Suppression of weeds and weed seeds in the soil by stubbles and no-tillage in an arid maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau of China

Reduced tillage provides ecological and economic benefits to arable land on the Loess Plateau of China, where soil erosion has long been a serious problem and soil water availability is largely restricted. However, high abundances of weeds in reduced tillage systems cause significant yield losses. In this study, we explored the effects of no-tillage and stubble retention on the number and density of weeds and weed seeds in a 12-year maize-winter wheat-common vetch rotation on the Loess Plateau. Four treatments including conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage＋stubble retention and no-tillage＋stubble retention were designed and applied. We found that no-tillage increased the number of weed species and weed density in most of the crops, while stubble retention decreased weed density in maize and tended to suppress weeds in both no-tillage treatments（no-tillage and no-tillage＋stubble retention）. No-tillage led to an increase in the number of weed species in the weed seedbank and tended to increase seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat, but it decreased seed density during post-vetch fallow. Stubble retention tended to reduce seed density during the spring growth of winter wheat and post-vetch fallow. We concluded that no-tillage can promote weeds in the experimental crop rotation, while stubble retention suppresses weeds in untilled fields. The combined effects of stubble retention and no-tillage on weed suppression varied among the three crops. Based on these results, we recommend stubble retention in untilled legume-crop rotations on the Loess Plateau to improve the control of weeds.

免耕条件下农田休闲期直立作物残茬对土壤风蚀的影响

为了探讨直立作物残茬防治农田土壤风蚀发生的机理,该文利用风洞试验和野外观测相结合的方法,分析土壤免耕条件下直立作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响。风洞试验研究表明:翻耕土壤地表风速、土壤风蚀侵蚀率均比免耕土壤高,而地表粗糙度免耕明显高于翻耕。在同样风速条件下,翻耕地土壤风蚀侵蚀率是免耕地的3～8.2倍,且随免耕年限的增加,土壤风蚀侵蚀率呈现递减的趋势。留有不同直立作物残茬免耕土壤地表粗糙度草谷子>草玉米>莜麦>油菜,土壤风蚀侵蚀率呈现相反的趋势,地表粗糙度越大,风蚀侵蚀率越小。野外观测结果表明,不同直立作物残茬对裸露农田的保护作用草谷子>莜麦>草玉米>油菜。风洞试验与野外观测具有相似的试验结论,因此,风洞试验方法可作为测定农田土壤抗风蚀能力的重要工具。

保护性耕作对绿洲灌区冬小麦产量形成的影响

2004—2007年采用田间定位试验比较了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TIS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)5种耕作模式在甘肃河西绿洲灌区对冬小麦干物质积累、灌浆特性、产量构成因素及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,NTS和NTSS延缓了冬小麦的生育进程,延长了其灌浆持续期;NTS及NTSS在冬小麦整个生长期都有最高的干物质积累量及相对生长率(RGR),较高的主茎穗平均灌浆速率和小麦籽粒充实指数,穗粒数和千粒重也较高,最终表现为产量和WUE显著提高。与T相比较,2004—2007年NTS和NTSS平均产量分别提高18.6%和23.8%,2005—2007年NTS、NTSS平均WUE分别提高26.8%和16.1%。因此,在沙尘暴发生频繁、水资源日益匮乏的甘肃河西灌区,以免耕秸秆覆盖或免耕立茬的方式种植冬小麦是有利于小麦节水增产及农业可持续发展的种植方式。

灌溉和施氮对免耕留茬春小麦农田土壤有机碳、全氮和籽粒产量的影响

在甘肃省石羊河流域绿洲灌区,研究不同灌溉量和施氮量对留茬免耕春小麦收后0～30 cm土层土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤碳氮比的影响。结果表明,在0～140 kg/hm2施氮范围,土壤全氮和有机碳含量增施氮肥均明显增加,当施氮量超过140 kg/hm2时,土壤有机碳随施氮量增加而降低,土壤全氮含量无明显变化。就平均施氮水平而言,土壤全氮和有机碳含量随灌溉量增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,适量灌溉(节水20%灌溉)促进土壤氮和碳的矿化速率,从而增加全氮和有机碳含量,但少量或过量灌溉降低土壤氮和碳的矿化速率,同时增加土壤氮和碳的损失,导致节水20%灌溉的土壤全氮含量(0.9 g/kg)和有机碳含量(14.22 g/kg)最高。就各灌溉水平平均值而言,当施氮达到221 kg/hm2,春小麦籽粒产量(6 365 kg/hm2)达到最大值,春小麦籽粒产量随灌溉量增加而增加。

留茬对小麦/玉米间作氮素吸收和硝态氮分布、淋失的影响

为减少高产农田硝态氮累积对地下水的潜在污染,在甘肃石羊河流域绿洲灌区设置裂区试验,研究不同留茬方式对单作小麦、单作玉米、小麦/玉米间作氮素吸收、土壤硝态氮分布、淋失的影响。结果表明:不同留茬方式对作物籽粒、秸秆含氮量影响较小。间作比单作显著提高了作物的籽粒吸氮量和氮收获指数;2种作物无论间作或单作,立茬土壤0-20cm硝态氮累积显著高于焚烧和翻还,20-60cm则相反,60cm以下受留茬方式影响差异不显著;土壤硝态氮残留单作小麦翻还比焚烧和立茬处理分别高11.41%和8.13%,单作玉米焚烧比立茬和翻还分别高26.97%和17.02%;植株总吸氮量小麦/玉米间作立茬和翻还分别比焚烧高9.58%和6.10%;硝态氮淋失量小麦/玉米间作平均比单作处理低30.75%,小麦/玉米间作立茬和翻还分别比焚烧处理低28.04%和10.23%。综上所述,小麦/玉米间作立茬硝态氮淋失最少,更有利于环境保护。

氮肥运筹对水稻免耕高桩抛秧生长发育和产量的影响

以杂交籼稻新组合富优1号(Ⅱ-32A/R21)为材料,研究了不同施氮量和不同氮肥配比对免耕高桩抛秧稻生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生,增加有效穗数,增加剑叶面积和SPAD值;产量随施氮量的增加而增加,但到达高氮处理(225 kg/hm2纯N)时有下降的趋势。氮肥配比以基肥、蘖肥、穗肥用量比4∶3∶3为佳。

直立作物残茬和整株秸秆覆盖对麦田土壤湿度及温度的影响

在河北黑龙港地区主要土壤类型（壤质潮土）上进行了连续４年的耕作与秸秆还田配合的小麦田间试验，试图探讨一种适合当地自然特点的节水管理模式。结果表明，不同耕作方式对土壤保水性没有实质性影响，与秸秆直接翻入土壤和无秸秆还田者相比，（１）整株秸秆覆盖显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）提高了土壤温度，缩短了出苗时间；（２）直立作物残茬和整株秸秆覆盖均能显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）增加土壤的含水量，进而提高了小麦对干热风的抵抗能力。

少耕留茬小麦间作玉米农田土壤温湿度关联性研究

针对在间作模式中集成保护性耕作措施缺乏理论和实践依据的问题，以小麦间作玉米为研究对象，通过田间定位试验，探讨小麦25am立茬少耕对间作群体土壤温度与作物耗水量关系的影响，以期为建立新的间作节水技术体系提供依据．结果表明：与传统间作相比，在低、中、高灌水水平下，小麦立茬少耕间作群体的土壤含水量分别提高了2．8％、6．8％、9．9％，耗水量分别降低了2．9％、4．o％、0．9％，0～25am土层地温分别降低了0．5％、1．0％、3．9％．相关分析表明，耗水量与地温呈显著正相关关系，说明将立茬少耕覆盖技术集成到间作模式中，可通过适度降低地温达到减少耗水、提高土壤含水量的作用．

Optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer in the main rice crop and its carrying-over effect on ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China.Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts(225.00 kg ha;)in the main crop,an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer(the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4(N1),3:2:1:4(N2),3:3:0:4(N3),and 4:3:0:3(N4),respectively,and a control without nitrogen treatment(N0))was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials.The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment,more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop,and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%,which was 9.15%higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment(N4),more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop.The same tendency was observed in leaf area index(LAI)value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice,which were 16.52 and 29.87%higher,respectively,in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage.The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops.The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57%compared with N4 treatment.The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07%compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop.Therefore,the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment,averaging 17351.23 kg ha;in two-year trials,which was 23.00%higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment(N4).The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop,which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop.The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop,such as N1 treatment,not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop,but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice,resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.

农作茬地油松育苗保苗试验研究

从不同茬口、不同土壤、不同地类、不同播期进行了育苗试验,提出了保苗措施。

留茬方式对小麦间作玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

小麦/玉米间作是河西绿洲灌区主要间作模式,但传统间作和套种需水量大,使该地区水资源紧张.2010年在甘肃河西走廊石羊河绿洲灌区进行大田试验,研究传统小麦秸秆焚烧、秸秆翻还和秸秆立茬3种留茬方式对小麦/玉米间作作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率(WUE)和经济效益的影响.结果表明:与焚烧和翻还的籽粒产量相比,立茬小麦单作分别增加7.2%和5.1%,立茬小麦间作分别增加6.2%和5.1%,立茬玉米单作分别增加4.7%和2.5%,立茬玉米间作分别增加7.2%和3.3%;与焚烧和翻还的WUE相比,立茬小麦单作分别增加20.4%和16.2%,立茬小麦间作分别增加17.9%和14.6%,立茬玉米单作分别增加16.7%和10.9%,立茬玉米间作分别增加11.8%和17.0%.就单作小麦、单作玉米和小麦/玉米平均值而言,焚烧、翻还、立茬处理的纯收益分别为10946、11471和13454元·hm-2.从籽粒产量、水分利用效率和纯收益等方面考虑,立茬种植方式为甘肃省河西绿洲灌区小麦/玉米最佳种植模式.

保护性耕作对黑河流域农田土壤水分利用的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作节水、增产潜力及其在黑河流域的适应性,设计20 cm留茬(NS20)、20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、40 cm留茬(NS40)、40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)和传统耕作(CT)5个处理,研究了保护性耕作对黑河流域农田土壤含水量、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:相对传统耕作,保护性耕作增加了土壤贮水量:在2003年和2004年休闲期结束后,NPS40、NS40、NS20和NPS20表层0～30 cm土壤贮水量较CT分别增加30.22%、27.29%、20.92%、13.64%和48.32%、38.90%、29.85%、23.28%;2004、2005两年播种期0～5 cm土壤含水量NPS40、NS40、NPS20和NS20较CT分别增加37.29%、37.10%、21.49%、41.90%和33.99%、40.17%、8.90%、38.44%;播种到拔节期留茬高度越大,土壤贮水量越多,在相同高度的留茬处理中,干旱年份压倒处理保水效果较好,降雨相对较多的年份立茬处理保水效果较好;拔节后各层土壤贮水量之间差异减小。保护性耕作增加作物产量和水分利用效率,尤其是NPS20,2004年和2005年产量和WUE较传统耕作分别增加53.08%、5.85%和52.04%、7.30%。

Design and experimental validation of sliding knife notch-type disc opener for a no-till combine harvester cum seed drill

One major constraint in developing a combine harvester cum seed drill(CHCSD)is the limited space available for the attachment of no-till furrow openers.Investigating the straw stubble cutting and furrow opening performance of small-sized disc furrow openers is critically important for the development and the optimization of the no-till seeding assemblies.A set of down-scaled sliding knife notch-type disc opener(SKO),modified notch-type disc opener(MNO)and smooth-type disc opener(SDO),with upper size limit of 160 mm,were designed and fabricated for field testing.Experimental results show that for small-sized disc furrow openers of the same type,a larger disc diameter yields a greater furrow depth and width.For small-sized disc furrow openers with an identical diameter,SKOs yield a greater furrow depth and width than MNOs,with SDOs yielding the lowest values.The measured furrow depth and width for an SKO with diameter of 160 mm are 3.52 cm and 3.56 cm,respectively,meeting the no-tillage furrowing requirements for a CHCSD.The highest stubble cover rate of 62.5%is obtained for the SKO with diameter of 160 mm.Therefore,this opener has greater ability to remove stubble from the furrow and seeding band than the other designs.Finally,experimental results of the stubble cutting rates confirm that,for irregularly placed straw and residue,the stubble cutting rate of the SKO with diameter of 160 mm is the highest at 61.7%.