Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potassium Fertilizers on Soft Rot of Konjac Based on Grey Correlation Analysis

[Objective] The effects of different application amounts of nitrogen, phos-phate and potassium fertilizers on soft rot of konjac were investigated in this study. [Method] The grey correlation analysis was adopted to evaluate the correlation be-tween the application amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers and the occurrence of soft rot of konjac. [Result] The excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer would induce the occurrence of soft rot of konjac, but the application of potassium fertilizer had a good control effect on soft rot. [Conclusion] The applica-tion amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be control ed reasonably in the planting of konjac, but the application amount of phosphate and potassium fertilizer could be in-creased to some extent, reducing the occurrence of soft rot of konjac.

Production Benefits of Double-Cropping Rice Under Optimized Application of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers Combined with Chinese Milk Vetch and Straw Co-Returning to Fields

In order to explore the technology and effects of reducing nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications in double-cropping rice,a field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with returning Chinese milk vetch and straw to fields on yield,fertilizer utilization efficiency,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),chlorophyll content(SPAD value)and soil physical and chemical properties in late rice harvest period.The results showed that the optimized application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers combined with the integrated technology of Chinese milk vetch and straw co-returning to the field could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of double-cropping rice,increase rice yield,and enhance soil biological activity,especially T4 treatment involving the returning of Chinese milk vetch and straw to the field instead of 30%nitrogen fertilizer achieved the highest rice yield,fertilizer use efficiency,net photosynthetic rate and soil biological activity.Compared with the conventional fertilization treatment T2,the total rice yield of T4 treatment increased by 4.1%,among which the early rice and late rice increased by 6.3%and 2.4%,respectively;Pn,Gs and SPAD values of flag leaves at full heading stage significantly increased,and the contents of soil active organic carbon,alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and readily available potassium significantly increased.

Influences of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethyl pyrazole phosphate on nitrogen and soil salt-ion leaching

An undisturbed heavy clay soil column experiment was conducted to examine the influence of the new nitrification inhibitor, 3,4- dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP）, on nitrogen and soil salt-ion leaching. Regular urea was selected as the nitrogen source in the soil. The results showed that the cumulative leaching losses of soil nitrate-N under the treatment of urea with DMPP were from 57.5% to 63.3% lower than those of the treatment of urea without DMPP. The use of nitrification inhibitors as nitrate leaching retardants may be a proposal in regulations to prevent groundwater contaminant. However, there were no great difference between urea and urea with DMPP treatments on ammonium-N leaching. Moreover, the soil salt-ion leaching losses of Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, and Na^＋ were reduced from 26.6% to 28.8%, 21.3% to 27.8%, 33.3% to 35.5%, and 21.7% to 32.1%, respectively. So, the leaching losses of soil salt-ion were declined for nitrification inhibitor DMPP addition, being beneficial to shallow groundwater protection and growth of crop. These results indicated the possibility of ammonium or ammonium producing compounds using nitrification inhibitor DMPP to control the nitrate and nutrient cation leaching losses, minimizing the risk of nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer with Nitrification Inhibitor DMPP (3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate) on Nitrate Accumulation and Quality of Cabbage(Brassica campastris L.ssp. pekinesis)

To assess the effects of N fertilizer ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2SO4 plus NH4NO3;ASN] with the new nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)(ASN+DMPP) on yield, nitrate accumulation, and quality of cabbage (Brassica campastrisL. ssp. pekinesis), two field trials were carried out under various soil-climaticconditions in Jinhua City and Xinchang County, Zhejiang Province of China in 2002.Results showed that DMPP could increase the mean yield by+2.0tha-1 in Jinhua, +5.5tha-1 inXinchang, decrease NO3--N content by -9.4% in Jinhua, -7.3% in Xinchang and improvenutritional quality by increasing vitamin C (VC), soluble sugar, K, Fe, Zn contentssignificantly.

Total Amount Control Test of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Phosphate Fertilizer on Winter Wheat

[Objective] This study was conducted to optimize the suitable application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer for winter wheat.[Method] A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the application amounts of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on the yield of winter wheat.[Result]The quadratic simulation function between the application of nitrogen fertilizer and wheat yield was y =-0.6611x^2＋20.091 x ＋234.85,with a correlation coefficient of0.970 8,and the yield of winter wheat was the highest at the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer of 228.0 kg/hm^2.The quadratic simulation function between the application of phosphate fertilizer and wheat yield was y =-0.572 6x^2＋13.168 x ＋340.4,with a correlation coefficient of 0.921 95,and the yield of winter wheat was the highest at the application amount of phosphate fertilizer of 172.5 kg/hm^2.[Conclusion] This study provides a scientific basis for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer on winter wheat.

Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Identification of microRNAs involved in crosstalk between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under multiple nutrient deficiency in sorghum

Nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)are important for plant growth and development.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play important roles in regulating plant response to nutrient(N,P,and K)deficiencies.Several miRNAs have been identified under nutrient deficiency conditions in many plant species.However,the manner in which miRNAs regulate the interaction between NPK signaling pathways under multiple nutrient deficiency remains largely unknown.We systematically compared and identified microRNAs involved in both single and triple NPK nutrient deficiency responses.We identified 32 shoot and 17 root miRNAs differentially expressed under potassium deficiency.Several NP starvation-associated miRNAs including miR169s and miR399s,were also regulated by K deficiency.Several identified miRNAs including miR5565c,miR5564,and miR1432 have not previously been associated with respectively N,P,and K deficiency(−N,−P,and−K).Expression correlation analysis between miRNAs and their predicted targets showed that miR169,miR172,and miR160 displayed expression trends exactly opposite to those of their corresponding predicted targets.Of 550 predicted novel miRNAs,novel_mir_42 was upregulated in shoots under−K but was downregulated under−N and−P.The effects of combined NPK starvation were not a simple addition of the individual stresses on sorghum seedlings.The identified common and specific differentially expressed miRNAs were observed under single and combined NPK deficiencies.These findings will help to further elucidate the functions of microRNAs and their interactions under multiple nutrient deficiency.

Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the uptake and utilization of potassium by various rice varieties in purple soil

Nitrogen and potassium are important nutrientelements for rice.Besides supplied by the or- ganic manure,potassium nutrition of ricecomes dominantly from purple soils in Sichuanbasin.Potassium exists abundantly in mineralforms in the purple soils.Availability of soilpotassium for crop depends on the potassiumforms,the uptake ability of crops,and fertiliz-er practices.A pot culture experiment wasconducted to study the kinetics of potassiumuptake in the purple soil(total N 22.64g·kg,total K 24.36g·kg,available N 102.6mg·kg,available K 140.6mg·kg,acidsoluble K 936.0mg·kg,and pH 6.8).Ma-terials used were three Fhybrid rices,Eryou

Plant Nutrient Status during Boll Development and Seed Cotton Yield as Affected by Foliar Application of Different Sources of Potassium

Bt cotton hybrids require large supply of metabolites to support their greater boll load and commonly suffer from premature leaf senescence. A field experiment was conducted to study the nutritional status of Bt cotton leaves during boll development stage and to evaluate the most profitable source of foliar fertilizers. Treatments included basal application of 0 and 60 kg·K2O·ha-1 as muriate of potash (MOP) in main plots and foliar spray treatments viz: 4 & 6 sprays of 2% potassium nitrate (Multi-K, 13-00-45), 4 & 6 sprays of NPK Blend (Polyfed, 19-19-19), 4 sprays of MOP, 4 sprays of MOP + urea (to supply same amount of N & K as in potassium nitrate) and unsprayed control in sub plots. The results revealed that only N and K contents of premature senesced leaves were below the sufficiency range for cotton sufficient levels of P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were observed. Though the concentrations of N and K in both the petiole and leaf blade initially improved with foliar spray, N content declined below the unsprayed control at later stages. Basal application of MOP increased seed cotton yield by 19%. Four foliar sprays of KNO3, NPK, MOP and MOP + urea recorded yield increase in seed cotton yield of 22.8%, 22.4%, 18.5% and 24.5%, respectively over unsprayed control. Six sprays of KNO3 and NPK had no yield advantage over four sprays and rather proved economically less viable.

氮、磷、钾配施对葛根生长及品质的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根生长及品质的影响,为葛根高效栽培提供合理的施肥技术支撑和理论依据,采用L_(9)(3~4)正交试验设计,研究氮、磷、钾配施对葛根产量和主要功能成分的影响,明确研究区葛根氮、磷、钾的最佳施用量。结果表明,不同施肥方案对葛根产量和功能成分的影响显著,其中以N_(3)P_(1)K_(2)(N 270kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)45 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))处理的产量和总黄酮含量最高,分别为2.13 kg/株和83.10 mg/g;N_(1)P_(3)K_(2)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2))的葛根素含量最高,为24.85 mg/g,N_(1)P_(2)K_(3)(N 90 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)90 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 135 kg/hm^(2))处理的大豆苷和大豆苷元含量均为最高,分别为22.96和2.55 mg/g。氮、磷、钾肥配施对葛根产量和葛根素含量影响的大小顺序为氮肥>钾肥>磷肥。以葛根产量为目标的最佳施肥量为N 270 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2),以葛根品质提升为目标的最佳施肥量为N 180 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)135 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 90 kg/hm^(2)。

2种常用肥料在马铃薯种植条件下肥力转化速率研究

[目的]研究2种肥料在土壤中的转化时间,从而判断养分供给时间和能力,为确定科学施肥时间提供数据支持。[方法]以马铃薯生产中常用的2种肥料为处理,分别是硫酸钾、磷酸二铵。并设置3个土壤含水量处理,分别为25%、35%、45%。设定取样时间,测定肥料剩余量并计算肥料的溶解量和溶解率。[结果]磷酸二铵和硫酸钾分别在施肥后第5天和第56天时溶解量超过或接近50%,可将其标定最佳养分吸收期。磷酸二铵施入21 d后,肥料不再转化,整体上随着土壤水分含量的提高,磷酸二铵溶解能力增强,养分供应能力变大,但持续供养能力变弱。试验周期内硫酸钾养分释放比较平均,在土壤含水量25%和35%条件下,施肥后28 d内为养分高效供应期,28 d后养分供应趋于稳定。在土壤含水量45%条件下,施肥后49 d内为养分高效供应期。整体上看,含水量45%更有利于硫酸钾高效供养时间的延长。[结论]可将磷酸二铵和硫酸钾的溶解能力作为肥料养分供应的指标,但只能应用于矿质元素类肥料,因有机肥料溶解后还涉及矿质化过程,对有机类肥料不具备指导意义。

基于磷酸二氢铵-氯化钾的新型氮磷钾水溶肥制备工艺及氯含量调控研究

农业绿色高质量发展对农业肥料的品质提出了更高要求,其中新型水溶肥的开发受到了极大关注。本文以磷酸二氢铵和工业氯化钾为原料,通过复分解工艺,制备了新型氮磷钾水溶肥,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,考察了原料质量比、原料添加量、反应温度以及搅拌速度等因素对氮磷钾水溶肥中的氯含量及产率的影响。结果表明:原料质量比对氮磷钾水溶肥的制备具有决定性影响;在原料质量比为1∶1、NH_(4)H_(2)PO_(4)和KCl添加量均为20 g、反应温度为80℃、搅拌速度为500 r/min时制备的氮磷钾水溶肥中氯含量最低,产率最高,产物组分主要是K_(0.37)(NH_(4))_(0.63)H_(2)PO_(4)。研究成果可为我国高效、环保新型肥料的研发提供参考。

钾肥和氮肥配施对北疆棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响

为探究不同钾肥用量对氮肥减量下棉花干物质积累分配及产量的影响,采用裂区试验设计,设置施钾量为主区,分别为0、120.0、240.0 kg/hm^(2)3个水平;施氮量为副区,分别为地方常规施氮(375.0 kg/hm^(2))、10%减量施氮(337.5 kg/hm^(2))、20%减量施氮(300.0 kg/hm^(2))、30%减量施氮(262.5 kg/hm^(2))和不施氮(0 kg/hm^(2))5个水平,共15个处理。于2023年在沙湾市大泉乡进行田间试验,研究分析了减氮增钾对棉花产量、净光合速率、SPAD、干物质积累及分配的影响。结果表明,施钾240.0 kg/hm^(2)、施氮337.5 kg/hm^(2)处理棉花产量达7704.51 kg/hm^(2),较常规施氮不施钾处理显著提高28.05%,减氮10%~20%、配施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥较不施钾肥常规施氮处理显著提高了棉花的净光合速率、单株干物质积累量,营养器官干物质积累量、生殖器官干物质积累量,提高了单铃重和单株铃数。增施240.0 kg/hm^(2)钾肥和减施10%氮肥(337.5 kg/hm^(2))可实现减氮增产的效果。

不同钾肥对水肥一体化下烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响

为解决平顶山烟区烤烟钾含量偏低的问题,以烤烟品种中烟100为材料,基于水肥一体化栽培管理,研究了不同钾肥对烤烟碳氮代谢与钾吸收的影响。结果表明:配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥,以及施用缓释钾肥和生物钾肥都能提高烟株光合能力与碳氮代谢水平,促进烟株生长发育,促进效应依次是缓释钾肥>生物钾肥>自制钾肥。施用不同种类钾肥能够提高烟株体内SOD等保护酶的活性,增强烤烟抗性,这种促进效应的基本顺序是生物钾肥>缓释钾肥>自制钾肥。钾代谢相关基因表达分析表明,这三种钾肥的合理使用能够有效促进钾的吸收与转运、减少钾的外排,进而增加烟株中钾的储存。配合水肥一体化四次追施自制钾肥和施用缓释钾肥两个处理对中上部烟叶钾含量有明显的提升作用。

直播油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率试验探究

近年来,勉县直播油菜得到了突飞猛进的发展,面积已占全县油菜种植面积的80%以上。为准确掌握直播油菜的需肥规律和精准施肥,勉县农业技术推广中心开展了直播油菜肥料利用率试验,通过试验测算得知:勉县直播油菜在推广氮磷钾配方施肥技术的前提下,每生产100kg油菜籽需要吸收纯氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾分别是5.02 kg、2.57 kg、6.22 kg;氮肥利用率46.5%、磷肥利用率18.9%、钾肥利用率53.1%。

不同配方基肥对温郁金产量及其营养元素含量的影响

本试验研究了基肥氮磷钾不同比例配施对温郁金产量与品质的影响,为提高温郁金产量及品质提供科学依据。本研究采用大田试验,设置4个不同的施肥配方,各处理基肥用量均为750 kg·hm^(-2)。结果表明,在氮磷钾总用量相等的前提下,基施配方肥2的温郁金产量最高,与常规施肥比较,温郁金地下部分根茎、块根分别增产11.3%、17.9%。配方肥1和3相较常规施肥也提高了温郁金的产量,但统计上无显著差异。与常规施肥相比,配方肥处理提高了温郁金中氮和磷含量。同时,基施配方肥还可以提高根茎、块根中Ca、Mg及微量元素Zn、B等含量。综上,基肥施用配方肥2既能提高温郁金产量,又能提高根茎、块根中的大量元素及中微量元素含量,具有较好的推广应用价值。

氮肥和钾肥减施对沙地马铃薯生长及产量的影响

利用田间试验探讨氮肥和钾肥减施对马铃薯生长和产量的影响,为榆林北部风沙区马铃薯绿色高效栽培的科学施肥提供理论基础。本试验设置N_(95)K_(100)(N95%、K100%)、N_(90)K_(100)(N90%、K100%)、N_(100)K_(95)(N100%、K95%)、N_(100)K_(90)(N100%、K90%)、N_(100)K_(100)(N100%、K100%)五个处理。结果表明:在马铃薯整个生育期,N_(100)K_(100)处理的株高、叶片SPAD值、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)均为最高。在苗期-块茎形成期,两种减氮处理(N_(95)K_(100)和N_(90)K_(100))的株高、叶片SPAD值、叶片Pn值和Ci值低于两种减钾处理(N_(100)K_(90)和N_(100)K_(90));在块茎膨大期-成熟期,两种减氮处理的茎粗、叶片SPAD值、叶片Pn值、Ci值和Gs值均高于两种减钾处理,且N_(90)K_(100)处理的上述指标显著高于两种减钾处理(P<0.05)。N_(90)K_(100)处理的马铃薯产量略低于N_(100)K_(100)处理,但显著高于其他处理8.01%~18.53%(P<0.05),且N_(90)K_(100)处理的马铃薯的商品薯率显著高于其他处理5.99%~17.58%(P<0.05)。因此,N_(90)K_(100)处理可减少氮肥投入,有助于马铃薯产量稳定和商品薯率提高。

不同施肥处理对谷子光合指标及产量性状的影响

为了提升谷子产量和品质,采用大田试验并测定不同施肥量条件下谷子叶片的光合指标及产量构成因素,通过隶属函数公式计算综合评价值对各施肥处理进行综合评价。结果表明,施肥后谷子叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度均比对照处理有所增加,胞间二氧化碳浓度基本上呈减少趋势,各处理间在各指标上均具有显著性差异且以N 3P 1K 2处理最优;产量随着无机肥施入量的增加出现先上升后下降的动态趋势,N 3P 1K 2处理下谷子穗粗、穗长、穗重、穗粒重、千粒重以及产量均高于其他处理,其净光合速率较未施肥处理提升42.06%,蒸腾速率提升105.91%,气孔导度提升87.04%,胞间CO 2浓度降低29.37%,产量提升31.03%。正交分析得出,N对产量影响最大,K 2O次之,P 2O 5的影响作用最小。综上,氮肥施用量为225 kg·hm^(-2),磷肥施用量为50 kg·hm^(-2),钾肥施用量为60 kg·hm^(-2)时,谷子的光合能力较高,产量较为理想。

磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收和磷肥利用效率的影响

为探究磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对棉花养分吸收、磷肥利用效率及棉花产量的影响,本研究基于国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测站5年田间微区棉花连作定位试验,以7种施肥措施为样本,于2022年棉花成熟期开展棉田土壤田间调查研究。结果表明,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能提升棉株氮磷钾养分吸收,各器官氮素平均含量在1.75~40.90 g·kg^(-1)之间,磷素平均含量在1.46~11.28 g·kg^(-1)之间,钾素平均含量在3.11~25.03 g·kg^(-1)之间。综合肥料投入和养分吸收,50%的磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田最能增强棉株吸氮能力和促进干物质积累,50%的磷肥有机替代对棉株吸磷能力最强且最有利于实现棉花节肥增钾的效果。棉株各器官N:P变化范围为1.20~12.01,磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田使茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳的N∶P明显降低,棉株生物量、籽棉产量随茎、叶、蕾/铃/壳N∶P的降低而增加,本试验棉花生长更倾向于受N、P共同限制。磷肥利用率随有机替代量的增加从12.54%提升到33.04%,土壤磷素盈余量随有机替代量的增加从28.20 kg·hm^(-2)降低到19.66 kg·hm^(-2)。研究表明,在北疆灰漠土棉区采用50%磷肥有机替代,即施磷(P2O5)60.0 kg·hm^(-2)和配施羊粪9 784.8 kg·hm^(-2),对棉花产量、生物量、养分吸收的综合效应最优,值得推广应用。