α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain:so many seeds so close to the central soil

α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals.Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease.Aggregated and highly phospho rylated a-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain,the pathological hallmark of Parkinson s disease.For decades,much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson s disease as a systemic disease.Recent evidence demonstrates that,at least in some patients,the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain.Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tra ct trigge rs the gutto-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology.However,whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation.In this review,we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease.We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.

A novel binary effective medium model to describe the prepeak stressstrain relationship of combined bodies of rock-like material and rock

Combined bodies of rock-like material and rock are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering,such as tunnels and mines.The existing theoretical models describing the stress-strain relationship of a combined body lack a binary feature.Based on effective medium theory,this paper presents the governing equation of the“elastic modulus”for combined and single bodies under triaxial compressive tests.A binary effective medium model is then established.Based on the compressive experiment of concretegranite combined bodies,the feasibility of determining the stress threshold based on crack axial strain is discussed,and the model is verified.The model is further extended to coal-rock combined bodies of more diverse types,and the variation laws of the compressive mechanical parameters are then discussed.The results show that the fitting accuracy of the model with the experimental curves of the concretegranite combined bodies and various types of coal-rock combined bodies are over 95%.The crack axial strain method can replace the crack volumetric strain method,which clarifies the physical meanings of the model parameters.The variation laws of matrix parameters and crack parameters are discussed in depth and are expected to be more widely used in geotechnical engineering.

Joint Detection of Serum Vitamin D,Body Mass Index,and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha for the Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease

Objective Vitamin D(VD)deficiency was reported to contribute to the progression of Crohn’s disease(CD)and affect the prognosis of CD patients.This study investigated the role of serum VD,body mass index(BMI),and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease.Methods CD patients(n=76)and healthy subjects(n=76)were enrolled between May 2019 and December 2020.The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D]levels,BMI,and TNF-αlevels,together with other biochemical parameters,were assessed before treatment.The diagnostic efficacy of the single and joint detection of serum 25(OH)D,BMI,and TNF-αwas determined using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.Results The levels of 25(OH)D,BMI,and nutritional indicators,including hemoglobin,total protein,albumin,and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,were much lower,and the TNF-αlevels were much higher in the CD patients than in the healthy subjects(P<0.05 for all).The areas under the ROC curve for the single detection of 25(OH)D,BMI,and TNF-αwere 0.887,0.896,and 0.838,respectively,with the optimal cutoff values being 20.64 ng/mL,19.77 kg/m^(2),and 6.85 fmol/mL,respectively.The diagnostic efficacy of the joint detection of 25(OH)D,BMI,and TNF-αwas the highest,with an area under the ROC curve of 0.988(95%CI:0.968–1.000).Conclusion The joint detection of 25(OH)D,TNF-α,and BMI showed high sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy in CD diagnosis;thus,it would be effective for the diagnosis of CD in clinical practice.

Colliding Bodies Optimization with Machine Learning Based Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is one of the primary vital degenerative diseases that affect the Central Nervous System among elderly patients.It affect their quality of life drastically and millions of seniors are diagnosed with PD every year worldwide.Several models have been presented earlier to detect the PD using various types of measurement data like speech,gait patterns,etc.Early identification of PD is important owing to the fact that the patient can offer important details which helps in slowing down the progress of PD.The recently-emerging Deep Learning(DL)models can leverage the past data to detect and classify PD.With this motivation,the current study develops a novel Colliding Bodies Optimization Algorithm with Optimal Kernel Extreme Learning Machine(CBO-OKELM)for diagnosis and classification of PD.The goal of the proposed CBO-OKELM technique is to identify whether PD exists or not.CBO-OKELM technique involves the design of Colliding Bodies Optimization-based Feature Selection(CBO-FS)technique for optimal subset of features.In addition,Water Strider Algorithm(WSA)with Kernel Extreme Learning Machine(KELM)model is also developed for the classification of PD.CBO algorithm is used to elect the optimal set of fea-tures whereas WSA is utilized for parameter tuning of KELM model which alto-gether helps in accomplishing the maximum PD diagnostic performance.The experimental analysis was conducted for CBO-OKELM technique against four benchmark datasets and the model portrayed better performance such as 95.68%,96.34%,92.49%,and 92.36%on Speech PD,Voice PD,Hand PD Mean-der,and Hand PD Spiral datasets respectively.

基于线性密集台阵的2023年甘肃积石山M_(S)6.2地震断层低速带研究

2023年12月18日,甘肃省积石山县发生M_(S)6.2逆冲型地震。该地震发生在祁连活动地块拉脊山北缘断裂带,在断裂两侧曾发生过20余次5级左右中强地震,地震活动频次高,因此研究拉脊山断裂带特征具有重要意义。根据拉脊山断裂走向和此次地震余震分布,在刘集乡布设一条线性密集台阵,利用不同方位的余震事件计算体波的走时延时和放大效应。结果表明,P波和S波分别存在6个采样点(约0.012 s)和15个采样点(约0.03 s)的走时延时,推断出台阵西侧存在一个约150 m宽近似垂直的断层低速带,且该结果与远震P波相似性系数矩阵结果一致。

Association between childhood obesity and gut microbiota:16S rRNA gene sequencing-based cohort study

BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify characteristic gut genera in obese and normal-weight children(8-12 years old)using 16S rDNA sequencing.The research aimed to provide insights for mechanistic studies and prevention strategies for childhood obesity.Thirty normal-weight and thirty age-and sex-matched obese children were included.Questionnaires and body measurements were collected,and fecal samples underwent 16S rDNA sequencing.Significant differences in body mass index(BMI)and body-fat percentage were observed between the groups.Analysis of gut microbiota diversity revealed lowerα-diversity in obese children.Differences in gut microbiota composition were found between the two groups.Prevotella and Firmicutes were more abundant in the obese group,while Bacteroides and Sanguibacteroides were more prevalent in the control group.AIM To identify the characteristic gut genera in obese and normal-weight children(8-12-year-old)using 16S rDNA sequencing,and provide a basis for subsequent mechanistic studies and prevention strategies for childhood obesity.METHODS Thirty each normal-weight,1:1 matched for age and sex,and obese children,with an obese status from 2020 to 2022,were included in the control and obese groups,respectively.Basic information was collected through questionnaires and body measurements were obtained from both obese and normal-weight children.Fecal samples were collected from both groups and subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform for gut microbiota diversity analysis.RESULTS Significant differences in BMI and body-fat percentage were observed between the two groups.The Ace and Chao1 indices were significantly lower in the obese group than those in the control group,whereas differences were not significant in the Shannon and Simpson indices.Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated significant differences in unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances between the gut microbiota of normal-weight and obese children(P<0.01),suggesting substantial disparities in both the species and quantity of gut microbiota between the two groups.Prevotella,Firmicutes,Bacteroides,and Sanguibacteroides were more abundant in the obese and control groups,respectively.Heatmap results demonstrated significant differences in the gut microbiota composition between obese and normal-weight children.CONCLUSION Obese children exhibited lowerα-diversity in their gut microbiota than did the normal-weight children.Significant differences were observed in the composition of gut microbiota between obese and normal-weight children.

鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体叠置类型及其对气藏分布的影响

为明确鄂北S井区盒8上亚段地层砂体叠置类型及其与气藏分布的关系,通过岩心观察、测井解释等方法对研究区盒8上亚段沉积微相类型、砂体的垂向叠置及侧向接触关系进行深入研究,再结合试气资料探讨不同砂体叠置类型的气藏分布特征。结果表明:鄂北S井区盒8上亚段为曲流河三角洲平原亚相,有利砂体对应的沉积微相类型为边滩与河道充填微相;砂体垂向叠置类型可划分为分离式、叠加式、切叠式、替代式,侧向接触关系可划分为间湾接触、堤岸接触、对接式、侧切式、替代式;鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体垂向叠置类型主要为侧向切叠式和替代式,增加了砂体在侧向上的连通性;盒8上亚段砂体侧向接触关系主要为侧切式,提升了砂体侧向上的连通程度,气藏储存关系较好;单一、孤立存在的砂体,其连通性较差,整体的含气性也较差。该研究对寻找低渗透背景下产能高、潜力大的砂体分布区具有重要指导意义。

补肾活血中药对糖尿病大鼠视路SynⅠ和Nissl小体的影响

目的观察实验性糖尿病大鼠视路神经元组织形态学的病理改变,并探讨补肾活血中药复方防治实验性糖尿病大鼠视路损害的作用机理。方法选用SD大鼠,采用链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)建立实验性糖尿病模型。实验大鼠随机分为7组:正常对照组、阴性对照组(模型组)、阳性对照Ⅰ组、阳性对照Ⅱ组、中药低、中、高剂量组。以Nissl染色法和免疫组织化学方法染色显示视网膜、外侧膝状体(external genic-ulate body,EGB)、视皮质(visual cortex,VC)中Nissl小体、突触素I(synapsin I,Syn I)的表达,应用Mias-2000图形分析系统对其进行测定和分析。结果与正常对照组相比,阴性对照组大鼠视路三级神经元的Syn I的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与阴性对照组相比,中药治疗组大鼠视网膜、外侧膝状体及视皮质的Syn I表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显增高,其中中药高剂量组最为明显(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论实验性糖尿病大鼠在高血糖状态持续6个月后,其视路神经元发生不同程度的退行性改变;补肾活血中药能在一定程度上恢复糖尿病大鼠视觉通路神经细胞突触的密度和分布(轴突再生),并改善其神经递质释放调节功能,从而减轻实验性糖尿病大鼠视路神经元病理损害。

补肾活血中药对糖尿病大鼠视路NT-3和Nissl小体的影响

目的探讨补肾活血中药对实验性糖尿病大鼠视路三级神经元的影响。方法以链脲佐菌素造成大鼠实验性糖尿病模型。用免疫组化及Nissl染色结合图像分析半定量测定视网膜、外侧膝状体及视皮质的神经营养因子-3(neurotrophic-3,NT-3)的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量。结果与正常对照组相比,阴性对照组大鼠视路三级神经元的NT-3的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显降低(P<0.05或0.01);与阴性对照组相比,中药治疗组大鼠视网膜、外侧膝状体及视皮质的NT-3的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显增高,尤以中药高剂量组明显(P<0.05或0.01)。结论补肾活血中药能减轻实验性糖尿病大鼠视路三级神经元病理损害,其作用机制之一可能是通过增加糖尿病大鼠视路NT-3的表达。

补肾活血中药对糖尿病大鼠视路Nissl小体和Bcl-2的影响

目的:观察实验性糖尿病大鼠视路神经元组织形态学的病理改变,并探讨补肾活血中药复方防治实验性糖尿病大鼠视路损害的作用机理。方法:用免疫组化及Nissl染色结合图像分析半定量测定测定视网膜、外侧膝状体及视皮质的B淋巴细胞瘤/白血病-2基因(B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2,Bcl-2)的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量。结果:与正常对照组相比,阴性对照组大鼠视路三级神经元的Bcl-2的表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显降低(P<0.05或0.01);与阴性对照组相比,中药治疗组大鼠视网膜、外侧膝状体及是皮质的Bcl-2表达强度和Nissl小体的含量均明显增高,其中中药高剂量组最为明显(P<0.05或0.01)。结论:实验性糖尿病大鼠在高血糖状态持续6个月后,其视路神经元发生不同程度的退行性改变;补肾活血中药可一定程度抑制神经细胞凋亡,促进其存活,从而保护糖尿病大鼠视路神经元,减轻糖尿病性视路损害。

清肝解郁法对老年性痴呆模型神经元RNA和Nissl体定量研究

目的:观察清肝解郁法对老年性痴呆模型学习记忆功能及神经元内RNA和Nissl体的影响。方法:从21月龄昆明种小鼠筛选出老年性痴呆模型(记忆障碍)鼠,随机分为4组:空白对照组、西药对照组、清肝解郁方小剂量组、清肝解郁方大剂量组,另设老年学习记忆正常组(简称正常对照组,下同)。西药对照组给以Hydergine 0.6 mg/Kg,清肝解郁方小、大剂量组分别予清肝解郁方6.80 g/Kg及20.41 g/Kg,连续60 d,正常对照和空白对照组均灌以等量蒸馏水(DW);用跳台实验(step-down test)检测学习记忆成绩;脑组织冰冻切片,细胞化学方法显示大脑皮质和海马神经元内RNA和Nissl体,全自动显微图象分析系统定量检测相关脑区RNA和Nissl体含量。结果:清肝解郁法能显著改善老年性痴呆模型小鼠的学习记忆障碍,并明显增高大脑皮质和海马锥体细胞的RNA和Nissl体含量,而且其作用呈现出一定的量效关系。结论:清肝解郁法可明显改善老年性痴呆模型的学习记忆障碍,并促进调节其大脑皮质和海马的RNA代谢,明显改善学习记忆关键脑区的神经元结构,从而发挥神经元营养和保护作用。

From the Green's Function in Tight-Binding Representation to Interatomic Many-body Potentials

In this paper, we deduce the analytical form of many-body interatomic potentials based on the Green's function in tight-binding representation. The many-body potentials are expressed as the functions of the hopping integrals which are the physical origin of cohesion of atoms. For thesimple case of s-valent system, the inversion of the many-body potentials are discussed in detail by using the lattice inversion method.

The Research of the Flow of Bodies with Use of the Vector Form of the Newton’s Law for the Viscous Liquid

On the basis of the vector formula of the Newton’s law for a viscous liquid and the integrated vector form of the equation of an impulse for a viscous liquid for resistance and carrying power of a profile of any form and the big length dependences are found in a stream. Application of the found dependences at a circulating flow of the cylinder located across a stream is showed. The analysis of a tensor of viscosity for laminar and turbulent flow is carried out.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty versus percutaneous kyphoplasty for the treatment of delayed post-traumatic vertebral body collapse(Kümmell’s disease) in Chinese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy between percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty(PKP) in the treatment of Kümmell's disease in Chinese patients.Methods: The studies using randomized controlled trials to compare clinical efficacy between PVP and PKP in the treatment of Kümmell's disease in Chinese patients were retrieved from Embase, Pubmed, Central, Cinahl, PQDT, CNKI, CQVIP, Wanfang Data, and CBM(from September 2008 to September 2018). Keywords for both Chinese and English search were: percutaneous vertebroplasty, PVP, percutaneous kyphoplasty, PKP, and Kümmell's disease. A total of 132 articles were retrieved based on the search strategy through online database searching and manual searching. Finally, one foreign report and seven Chinese reports were included. After extracting the data, statistical software Review Manager 5.3 was used for data analysis.Results: Through comparison, Cobb angle(95% CI [0.54, 4.42), P = 0.01] and Oswestry Dysfunction Index(ODI)(95% CI [0.21, 2.15], P= 0.02) of PKP group was smaller than that of PVP group. Postoperative anterior vertebral body height of the PKP group was better than PVP group(95% CI [-1.27,-0.66], P < 0.001]. However, the PVP group had shorter operation time than PKP group(95% CI [-13.48,-7.43), P = 0.001]. In the other outcome measures, including Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) score(95% CI [-0.04, 0.27), P = 0.15), cement volume(95% CI [-0.82, 0.32], P = 0.39) and cement leakage(95% CI [0.90, 2.76], P = 0.11), there was no significant differences between the two procedures.Conclusions: At this stage, there is sufficient evidence to support that PKP is better than PVP in the treatment of Kümmell's disease in Chinese patients. Although PVP surgery requires much less operation time, PKP has better postoperative radiological results and lower ODI. Moreover, both of them had similar clinical results(e.g., analgesic effects, cement dosage, and leakage rate). Further evidence is dependent on the emergence of randomized controlled trials with higher quality and larger sample sizes in the future.

补肝养髓方对老年性痴呆模型皮质神经元RNA和Nissl体的定量研究

目的:探讨补肝养髓方对自发老年性痴呆模型皮质神经元RNA和Nissl体的影响。方法:从21月龄昆明种小鼠筛选出自发老年性痴呆(记忆障碍)鼠,随机分为4组即空白对照组(老年性痴呆组)、西药对照组、补肝养髓小剂量组、补肝养髓大剂量组、另设老年学习记忆正常组(老年正常组)。用跳台实验检测学习记忆成绩;脑组织冰冻切片,细胞化学方法显示大脑皮质神经元内RNA和Nissl体,全自动显微图像分析系统定量检测相关脑区RNA和Nissl体含量。结果:补肝养髓方能显著改善自发老年性痴呆模型小鼠的学习记忆障碍,并明显增高大脑皮质锥体细胞的RNA和Nissl体含量,而且其作用呈现出一定的量效关系。结论:补肝养髓方改善自发老年性痴呆模型学习记忆障碍的机理可能与促进调节其大脑皮质的RNA代谢,改善学习记忆关键脑区的神经元结构有关。

LOOMIS-WHITNEY'S INEQUALITY ABOUT MIXED BODY

In this article, the authors establish two theorems for mixed body, which are the generalizations of the well-known Loomis-Whitney＇s inequality.

Foreign body impaction in the sigmoid colon: A twenty euro bet

Foreign body ingestion is a common clinical problem in early childhood. However, it may occur even in adults, unknowingly. Most ingested foreign bodies entering the stomach pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully. Here we report on a 13-year-old boy who presented with chronic abdominal pain, weight loss and occult gastrointestinal bleeding for 6 mo. Colonoscopy was negative; however, a ballpoint pen was impacted in the sigmoid region. Subsequently, the child admitted swallowing a pen as a 20-euro bet 6 mo previously. Crohn's disease is a chronic relaps-ing inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. It is often difficult to diagnose due to the fact that there is no single pathognomonic sign or symptom. This case is a description of an adolescent with chronic gastrointes-tinal symptoms due to a foreign body. Therefore, an ingested foreign body should be included in the differ-ential diagnostic procedure related to gastrointestinal symptoms.

Asymptotic properties of two affine invariants for 1-unconditional convex bodies

Let K be a 1-unconditional convex bodies in Euclidean spaces.We study the asymptotic properties of two affine invariants m2（K） and S2（K） for a random simplex inside K.As an application,we discuss the asymptotic properties of two affine invariants m2（Bpn ） and S2（Bpn ）,where Bpn = {x ∈ Rn ： ‖x‖ p 1}.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FLEXIBLE BODY WITH DEFINITE MOVING ATTITUTE

The nonlinear dynamic control equation of a flexible multi-body system with definite moving attitude is discussed. The motion of the aircraft in space is regarded as known and the influence of the flexible structural members in the aircraft on the motion and attitude of the aircraft is analyzed. By means of a hypothetical mode, the defor mation of flexible members is regarded as composed of the line element vibration in the axial direction of rectangular coordinates in space. According to Kane＇ s method in dynamics, a dynamic equation is established, which contains the structural stiffness matrix that represents the elastic deformation and the geometric stiffness matrix that represents the nonlinear deformation of the deformed body. Through simplification the dynamic equation of the influence of the planar flexible body with a windsurfboard structure on the spacecraft motion is obtained. The numerical solution for this kind of equation can be realized by a computer.

Variation and Sexual Dimorphism of Body Size in the Plateau Brown Frog along an Altitudinal Gradient

Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism（SSD） can have important consequences for animal ecology, behavior, population dynamics and the evolution of life-history traits. Organisms are expected to be larger in colder climate（i.e., Bergmann＇s rule） and SSD varies with body size（i.e., Rensch＇s rule）. However, the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The plateau brown frog（Rana kukunoris）, a medium-sized anuran species with femalebiased SSD, is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP）. From 1797 m（Maoxiang＇ping） to 3453 m（Heihe＇qiao） in the eastern margin of the QTP, we surveyed 10 populations of R. kukunoris and collected phalanges and snout vent length（SVL） data for 258 adult individuals（199 males versus 59 females）. Based on these data, we explored how body size and SSD varying along the altitudinal gradient and examined the corresponding effects of temperature. We found body size to be larger at higher altitude for males but not for females, with likely effects from the temperature on the variation in male body size. Sex differences in growth rates may be the main cause of the variation in SSD. Our results suggested that only males follow the Bergmann＇s rule and variation in SSD of R. kukunoris do not support the Rensch＇s rule and its inverse. Therefore, the variations of body size can be different between sexes and the applicability of both Bergmann＇s rule and Rensch＇s rule should depend on species and environment where they live.