Erect panicle super rice varieties enhance yield by harvest index advantages in high nitrogen and density conditions

The erect panicle （Ep） type is an important characteristic for japonica super rice in Northeast China and plays a significant role in enhancing yield. The Ep type is considered to be a genetic ideotype resource to the japonica super rice group by virtue of its agronomic advantages such as grain number per panicle and biomass. This study addresses the effects of nitrogen and planting density conditions on yielding performance regarding panicle type （PT） using the recombinant inbred line （RIL） population derived from the cross between an Ep variety Liaogeng 5 and non-Ep variety Wanlun 422. The genetics underlying the Ep type proved to be robust not only for panicle-type optimization but also plant height, panicle length, flag leaf length and seed density. We also found that regardless of nitrogen and density, correlation between harvest index （HI） and plant height was not significant in Ep type whatever the nitrogen and density. The application of Ep type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing biomass through HI maintainable in rice.

Contrasting Characteristics of Lodging Resistance in Two Super-Rice Hybrids Differing in Harvest Index

The“super rice”breeding program in China has been successful in developing high-yielding hybrids,including few with high harvest index values.However,there is limited information on the relationship between lodging resistance and harvest index,and the mechanisms underlying the relationship in super-rice hybrids.In this study,a two-year field experiment was conducted to compare lodging resistance and its related traits between two superrice hybrids differing in harvest index,i.e.,Guiliangyou 2(G2)with a high harvest index and Y-liangyou 1(Y1)with a typical harvest index of modern high-yielding rice varieties.Results showed that compared to Y1,G2 was lower in plant height due to its lower aboveground N uptake,and its higher stem breaking resistance(i.e.,lower stem breaking index)resulted from a lower stem height at its center of gravity.Consequently,G2 had a higher lodging resistance(i.e.,lower plant lodging index)than Y1.This study suggests that developing super-rice hybrids with high harvest index values is a possible way to achieve both high grain yield and strong lodging resistance in rice.

Methods on Identification and Screening of Rice Genotypes with High Nitrogen Efficiency

In order to establish methods for indentification and screening of rice genotypes with high nitrogen （N） efficiency, N absorption efficiency （NAE）, N utilization efficiency （NUE） and N harvest index （NHI） in ten rice genotypes were investgated at the elongation, booting, heading and maturity stages under six N levels in a pot experiment with soil-sand mixtures at various ratios. NAE in various rice genotypes firstly increased, peaked under a medium nitrogen rate of 0.177 g/kg and then decreased, but NUE and NHI always decreased with increasing nitrogen levels. NAE in various rice genotypes ever increased with growing process and NUE indicated a descending tendency of elongation stage〉heading stage〉maturity stage〉booting stage. N level influenced rice NAE, NUE and NHI most, followed by genotype, and the both effects were significant at 0.01 level. In addition, the interaction effects of genotype and nitrogen level on rice NAE and NUE were significant at 0.01 level, but not significant on rice NHI. Because the maximum differences of NAE and NUE were found at the elongation stage, it was thought to be the most suitable stage for identification and screening these two paremeters. Therefore, the optimum conditions for identification and screening of rice NAE, NUE and NHI in a pot experiment were the nitrogen rate of 0.157 g/kg at the elongation stage, low nitrogen at the elongation stage, and the nitrogen rate of 0.277 g/kg at the maturity stage, respectively.

Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial rootzone irrigation

Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use,it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency(WUE).One such method,alternate partial root-zone irrigation(APRI),has been practiced worldwide,but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen(N)rates under APRI.The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth,grain yield and WUE of maize(Zea mays L.)grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015.The three N rates were 100,200 and 300 kg N ha–1,designated N1,N2 and N3,respectively.The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%,60–65%and 75–80%field capacity(FC)throughout the maize growing season,designated W1,W2 and W3,respectively,were applied in combination with each N rate.The results showed that W2 and W3 significantly increased the plant height,stem diameter,crop growth rate,chlorophyll SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),biomass,grain yield,ears per ha,kernels per cob,1000-kernel weight,harvest index,evapotranspiration and leaf area index(LAI)compared to W1 at each N rate.The N2 and N3 treatments increased those parameters compared to N1 in each irrigation treatment.Increasing the N rate from the N2 to N3 resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W3 while it had no impact on those under the W1 and W2 treatments.The W3 N3 and W2 N2 and W2 N3 treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield,respectively.Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI(LAI at the silking stage)and Pn under W3,suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development,and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize.The W2 N2,W2 N3 and W3 N3 treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments.Thus,either 60–65%FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha–1 or 75–80%FC coupled with 300 kg N ha–1 is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments.These results can provide a basis for indepth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.

Evaluating the Impact of Different Tillage Regimes and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.)

A field study to evaluate the impact of different tillage regimes and nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.), was conducted during autumn 2014 at Students Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design), with split plot arrangement having three replications. The experiment was comprised of three tillage regimes (Minimum, Conventional and Deep) and three nitrogen levels viz: 100, 200 and 300 kg•ha-1. Urea was used as a source of nitrogen, sulphate of potash as a source of potassium and triple super phosphate as a source of phosphorous. The amount of phosphorous and potash was constant in all the treatments i.e. 125 kg•ha-1 and 100 kg•ha-1 respectively. Results of present study are summarized as yield parameters are significantly affected by different nitrogen levels and tillage regimes. Maximum number of plants at harvest (7.93), number of grain rows per cob (17.70), number of grains per row (34.31), number of grains per cob (678.58), and cob weight (187.50 g) were observed in deep tillage at 200 kg•ha-1 nitrogen application. 1000-grain weight (275.52 g), biological yield (15.66 t•ha-1), grain yield (6.16 t•ha-1) and dried stalk yield (9.91 t•ha-1) were observed maximum in deep tillage at 200 kg•ha-1 nitrogen application. Harvest index significantly affected by tillage regimes and maximum harvest index (39.58%) were recorded in deep tillage which was statistically at par with conventional tillage (38.83%). It was concluded that higher grain yield of maize can be obtained by deep tillage with the application of 200 kg•ha-1 nitrogen application under the prevailing conditions of Faisalabad.

Genotypic variations in nitrogen use efficiency of rice cultivars at various levels of nitrogen under subtropical environment

Insufficient N supply is an important constraint to productivity of lowland rice. Studies on N nutrition of rice cultivars with different durations representing the north western part of Indo-Gangetic Plains are scanty. A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 at PAU, Ludhiana to assess the differences in grain yield and N utilization of three popular rice cultivars at varying N doses. Significant differences among genotypes were observed in grain yield, N uptake, N use efficiency and N utilization efficiency. The cultivar PAU-201 was found to be superior among all the tested genotypes. Total N uptake and grain N uptake was highest in cultivar PAU-201 followed by cultivars PR-115 and PR-113. On an average, the response to applied N for grain yield was observed upto 90 kg N ha1. Grain yield increased significantly up to 90 kg N hal in cultivars PR-115 and PAU-201 and up to 120 kg N ha1 in PR-113. Apparent recovery efficiency （ARE） and Partial factor productivity （PFPN） of N was significantly reduced at higher level of N （150 kg N hal）. It was concluded that N uptake is predominant factor in grain yield formation and cultivars differ in NUE suggesting that it may be possible to develop cultivars that are efficient at low nutrient level or are capable of using N more efficiently when applied as fertilizer.

氮肥和品种及种植密度对春玉米机械化收获性状及产量的影响

机械化收获是提高农业生产效率的重要措施,但机械化收获受倒伏、籽粒脱水特性和收获籽粒含水率等的影响。为探讨春玉米形态结构与抗倒伏性之间的关系,籽粒脱水进程和收获籽粒含水率对品种、施氮量和种植密度的响应,该研究以先玉335和陕单609为试验材料,设置0、180和225 kg/hm^(2)三个氮肥水平,6.5×10^(4)和8.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2)两个种植密度,通过2 a大田试验研究品种、种植密度和氮肥对株高、茎粗、穗位系数、抗折强度、弯曲力矩、倒伏系数、灌浆末期籽粒脱水速率、收获籽粒含水率、产量和生物量等的影响。结果表明:不施氮条件下,株高和茎粗对倒伏系数影响较大;施氮条件下,倒伏系数主要受弯曲力矩、抗折强度和株高影响。施氮显著降低陕单609的倒伏系数(P<0.05),施氮处理下陕单609的株高和茎粗较不施氮处理分别增加8%~21%和26%~45%,抗折强度和弯曲力矩分别增加157%~277%和72%~114%,倒伏系数降低30%~47%。施氮可降低籽粒脱水速率,推迟脱水进程,显著增加收获籽粒含水率(P<0.05)。施氮处理籽粒含水率较不施氮处理提高7%~9%。高密度处理收获籽粒含水率比低密度处理低3%(P<0.05)。先玉335的籽粒脱水速率快,收获籽粒含水率比陕单609低7%(P<0.05)。与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理产量和生物量分别显著提高92%和63%(P<0.05)。与低密度处理相比,高密度处理产量显著增加12%(P<0.05)。综上所述,春玉米的倒伏性、灌浆后期籽粒脱水速率及收获籽粒含水率受品种特性影响,也受施肥、栽培措施和气候条件的显著影响。选育籽粒脱水快的品种、适当增加种植密度并合理统筹氮肥施用量可以提高春玉米机械化收获适宜性。

控制排水条件下黄豆氮磷吸收利用及产量的试验研究

为揭示控制排水条件下黄豆氮磷吸收利用及产量的影响机理,2019—2020年连续2年在湖北省漳河灌区开展了自由排水(埋深1.2 m)、定水位排水(埋深0.6 m)、变水位排水(埋深0.4~0.8 m)3种排水处理条件下黄豆种植小区试验。试验结果表明:定水位排水处理条件下的黄豆产量最高,分别为1795.5 kg/hm^(2)(2019年)和2118.2 kg/hm^(2)(2020年);氮、磷吸收利用效率在定水位排水处理条件下的最大,氮肥偏生产力分别为7.70 kg/kg(2019年)、9.08 kg/kg(2020年),磷肥偏生产力分别为15.42 kg/kg(2019年)、18.19 kg/kg(2020年);定水位排水处理条件下的氮素收获指数为最高,达50.0%(2020年),比自由排水处理条件下和变水位排水处理条件下的分别高2.3%和2.8%;磷素收获指数也是在定水位排水处理条件下的最高,为37.6%(2020年),比自由排水处理条件下和变水位排水处理条件下的分别高3.1%和0.7%。定水位排水处理条件(埋深0.6 m)不仅有利于提高黄豆的产量,同时也有利于提高植株的氮、磷肥吸收利用效率,是漳河灌区黄豆种植较优的排水处理模式。

不同氮收获指数水稻基因型的氮代谢特征

采用土培盆栽试验,以3个氮收获指数(NHI)有显著差异的水稻基因型4434(低NHI)、滇瑞302(中NHI)和余赤23(高NHI)为材料,研究了灌浆期叶片、穗颈和籽粒的氮代谢特点及与NHI的关系。结果表明,各基因型的籽粒产量、收获指数和籽粒氮积累量与NHI的变化一致,均以余赤231最大。花后植株氮素转运量表现为4434<滇瑞302<余赤231,基因型间差异极显著,而氮素转运率和转运氮的贡献率差异较小。成熟期水稻茎叶和籽粒的全氮含量、蛋白氮和非蛋白氮含量均表现为4434<滇瑞302<余赤231,全氮含量和蛋白氮含量存在显著差异,而非蛋白氮无显著差异;余赤231茎叶蛋白氮积累量显著低于4434和滇瑞302,而籽粒蛋白氮积累量显著升高,是高NHI水稻氮积累的主要特征。余赤231灌浆期叶片和籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性显著高于4434和滇瑞302,有利于叶片游离氨基酸合成及外运,使得穗颈节伤流强度和游离氨基酸含量升高,为籽粒氮素积累提供了物质基础;同时,较高的籽粒GS和GOGAT活性促进了籽粒蛋白质合成,提高了NHI。逐步回归表明,灌浆期较高的穗颈伤流游离氨基酸含量是高NHI水稻氮代谢的主要生理特征,与较高的花后氮转运量和籽粒蛋白氮积累量可共同作为水稻氮素高效管理和遗传改良的可靠指标。

玉米氮营养效率基因型差异研究

研究了陕西省近几年来推广的18个玉米杂交种的农艺性状和N营养效率状况,结果表明,在低N条件下,大部分农艺性状变异程度进一步拉大,农艺性状与产量的相关性变化各异。供试品种N营养效率差异显著,单株N积累量平均1.4954g,变动于1.0165～1.9314g,N利用效率变幅为50.57～71.02,N收获指数变幅为0.5305～0.6923,相关分析表明,吐丝期根系干重、根冠比、棒三叶N积累、籽粒N积累与总N积累量相关显著,收获指数与N收获指数、N利用效率有较高的相关性。

氮肥运筹对稻茬麦区弱筋小麦生理特性、品质及产量的调控效应

为探索有效改善弱筋小麦生理特性、品质和产量的氮肥运筹方式,于2016—2017年设置不同施氮量N0(0kg·hm^-2)、N1(120kg·hm^-2)、N2(180kg·hm^-2)、N3(240kg·hm^-2)和不同基追比(7∶3、6∶4、5∶5)试验,研究不同施氮量和基追比对小麦光合效应、产量及品质的影响。结果显示,相同施氮量下,基追比为6∶4时,小麦的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度、光合速率均最高;相同基追比下,施氮量增加120kg·hm^-2(N1比N0、N3比N1)能显著提高小麦的叶绿素含量(灌浆中期基追比6∶4除外)、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度和光合速率。施氮量为120kg·hm^-2和180kg·hm^-2时,3个基追比下小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值(N2下基追比5∶5的处理除外)和硬度指数均符合弱筋小麦国家标准;施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时,基追比5∶5处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,且各基追比间的品质指标差异不显著。总体上,施氮量相同时以基追比6∶4最利于高产,但施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,因此,施氮量180kg·hm^-2左右、基追比6∶4是安徽省稻茬麦区适宜的氮肥运筹方式。

施氮量对不同氮效率水稻花后干物质和氮积累与转运的影响

选用3个氮利用效率(NUE)和3个氮收获指数(NHI)显著不同的水稻基因型,在土培盆栽试验下,研究了施氮量(0、180和360kg/hm2)对水稻花后植株干物质和氮积累与转运的影响及与氮营养效率的关系。结果表明,施氮降低了水稻NUE和NHI,NUE和NHI差异分别以低氮和高氮为最大。施氮提高了水稻干物质和氮总积累量、花后积累量及转运量。不同NHI水稻花后干物质和氮转运率及转运贡献率随施氮量增加而增加,不同NUE水稻则降低。不同NUE水稻花前干物质积累和花后转运量差异最大,不同NHI水稻花后干物质积累和转运差异量最大。不同NUE水稻花后氮积累量差异最大,不同NHI水稻花后氮积累和转运差异最大。相关分析表明,水稻NUE与干物质积累总量、花后氮积累量、氮转运率和转运氮贡献率密切相关;而NHI与花后干物质转运量和转运氮贡献率的关系最大。因此,同一施氮量下,增加水稻干物质积累总量、降低花后氮积累量和促进花后氮高效转运是提高NUE的重要措施,提高花后干物质转运量和转运氮贡献率则有利于提高NHI。

施氮模式对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆的影响

为进一步明确夏玉米在基肥和拔节期施肥的基础上增施吐丝肥的增产机理,于2011年在中国农业大学吴桥试验站布置了田间试验。共设置4种施氮模式：即模式Ⅰ,施氮量90 kg·hm-2（播前90 kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅱ,施氮量190 kg·hm-2（播前150 kg·hm-2＋拔节40 kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅲ,施氮量250 kg·hm-2（播前90 kg·hm-2＋拔节160kg·hm-2）;模式Ⅳ,施氮量300 kg·hm-2（播前50 kg·hm-2＋拔节150 kg·hm-2＋吐丝100 kg·hm-2）。本研究对比分析了不同施氮模式对夏玉米产量和籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,在施基肥和拔节肥的基础上,再追施吐丝肥,与不施吐丝肥的模式相比,其吐丝后11~20 d、21~30 d、31~40 d内,每天增加的枯叶数分别减少0.01~0.02片、0.01~0.05片、0.02~0.04片;吐丝后穗位叶SPAD值的峰值有所提高,灌浆中后期SPAD值下降延缓;模式Ⅳ与模式Ⅲ相比灌浆速率峰值提高8.5%,籽粒体积得到显著提高。夏玉米吐丝后籽粒的吸氮量显著提高（模式Ⅳ籽粒吸氮峰值分别是模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的1.65倍、1.45倍、1.31倍）,氮收获指数增加2.5~13.3个百分点,穗粒数增加。与穗粒数相比,吐丝期增施氮肥（模式Ⅳ）对千粒重的促进更显著,可改善夏玉米产量因子和部分穗部性状,与模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ相比,分别增产200 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2、400 kg·hm-2。夏玉米增施吐丝肥可以延缓吐丝后光合面积下降,从而为籽粒灌浆提供较多的源,最终提高粒重和产量。

氮肥基追比对高产冬小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为确定高产冬小麦生产过程中氮肥的合理施用时期及比例,实现氮肥资源高效利用。采用田间试验方法,研究了豫北超高产田总施氮量240kg/hm2条件下,不同氮肥运筹模式对冬小麦产量、地上部氮素吸收与积累及氮素效率的影响。结果表明,同一施氮量下,与氮肥全部基施处理相比,氮肥分次施用可增加冬小麦产量、氮素积累量,提高氮素回收率、农学效率、吸收效率和收获指数,降低土壤氮素依存率,其中N3处理最佳。冬小麦返青期前对氮的积累量约占总积累量的9.4%～11.2%,返青期后对氮的需求量大,返青至灌浆期可吸收氮素63.3%～66.6%,灌浆期后可吸收氮素23.5%～25.9%;N3处理植株各生育阶段氮积累量较高。氮肥1/3底施+1/3返青期追施+1/3拔节期追施是本试验条件下兼顾小麦产量及氮素效率的最佳运筹方式。

施N水平对油菜杂交种及其亲本氮素利用效率的影响

通过测定不同施N水平下油菜杂交种及其亲本各器官的干物重和含N量,研究了施N水平对油菜杂交种及其亲本氮素利用效率的影响,结果表明:①油菜的氮素干物质生产效率(NUEp)、氮素籽粒生产效率(NUEg)以及氮素收获指数(NH I)均随施N水平的增加而显著降低。②不施氮肥条件下杂交种的NUEp和NUEg与其亲本相近,在施氮量为240和360 Kg/hm2条件下显著高于其亲本。③杂交种的NH I在不施N肥和360 Kg/hm2条件下与其亲本相近,而施N量为120、240 Kg/hm2时显著高于其亲本。④NUEg比NUEp和NH I更适合作为反映油菜N素效率高低的指标。

皖草2号和墨西哥玉米氮肥利用效率分析

采用^15N同位素示踪技术，进行了皖草2号和墨西哥玉米两种饲料作物对氮素的吸收、积累、分配规律以及氮素利用特性的研究。结果表明，生育期内两者的氮积累量逐渐增加；氮在叶片中的分配比例最高，且随刈割次数的增加逐渐减少，茎鞘中氮分配比例逐渐增加；氮素吸收强度皖草2号逐渐增加，墨西哥玉米呈单峰曲线变化。墨西哥玉米再生草吸收氮素来自肥料的比率为97．6％～100．0％，在整个生育期呈斜“z”字型变化；皖草2号逐渐减少。氮肥处理间比较，头茬草一次性施肥处理吸收肥料氮比分次施肥处理分别高18．2％和19．3％；再生草的氮素吸收强度以分次施肥效果较好；氮收获指数两处理间差异不显著。皖草2号各次收获草干重、全氮含量、氮累积量和氮回收率均高于墨西哥玉米，且分次施肥处理高于一次性施肥处理，而墨西哥玉米则相反。生产上皖草2号品种应采用分次施用氮肥，而墨西哥玉米则采用一次性施肥的方式，这样既可提高氮肥利用效率，还可获得优质的牧草。

不同品种油菜生长后期体内氮素转运及再分配差异研究

为探明影响油菜生长后期氮素再分配的生理因素及其与氮素利用效率的关系,本文在严格控制氮素供应水平的砂培条件下,采用15N示踪技术研究了不同氮素水平下2个油菜品种吸收氮素后在体内的分配、转运及损失情况。结果表明,供试2个油菜品种的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒含氮量、植株全氮、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮收获指数均存在较大差异,且以上差异因氮素水平不同而有所不同。常氮处理下,品种"742"的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮素收获指数均高于品种"814";低氮处理下,品种"742"的植株含氮量、籽粒含氮量、收获指数和氮素收获指数高于品种"814",而生物产量、籽粒产量、植株全氮和籽粒全氮低于品种"814"。采用15N示踪方法测定油菜生长后期氮素再分配的结果表明,供试油菜品种生长后期营养器官氮素减少量及其比例、转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量存在明显差异。不同氮素水平下,品种"742"大多数营养器官的氮素减少量均高于品种"814",而且茎的减少量差异最为明显。常氮水平下,品种"742"根、叶中氮素减少比例均少于品种"814",而茎中氮素减少量远远大于品种"814";低氮水平下,品种"742"根、茎、叶中氮素减少比例均大于品种"814"。在常氮和低氮处理下转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量均表现为,品种"742"向角果皮再分配的氮素低于品种"814",向籽粒再分配的氮素则高于"814"。T检验结果表明,2个品种除常氮条件下向角果皮再分配的氮素之外,其他再分配氮素的差异都达到显著水平,说明油菜生长后期由营养器官向生殖器官的氮素再分配有助于提高氮素利用效率。油菜生长后期氮素损失量表现为,品种"742"在常氮处理下的氮素损失量及其比例小于品种"814",低氮处理时反之。

水氮互作对石羊河流域春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响

【目的】探讨西北旱区春小麦最佳的水氮耦合形式。【方法】在甘肃石羊河流域绿洲区采用田间试验,研究不同生育阶段的水量分配以及氮肥处理对春小麦群体产量和水氮利用的影响。【结果】施氮量、拔节期和抽穗期灌水对干旱区春小麦的产量影响显著;施氮量168 kg/hm2,并于拔节期灌水90 mm、抽穗期灌水70 mm,小麦可获得较高的籽粒产量。水氮对小麦地上干物质累积量的影响与对籽粒产量的影响相似,但抽穗期灌水对地上干物质累积量影响不显著。在施氮量224 kg/hm2、抽穗期和灌浆期灌水均为50 mm的条件下,小麦可获得较高的收获指数。在生产中考虑提高小麦收获指数时,首先应保证较高的籽粒产量。分蘖期和灌浆期灌水均为30 mm时,小麦的水分利用效率高达2.424 kg/m3,但产量降低约45%。施氮量对小麦地上干物质和籽粒氮素累积量影响显著;拔节期灌水90 mm、施氮量168 kg/hm2时,小麦籽粒的氮素累积量最大。【结论】石羊河流域春小麦最优灌水施氮模式为:施氮量168 kg/hm2,全生育期灌水4次,拔节期灌水90 mm,分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期均灌水60 mm。

不同间作播期和密度对甜瓜/向日葵间作系统氮素利用效率的影响

在大田条件下以甜瓜和向日葵为试材,研究两种作物单作和向日葵间作播期(甜瓜伸蔓期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期)、间作密度[高(24 975株·hm^(-2))、中(22 200株·hm^(-2))和低(19 980株·hm^(-2))]对间作系统和两种作物单作的氮素积累量、氮素利用效率和光能利用效率的影响。结果表明,间作显著提高了间作系统甜瓜的氮素累积和利用效率,却降低了向日葵的氮素累积和利用效率。间作甜瓜植株地上部的氮素累积量平均为195.08 kg·hm^(-2),较单作甜瓜(172.61 kg·hm^(-2))提高13.0%,氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于单作(分别提高40.5%和55.4%)。间作系统向日葵氮素利用效率和氮肥偏生产力较单作降低8.2%和58.4%,而氮素收获指数较单作提高4.9%。在甜瓜伸蔓期、开花坐果期和果实膨大期间作向日葵,间作系统的氮素利用效率较同播期的单作向日葵分别提高43.5%、12.5%和59.8%;果实膨大期间作向日葵,间作系统的氮素利用效率较单作甜瓜提高6.7%。在甜瓜伸蔓期、开花坐果期和果实膨大期间作向日葵,间作系统的氮肥偏生产力较同播期的单作向日葵提高6.5%、32.1%和40.4%,较单作甜瓜分别降低22.5%、10.1%和34.3%;在甜瓜伸蔓期、开花坐果期和果实膨大期间作向日葵,间作系统的氮素收获指数较同播期的单作向日葵分别降低7.2%、7.7%和12.5%。高、中和低3个间作密度下,间作系统的氮素利用效率较同密度甜瓜单作分别降低14.2%、20.4%和13.9%,较向日葵单作分别提高25.2%、20.0%和9.5%,氮肥偏生产力较同密度甜瓜单作降低29.6%、15.6%和21.1%;高密度和低密度间作处理的间作系统氮素收获指数较向日葵单作提高2.7%和1.4%,而中密度间作降低7.6%。间作系统甜瓜的光能利用效率与氮素利用效率呈显著正相关关系,向日葵的光能利用效率与氮素利用效率无显著相关。在河西绿洲灌溉条件下,氮素利用率较高的适宜向日葵间作播期为甜瓜果实膨大期,适宜间作株距为40 cm(密度为24 975株·hm^(-2))。

适宜灌水施氮方式提高制种玉米产量及水氮利用效率

为通过不同灌水施氮方式调控干旱区作物收获指数提高资源利用效率,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,进行了为期2 a的田间试验。试验采用灌水方式(交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水)与施氮方式(交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮)完全随机组合设计,测定生育期内作物耗水量(evapotranspiration,ET)和成熟期植株的生物量、籽粒产量及其构成(穗长、穗粗、行粒数和千粒质量等)和作物吸氮量,折算收获指数(harvest index,HI)、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和氮利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)。结果表明,灌水施氮方式只对行粒数有显著影响。ET只受灌水方式影响,交替灌水较其他灌水方式显著减小ET。WUE表现为:灌水方式相同时,交替施氮和均匀施氮大于固定施氮;施氮方式相同时,交替灌水>均匀灌水>固定灌水。玉米的吸氮量、HI和NUE与WUE表现出相似的规律。2013年交替灌水均匀施氮下制种玉米的HI、WUE和NUE最大,较均匀灌水均匀施氮分别增加5.46%、11.41%和19.73%。交替灌水交替施氮(水氮同区)的表现与交替灌水均匀施氮相似。2014年的结果与2013年一致。综上,交替隔沟灌溉均匀施氮和交替隔沟灌溉交替施氮(水氮同区)有利于提高制种玉米的产量和水氮利用效率。