳采收期。徐薯28和烟薯25号2个品种9月中旬至10月初采收均可;其他品种为中晚熟品种,适宜10月初采收。烟薯25号、川薯产量高(单株产量分别为2518 g、2295 g),综合品质较好。济薯26号和徐薯55-2产量及可溶性糖含量(分别为3.32%和3.25%)、富硒方面均有优势,适宜开发本地区鲜食品种;徐紫8号、徐紫5号2个紫薯品种产量均不高;徐紫8号粗纤维含量低,硒含量较高;徐紫5号淀粉含量较高。烟薯25号、川薯、济薯26号和徐薯55-2可作为宁夏干旱区域甘薯推荐种植品种。

微生物菌剂对连作芹菜根际土壤真菌群落多样性与结构的影响

以宁南旱区连作4年芹菜根际土壤为研究对象,采用田间定位试验结合高通量测序技术,以常规施肥(CK)为对照,研究常规施肥+枯草·哈茨复合菌剂(MF),常规施肥+枯草芽孢杆菌(BS),常规施肥+哈茨木霉菌(TH)3个处理对芹菜连作根际土壤真菌多样性及群落组成的影响。结果表明:施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著提高了土壤有效磷、速效钾含量,增幅分别为34.29%和9.98%。施用微生物菌剂增加了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,平均增幅分别为43.16%和12.98%,并显著改变了土壤真菌的β-多样性。被孢霉属(Mortierella)、织球壳属(Plectosphaerella)、赤霉菌属(Gibberella)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是各处理优势菌属,施用枯草·哈茨复合菌显著降低了赤霉菌属、链格孢属、镰刀霉属等真菌性病原菌的相对丰度,降幅分别为59.88%、51.63%、36.13%。冗余分析表明土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性、pH值和全磷是影响真菌群落结构组成的主要驱动因子。综合而言,枯草·哈茨复合菌剂的施用不仅降低了连作芹菜根际土壤镰刀菌属、链格孢属、赤霉菌属等病原菌的富集,还通过改变有效磷、速效钾等土壤理化性质,进一步重塑土壤真菌群落结构。

苜蓿蓟马空间动态与作物布局关系研究

【目的】明确宁夏南部山区苜蓿蓟马空间种群动态与作物环境布局之间的关系。【方法】利用高空遥感无人机获取宁夏南部山区4个研究区域的遥感图片,经处理后计算其景观格局指数,明确景观与蓟马种群动态之间的关系。【结果】离散核心区数量(NDCA)、总边界长(TE)、总面积比(CA/TA)、核心区面积均值(Core_MN)、斑块丰度密度(PRD)与蓟马发生量相关,相关系数为-0.99~0.97。【结论】南部山区在梯田、台塬上种植苜蓿,对于蓟马控制具有地形优势;蓟马在跨越高低起伏的地形上,必须依靠一定的气象条件才能顺利转移;但生境破碎化,容易造成蓟马爆发成灾。

百年中国法治历史中的陕西党史元素

中国特色社会主义法治模式,是百年来中国共产党领导法治的探索成果,是从革命时期局部执政到当代中国治国理政法治经验的总结。党领导法治的历史,特别是中共中央在延安的十三年,蕴含着丰富的陕西党史元素,不仅体现在局部执政的法治建设、依规治党的经验,还体现为陕西党史中的红色法制历程。总结和凝练党领导法治历史中的陕西元素,有助于理解当代中国的法治,拓展陕西党史的研究。

播期对宁夏引黄灌区不同品种青贮玉米光能利用及生物产量的影响

为探究播期对宁夏引黄灌区麦收后复种不同品种青贮玉米光能利用和生物产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,选择早熟‘科沃028’(Z)和中晚熟‘利合629’(W)2个青贮玉米品种为主区,设置麦收后3(S1,6月28日)、6(S2,7月1日)、9 d(S3,7月4日)3个播期为副区,共计6个处理,研究不同播期对不同品种青贮玉米光能利用、干物质积累及生物产量的影响,并拟合推测不同品种青贮玉米的最适播期及收获期。结果表明:Z较W处理整体上有更高的叶面积指数(LAI)、光能利用率(LUE)、光合生产潜力开发度(r)、干物质积累量(DM)和生物产量(BY)。Z处理整个生育时期LAI大小顺序均为ZS1>ZS2>ZS3。在生育后期(麦收后95 d),ZS3处理的植株底部透光率(BLT)和LUE较ZS1和ZS2处理分别显著提高13.81%、5.40%和15.02%、23.49%(P<0.05);麦收后107 d,ZS1和ZS2处理的BY与麦收后100 d相比分别显著下降22.47%和17.37%(P<0.05)。各处理在其最适收获期收获,产量大小顺序为ZS1>ZS2>ZS3>WS2>WS1>WS3。相关性分析结果表明2个品种LUE均与其BY呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),而与r呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.001)。主成分分析发现ZS2处理综合评价最优。综上所述,建议宁夏引黄灌区早熟品种生长85 d后(麦收后6~8 d播种)收获,而中晚熟品种生长86 d后(麦收后5~6 d播种)收获。

宁夏地区牛乳肠球菌耐药性分析

【目的】了解宁夏地区奶牛正常乳汁和患乳腺炎乳汁中肠球菌的分布规律及其耐药特征,为宁夏地区奶牛乳腺炎疾病的抗菌药物合理使用提供参考。【方法】对宁夏地区16个规模化奶牛养殖场近3年来1154份乳汁样品(正常乳汁383份,患乳腺炎乳汁771份)进行肠球菌分离,采用形态学观察和生化试验对分离所获的496株肠球菌进行鉴定,通过K-B药敏纸片扩散法测定分离肠球菌菌株对青霉素(PG)、头孢唑林(CFZ)、庆大霉素(GEN)、四环素(TET)、红霉素(EM)、林可霉素(LCM)、链霉素(SM)和万古霉素(VCA)等8种药物的敏感性,并使用PCR方法对分离肠球菌菌株进行四环素类药物耐药基因(tetA、tetB、tetC、tetM)、大环内酯类药物耐药基因(mecA、ermA、ermB、ermC)以及林可胺类药物耐药基因(lsaA、lsaE、lnuG、lnuA)检测。【结果】从1154份乳样中共分离得到496株肠球菌,经鉴定分属6种肠球菌,分别是屎肠球菌、海氏肠球菌、粪肠球菌、蒙氏肠球菌、耐久肠球菌和鹑鸡肠球菌。其中屎肠球菌305株,占分离菌株总数的61.5%;海氏肠球菌124株,占分离菌株总数的25.0%;粪肠球菌27株,占分离菌株总数的5.4%;蒙氏肠球菌21株,占分离菌株总数的4.2%;耐久肠球菌15株,占分离菌株总数的3.0%;鹑鸡肠球菌4株,占分离菌株总数的0.8%。临床分离菌株对林可霉素、四环素、红霉素的耐药率分别达到95.8%,82.7%和80.2%,尤以耐7种药物的菌株为主,达230株(占耐药菌株的46.4%),最常见的耐药谱为PG+CFZ+GEN+TET+EM+LCM+SM。正常乳汁中分离的菌株主要为海氏肠球菌(检出率为73.8%),对林可霉素的耐药率最高(94.5%);患乳腺炎乳汁中分离的菌株主要为屎肠球菌(检出率为89.5%),对四环素的耐药率最高(97.0%)。496株临床肠球菌中有488株检测出携带耐药基因,检出率为98.4%;检测出乳源肠球菌不携带tetA、tetB、tetC、mecA、lnuG和lnuA耐药基因;携带ermA、ermB、ermC、tetM、lsaA和lsaE耐药基因,其携带率分别为51.0%,80.3%,33.2%,88.1%,41.6%和74.4%;最常见耐药基因谱为ermA+ermB+tetM+lsaE+lsaA。【结论】宁夏地区奶牛乳汁中肠球菌耐药性严重,且具有多重耐药性特征,给公共卫生带来潜在危害,应引起高度重视。