The movement features analysis of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in Qilian Mountains

The Laohugou Glacier No. 12 is the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains, which is located in northem Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Movement is the basic characteristic of glaciers, and is also an important distinction from other terrestrial natural ice. Glacier changes not only reflect climate change, but also play an important role in humanity society. In the arid regions of western China, glaciers are becoming an important water source. We use the GPS receiver （South-Lingrui $82） as data platform with the aid of RTK measurement technology to observe the surface velocity of Laohugou Glacier No. 12. Surface velocity data shows that the maximum value appears at an altitude of 4,750-4,850 m during the period of 2008-2009. During this period, the west branch surface velocity reached 32.6 m per year at an altitude near 4,830 m, the east branch surface velocity reached 32.4 m per year at the altitude near 4,770 m. Comparing the surface velocity data during 2008-2009 with observation results in 1959, the glacier velocity slowed down about 11%.

Variations of Laohugou Glacier No.12 in the western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2015

Glaciers were solid reservoirs and important water resources in western China,but they were retreating significantly in context of global warming.Laohugou Glacier No.12 was the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains.In this study,realtime kinematic(RTK)data,topographic map and World View-2 satellite imagery were used to measure changes in terminus,extent and volume of Laohugou Glacier No.12.Results showed that Laohugou Glacier No.12 was shrinking significantly since 1957.From1960 to 2015,the terminus reduction of Laohugou Glacier No.12 was 402.96 m(3.99%)in total,and glacier length decreased to 9.7 km from 10.1 km.Reduction of glacier area and volume were the most obvious.From 1957 to 2015,glacier area and volume decreased by 1.54 km^2(7.03%)and 0.1816 km^3,respectively.Reduction trend of terminus and area was slowing in 1950-1980s,even stable for a period in the mid-1980s,and then accelerated.Ice core analysis result and nearly meteorological station data shown an increasing trend of temperature in 1957-2015,it was a main reason of continuous retreating of Laohugou Glacier No.12.

Source of major ions from an ice core of the No.12 Glacier in Laohugou Valley,Qilian Mountain

In June 2006,a 20.12 m shallow ice core was recovered from an elevation of 5,040 m in the northern branch firn basin of No.12 Glacier,Great Snow Mountain,in the western part of Qilian Mountain,China.Isotopes(δ 18 O),major soluble ions,and radionuclide(β-activity) measurements from the ice core revealed a 46-year record(1960-2006).In this paper,the method of sea-salt ion tracer,correlation analysis and trend analysis were used in this research to confirm the source of the chemical composition.The correlation analysis and HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis suggests that atmospheric soluble dust species dominate the chemical signature.

Assessment of precipitation type discrimination methods on glacier of Qilian Mountains

Solid precipitation is not only the main supply for glacier mass,but also exerts an important influence on surface albedo and intensifies glacier melting.However,precipitation type observation is very scarce in the high alpine glaciers,which limits the precise simulation of glacier mass balance.This study assessed three discrimination methods of precipitation types including Ding method,Dai method and Froidurot method based on surface albedo observation data on the Laohugou Glacier No.12(LHG Glacier)in western Qilian Mountains.The results showed that Ding method had a best applicability on the LHG Glacier,the other two need to calibrate parameters when they are used in the high elevation glacier region.Then we fitted the relationship between snowfall probability and fresh snow albedo,and put forward a revised formula to simulate fresh snow albedo based on Ding method,which is expected to reduce the uncertainty in glacier mass and energy balance model.Finally,we found a best air temperature threshold of 4℃for discriminating monthly precipitation types.In order to accurately simulate the glacier melt,it is necessary to obtain the threshold temperature appropriately in different glacier region with different elevation and humidity.

冰川前缘冰舌区可培养细菌多样性及抗辐射-抗氧化特征——以老虎沟12号冰川为例

全球变化导致气温上升加速冰川退缩,冰川前缘进化出大量抗辐射-抗氧化微生物资源。细菌作为影响冰川前缘演替过程的重要类群之一,对其冰舌区新融化的冰碛物生境中抗辐射-抗氧化细菌的研究却较为少见。基于16S rRNA基因序列系统发育学的研究,不仅对老虎沟12号冰川前缘冰舌区冰碛物生境可培养细菌多样性进行研究,同时对菌株的抗辐射和抗氧化能力进行筛选和评估。研究表明,研究区域分离出的259株细菌分别归属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus),其中放线菌门的菌株数量最多,其次是变形菌门>拟杆菌门>厚壁菌门>异常球菌-栖热菌门;在物种多样性方面,放线菌门和变形菌门是物种丰富度最高的门。TN、TOC、WC和pH是影响可培养细菌群落结构的主要因素。UVC辐照强度的D10(致死率为10%)剂量高于100 J·m^(-2)的菌株占可培养细菌总数的94.9%,过氧化氢耐受浓度的D10剂量高于10 mmol·L^(-1)的菌株占100%;其中有20株抗辐射菌株氧化胁迫后的存活率在90%以上。此外,氧化胁迫后存活率高于Deinococcus-radiodurans R1的菌株均是100 J·m^(-2)UVC辐照后抗辐射存活率高于50%的抗辐射菌株。该研究不仅可以为冰川前缘环境中细菌的多样性和生态适应性提供理论基础,也可以为后续辐照、氧化损伤保护机制的研究提供丰富的抗辐射-抗氧化冰川细菌资源。

1991—2020年祁连山老虎沟12号冰川能量-物质平衡模拟研究

本文基于评估和订正后的高亚洲精细再分析数据集(HAR v2),利用COSIMA单点能量−物质平衡模型系统分析了祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区4550 m自动气象站处2012年物质和能量交换过程及其对气候变化的响应特征,并在此基础上首次重建了1991—2020年能量和物质平衡序列。研究结果表明:①HAR v2数据集在研究区具有良好的适用性,由此驱动的COSIMA模型显示2012年冰川消融区模拟年累积物质平衡为-2333 mm w.e.。净短波辐射是冰川消融的主要能量来源(90.1%),净长波辐射是能量的主要输出项(58.6%);②该冰川物质平衡对降水变化总体保持线性响应,但对气温变化的响应表现出非对称性和非线性响应特征;③近30 a冰川表面能量收入项中净短波辐射、感热通量多年平均占比分别为89.2%、10.8%,而能量支出项中净长波辐射、消融耗热、潜热通量和地热通量多年平均占比依次为58.6%、26.5%、12.4%和2.5%。该冰川消融区长期处于物质高亏损状态,多年平均消融量为−2392 mm w.e.。在云量以及相对湿度、风速等其它气象因素影响下,净短波辐射的变幅大大超过感热通量、净长波辐射和潜热通量等能量项的变幅是该冰川消融强、弱年形成的主要原因。此外,固态降水也是制约冰川物质平衡的重要因素。

Chemical Characteristics and Environmental Records of a Snow-Pit at the Glacier No.12 in the Laohugou Valley, Qilian Mountains

In June 2006, samples were collected from a 90 cm snow-pit at an elevation of 5 040 m a.s.l, in the northern branch firn basin of the Glacier No. 12, Laohugou Valley, in the western part of Qilian Mountain, China. Oxygen isotopes （6180） and major soluble ions were measured. Results showed that Ca2＋ is the dominant cation, and SO42 is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with eachother except NO3 and NH4＋. 6180 show positive correlation with air temperature. The method of correlation analysis, sea-salt ion tracer and trend analysis were used to determine the source of the chemical components. The correlation analysis and HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis suggest that atmospheric soluble dust species dominate the chemical signature.

CH_(4) and C0_(2) observations from a melting high mountain glacier,Laohugou Glacier No.12

With global warming,glaciers in the high mountains of China are retreating rapidly.However,few data have been reported on whether greenhouse gases from these glaciers are released into the atmosphere or absorbed by glacial meltwater.In this study,we collected meltwater and ice samples from Laohugou Glacier No.12 in western China and measured CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations.Meltwater from the glacier terminus was continually sampled between 3 and 5 August 2020 to measure CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations.The results demonstrated that meltwater is a source of CH_(4)because the average saturations are over 100%.It could be con eluded that CH_(4)in the atmosphere can be released by glacial meltwater.However,the CO_(2)saturations are various,and CO_(2)fluxes exhibit positive(released CO_(2))or negative(absorbed CO_(2))values because the water and atmospheric conditions are variable.More importantly,the CH_(4)and CO_(2)concentrations were higher in meltwater samples from the glacier terminus than in samples from the surface ice(including an ice core)and a surface stream.Although the meltwater effect from the upper part of the glacier cannot be excluded,we speculated that subglacial drainage systems with an anaerobic environment may represent the CH_(4)source,but it needs to be further investigated in the future.However,high mountain glaciers are currently ignored in global carbon budgets,and the increased melting of glaciers with global warming may accelerate the absorption of much more CO_(2)and lead to the release of CH_(4).

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川运动特征分析

以南方灵锐S82 GPS接收机为数据获取平台,借助RTK测量技术对均匀布设在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川表面的花杆网阵进行表面运动速度观测.2008年6—8月和2008—2009年整年的观测资料显示：2008—2009年间该条冰川表面流速最大值出现在海拔4 750~4 850 m,其中西支表面流速达到32.6 m.a-1,出现在海拔4830 m附近,东支表面流速达到32.4 m.a-1,出现在海拔4770 m附近.相比1959年的观测结果,该条冰川流速减慢了11%.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区消融期能量平衡特征

为研究冰川消融期积累区的能量平衡,利用2006年6月21日—7月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔5 040m气象观测资料,分析了冰川的能量平衡各分量变化特征,估算了冰川表面的能量平衡组成.结果表明:冰川消融期,净辐射是冰川的主要热量来源(占82.1%),其次是感热通量(占17.9%);冰川消融耗热是主要的能量支出项(占70.8%),其次是潜热通量(占29.2%).通过能量平衡方程计算的冰川蒸发/升华量日平均值为0.8mm w.e.,物质亏损量为473mm w.e.,与实测物质亏损量492mm w.e.相差不大,冰川累积物质亏损量计算值和观测值的趋势变化吻合较好.

1958-2005年祁连山老虎沟12号冰川变化特征研究

老虎沟12号冰川是祁连山最大的冰川,面积为21.9 km2,为极大陆型冷性复式山谷冰川.该冰川监测开始于1958年,1962年监测被迫终止;其后于20世纪70—80年代有过短期考察,2005年恢复全面观测.基于野外GPS观测,两期1∶50 000地形图和两期1∶10 000地形图及Landsat ETM+遥感影像,分析了过去近50 a来多时间段冰川的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应过程.结果表明:1957—1976年间冰川退缩约100 m,平均退缩速率5 m.a-1,此后冰川归于平稳态;1985—2005年间冰川退缩140.12 m,退缩速率较之前(1957—1976年)提高了40.2%.结合玉门镇气象资料分析认为,升温幅度的增大是影响20世纪90年代中期以来老虎沟12号冰川退缩加剧的根本原因,冰川在持续高温情景下的气候响应要敏感于低温情景.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积雪化学特征及环境意义

2012年6月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川采集雪坑和表层雪样品,结合相关分析法、海盐示踪法、气团轨迹法等方法,对冰川积雪的主要化学离子特征、来源及环境意义进行分析研究.结果表明,积雪中平均离子浓度Ca2+>SO24->NH4+>NO3->Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+.雪坑中Ca2+是主要的阳离子,SO24-是主要的阴离子;各种离子在雪坑中的平均浓度要远大于表层雪,而且雪坑中的化学离子浓度峰值与污化层有着很好的对应性.同时,与青藏高原、中亚天山、阿尔泰山以及北半球其他区域高海拔雪冰化学特征进行比较,发现祁连山老虎沟12号冰川区积雪化学特征受亚洲粉尘源区陆源矿物影响较大.然而,雪坑中的离子(尤其是Na+和Cl-)除了陆源矿物粉尘之外,部分还来源于海洋源.结合NOAA Hysplit模型对冰川区积雪化学离子来源进行了后向轨迹反演验证.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川浅冰芯记录的气候环境信息

2006年6月在祁连山西段大雪山的老虎沟12号冰川钻取了一支20.12m的浅冰芯,对冰芯中化学组成成分的浓度变化特征和来源分析进行了研究.结果表明,冰芯中δ18 O和可溶性离子含量变化均显示了明显的周期性变化,δ18 O与祁连山西段温度有很好的正相关关系.通过相关分析和HYS-PLIT后向轨迹分析表明,老虎沟12号冰川冰芯中可溶性离子主要来源于我国西北干旱、半干旱区的陆源矿物粉尘和冰川区周边的盐湖矿物风化物.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川雷达测厚和冰下地形特征研究

冰川地形是构建冰川流动模型的基础,对于认识冰川响应气候变化的动力机制具有重要意义.在2009年和2014年消融季,使用探地雷达对祁连山老虎沟12号冰川进行了厚度测量和冰下地形观测,获得了沿冰川中流线和多条横剖面的厚度资料,并对中流线上的厚度分布特征和槽谷形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,东、西支冰川的平均厚度分别为190 m和150 m,东支冰川冰下地形起伏大于西支,支冰川的表面坡度都较缓和.东、西支冰川进入汇合区时厚度分别为122 m和157 m,由于支冰川的横向挤压和汇流,汇合区中部冰川厚度增加到162 m.冰川槽谷形态具有空间差异,东、西支冰川槽谷形态近似于对称的V型,但是在冰川汇合区,槽谷底部变宽,边坡变缓,发育有不对称槽谷.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析

利用2009年9月1日-2010年8月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550m气象观测资料,分析并讨论了气温、降水、比湿、气压、风速、风向、总辐射、感热和潜热通量的变化特征。结果表明,在冰川下垫面影响下,气温的逐时变化呈现出升温比降温要快,但季节变化则相反,气温变化的位相比风速要超前;降水主要集中在5～9月,占全年降水的68.1%;冬季平均风速最大,夏季最小,春季高于秋季,春、秋季冰川风的强度要大于谷风,夏季则相反,冬季冰川风占绝对主导地位,且冰川风对地气间的能量交换有重要影响;全年感热通量日平均值大部分都为正值,而潜热通量基本都为负值,在气温较高、风速较大的情况下二者均有明显的增加;夏季感热和潜热通量的绝对值都比冬季要大。

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川表面能量和物质平衡模拟

采用HOCK的分布式能量物质平衡模型对老虎沟12号冰川消融期的物质平衡进行了模拟,时间步长为1 h,空间分辨率为30 m.模型结果利用物质平衡观测数据和气象站观测数据验证,模型模拟时期为2012年6月1日-9月30日.模型模拟结果表明,地形因子对太阳辐射影响相当显著;散射辐射在总辐射中的比例较大为39%,模拟期冰川表面物质平衡为-506 mm w.e..在模拟期整个冰川平均上净辐射占能量收入的84%,感热通量占有16%;消融耗热则是能量的主要支出占有62%,潜热通量占有能量支出的38%.

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区微气象特征

利用2008年10月1日-2009年9月30日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区海拔5040m自动气象站观测资料,初步分析了该地区气温、冰川表面温度、降水、相对湿度、空气和冰川表面比湿、气压、风速、风向、感热和潜热通量等气象要素的平均日变化和季节变化特征。结果表明,气温年平均值为-11.8℃,全年正积温仅为16.5℃,具有日较差小、年较差大的气温特征;降水主要集中在5-9月,约占全年的85%,年降水量为424.2mm;气压冬季低、夏季高,属于典型的高山型;年平均风速为3.7m·s-1,冰川风显著;感热通量要强于潜热通量,大气与冰川表面的湍流交换中,大气以损失热量为主。

Landsat-5 TM影像在冰川面积信息提取中的精度评价

【目的】评估Landsat-5TM遥感影像在冰川面积提取中的精度。【方法】以位于祁连山北坡的老虎沟12号冰川和宁缠河3号冰川为研究对象,于2009年利用GPS-RTK技术获取高精度冰川边界数据,比较目视解译法、归一化积雪指数(NDSI)法、监督分类法对同时期Landsat-5TM遥感影像解译结果与大地测量法所得结果的差异。【结果】利用遥感影像提取的老虎沟12号冰川和宁缠河3号冰川的面积均小于大地测量法的结果,且各种方法提取冰川面积的精度误差不一。在老虎沟12号冰川和宁缠河3号冰川中,利用目视解译法得出的结果最接近大地测量值,其误差最小,分别为-0.79%和-1.83%;NDSI法误差次之,分别为-1.19%和-3.82%;监督分类法误差最大,分别为-1.79%和-5.99%。【结论】利用Landsat卫星数据监测冰川变化是一种简单而有效的手段;目视解译法提取冰川面积信息效果最好,误差不超过±2%;面积较大冰川的解译精度高于面积较小的冰川。

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川退缩对细菌优势种群影响的初步研究

随着全球冰川正在越来越多的地区融化,冰川微生物资源很可能会由于冰川退缩而未被人类所发现就已受到生存的威胁而濒危.以祁连山老虎沟12号冰川消融区和末端雪样及末端土样为研究对象,采用培养方法、分子鉴定,研究冰川雪样优势菌群在冰川末端土样的分布状况及生理生化指标变化情况,分析冰川细菌优势菌群在冰川退缩后适应非雪环境的能力.结果表明:冰川末端雪样优势菌为1BW1和1BW2所代表的Pedobacter,该属在冰川消融区雪样和冰川末端土样中未分离到;冰川消融区雪样优势菌为2BW所代表的Acinetobacter,该属在冰川末端雪样中的数量较少,在冰川末端土样中的数量更少.不同采样位点16SrRNA序列相似性高的菌株其生理生化特征比相同采样位点的大.因此,冰川冰退缩可能会引发冰川雪样中的优势种群不能适应新环境而灭绝.应加强冰川细菌资源利用和保护的研究基础.

2000-2014年祁连山西段老虎沟12号冰川高程变化

祁连山冰川自1990s以来持续萎缩,冰川融水径流变化对邻近的干旱区水资源产生重要影响。以往遥感与实测研究显示祁连山西段老虎沟12号冰川面积减少、末端退缩、运动速度降低及平衡线高度升高。为了进一步验证老虎沟12号冰川变化规律,利用高分辨率Terra SAR-X/Tan DEM-X微波影像数据,与SRTM-C DEM进行差分干涉,得出老虎沟12号冰川2000-2014年高程年平均变化值为(-0.29±0.09)m·a-1。为了验证遥感观测结果,利用RTK-GPS对老虎沟12号冰川表面进行测高,并与SRTM-C DEM上相应点的高程值进行比较,计算测量点的高程年变化值,结果显示两种方法获得的年平均变化值之间具有很好的正相关性,表明利用Terra SAR-X/Tan DEM-X微波影像数据及差分干涉技术监测祁连山冰川高程变化具有较好的可行性。