The Nogo receptor is an essential factor for neuronal apoptosis, but the changes in Nogo receptor expression in the retina and the effects of the Nogo receptor on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in diabetes mellitus r...The Nogo receptor is an essential factor for neuronal apoptosis, but the changes in Nogo receptor expression in the retina and the effects of the Nogo receptor on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in diabetes mellitus remain unclear. We found that Nogo receptor expression was mainly visible in retinal ganglion cells of a rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. At 12 weeks after onset of diabetes mellitus, Nogo receptor and Rho kinase expression signiifcantly increased in the retina, and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis was apparent. When RNA interference was used to suppress Nogo receptor expression in rat retina, Rho kinase expression was obviously inhibit-ed, and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis was evidently reduced in rats with diabetes mellitus. These results indicate that upregulation of Nogo receptor expression is an important mechanism of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in rats with diabetes mellitus.展开更多
Myelin-associated inhibitory factors within the central nervous system(CNS) are considered to be one of the main obstacles for axonal regeneration following disease or injury. The nogo receptor 1(NgR1) has been we...Myelin-associated inhibitory factors within the central nervous system(CNS) are considered to be one of the main obstacles for axonal regeneration following disease or injury. The nogo receptor 1(NgR1) has been well documented to play a key role in limiting axonal regrowth in the injured and diseased mammalian CNS. However, the role of nogo receptor in immune cell activation during CNS inflammation is yet to be mechanistically elucidated. Microglia/macrophages are immune cells that are regarded as pathogenic contributors to inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis(MS). In this study, the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) was induced in ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– female mice following injection with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG_(35–55)) peptide. A fatemap analysis of microglia/macrophages was performed throughout spinal cord sections of EAE-induced mice at clinical scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively(increasing locomotor disability) from both genotypes, using the CD11 b and Iba1 cell markers. Western immunoblotting using lysates from isolated spinal cord microglia/macrophages, along with immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis, was performed to demonstrate the expression of nogo receptor and its two homologs during EAE progression. Myelin protein engulfment during EAE progression in ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice was demonstrated by western immunblotting of lysates from isolated spinal cord microglia/macrophages, detecting levels of Nogo-A and MOG. The numbers of M1 and M2 microglia/macrophage phenotypes present in the spinal cords of EAE-induced ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice, were assessed by flow cytometric analysis using CD38 and Erg-2 markers. A significant difference in microglia/macrophage numbers between ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice was identified during the progression of the clinical symptoms of EAE, in the white versus gray matter regions of the spinal cord. This difference was unrelated to the expression of Ng R on these macrophage/microglial cells. We have identified that as EAE progresses, the phagocytic activity of microglia/macrophages with myelin debris, in ngr1^–/– mice, was enhanced. Moreover, we show a modulation from a predominant M1-pathogenic to the M2-neurotrophic cell phenotype in the ngr1^–/– mice during EAE progression. These findings suggest that CNS-specific macrophages and microglia of ngr1^–/– mice may exhibit an enhanced capacity to clear inhibitory molecules that are sequestered in inflammatory lesions.展开更多
Nogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) expression in the visual cortex following a critical developmental period (postnatal days 20-60) has been previously shown. However, little is known regarding Nogo-A and NgR expressi...Nogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) expression in the visual cortex following a critical developmental period (postnatal days 20-60) has been previously shown. However, little is known regarding Nogo-A and NgR expression between postnatal day 0 and initiation of the critical period. The present study analyzed Nogo-A and NgR expression at four different time points: postnatal day 0 (P0), before critical period (P14), during critical period (P28), and after critical period (P60). Results showed significantly increased Nogo-A mRNA and protein expression levels in the visual cortex following birth, and expression levels remained steady between P28 and P60. NgR mRNA or protein expression was dramatically upregulated with age and peaked at P14 or P28, respectively, and maintained high expression to P60. In addition, Nogo-A and NgR expression was analyzed in each visual cortex layer in normal developing rats and rats with monocular deprivation. Monocular deprivation decreased Nogo-A and NgR mRNA and protein expression in the rat visual cortex, in particular in layers Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅳ in the visual cortex contralateral to the deprived eye. These findings suggested that Nogo-A and NgR regulated termination of the critical period in experience- dependent visual cortical plasticity.展开更多
It is well known that primates,including humans,hardly recover motor function after spinal cord injury(SCI)when compared with non-primate mammals such as rodents.This limited functional recovery is in part due to a ...It is well known that primates,including humans,hardly recover motor function after spinal cord injury(SCI)when compared with non-primate mammals such as rodents.This limited functional recovery is in part due to a non-permissive environment of the central nervous system(CNS)inhibiting axonal regrowth.展开更多
Soluble Nogo66 receptor-Fc protein(sNgR-Fc)enhances axonal regeneration following central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,we investigated the effects of sNgR-Fc on ...Soluble Nogo66 receptor-Fc protein(sNgR-Fc)enhances axonal regeneration following central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,we investigated the effects of sNgR-Fc on the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.The photothrombotic cortical injury model of ischemic stroke was produced in the parietal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats.The rats with photothrombotic cortical injury were randomized to receive infusion of 400μg/kg sNgR-Fc(sNgR-Fc group)or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline(photothrombotic cortical injury group)into the lateral ventricle for 3 days.The effects of sNgR-Fc on the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural progenitor cells were examined using BrdU staining.Neurological function was evaluated with the Morris water maze test.To further examine the effects of sNgR-Fc treatment on neural progenitor cells,photothrombotic cortical injury was produced in another group of rats that received transplantation of neural progenitor cells from the hippocampus of embryonic Sprague-Dawley rats.The animals were then given an infusion of phosphate-buffered saline(neural progenitor cells group)or sNgR-Fc(sNgR-Fc+neural progenitor cells group)into the lateral ventricle for 3 days.sNgR-Fc enhanced the proliferation of cultured neural progenitor cells in vitro as well as that of endogenous neural progenitor cells in vivo,compared with phosphate-buffered saline,and it also induced the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons.Compared with the photothrombotic cortical injury group,escape latency in the Morris water maze and neurological severity score were greatly reduced,and distance traveled in the target quadrant was considerably increased in the sNgR-Fc group,indicating a substantial improvement in neurological function.Furthermore,compared with phosphate-buffered saline infusion,sNgR-Fc infusion strikingly improved the survival and differentiation of grafted neural progenitor cells.Our findings show that sNgR-Fc regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation,migration and differentiation.Therefore,sNgR-Fc is a potential novel therapy for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases,The protocols were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of the University of Hong Kong(approval No.4560-17)in November,2015.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the anti-apoptotic efficacy of Qingnao Yizhi formula(清脑益智方,QNYZ)in cultured cerebral cortical neuronal cells(CNCs)and the regulation of the NogoA-Nogo receptor(NgR)/Rho-Rho kinase(ROCK)signa...OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the anti-apoptotic efficacy of Qingnao Yizhi formula(清脑益智方,QNYZ)in cultured cerebral cortical neuronal cells(CNCs)and the regulation of the NogoA-Nogo receptor(NgR)/Rho-Rho kinase(ROCK)signaling pathway.METHODS:Primary cultured CNCs were randomly divided into the following groups:normal control group(N-C),hypoxia-reoxygenation group(H/R),high-dose QNYZ group(Q-H),low-dose QNYZ group(Q-L)butylphthalide(NBP)group,and Y-27632(a selective ROCK transduction pathway inhibiter)group.Except those in the N-C group,CNCs were placed in hypoxic conditions for 24 h and then in reoxygenation conditions for 24 h.Cell media was changed every 48 h,and various assays were performed on the 7 th day.Cell viability was evaluated by measuring mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity,using a CCK-8 assay,in triplicate.Synapsin(SYN)protein concentrations were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.NogoA and RhoA protein expression were evaluated through Western blotting.The gene expression of NogoA,NgR,RhoA,and ROCK was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Cell apoptosis was measured using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-d UTP nick end labeling assay.RESULTS:Compared with the N-C group,the cell viability of the H/R group decreased significantly(P<0.05).The cell viability values for the Q-H and Q-L groups increased compared with that for the H/R group,and the difference was significant for the Q-H group(P<0.05).The NogoA and RhoA protein levels and the NogoA,NgR,RhoA,and ROCK m RNA expression levels increased in the H/R group,compared with the N-C group,and decreased significantly in the Q-H and Q-L groups(P<0.05)and in the Y-27632 group(P<0.05)compared with the H/R group.The SYN levels in the Q-H,Q-L,and NBP groups significantly increased compared with that in the H/R group(P<0.05).Compared with the H/R group,the numbers of apoptotic cells in the Q-H,Q-L,and NBP groups significantly decreased(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The presented study demonstrated that QNYZ exerted anti-apoptotic effects on H/R-induced CNCs,possibly through the modulation of the NogoA-NgR/Rho-ROCK signaling pathway and the promotion of synaptic plasticity in H/R CNCs.展开更多
Nogo-A is a major myelin associated inhibitor that blocks regeneration of injured axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Nogo-66 (a 66-residue domain of Nogo-A) expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes has...Nogo-A is a major myelin associated inhibitor that blocks regeneration of injured axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Nogo-66 (a 66-residue domain of Nogo-A) expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes has been shown to directly interact with Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgRI). A number of additional components of NgR1 receptor complex essential for its signaling have been uncovered. However, detailed composition of the complex and its signaling mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we show that Nogo receptor 3 (NgR3), a paralog of NgRI, is a binding protein for NgR1. The interaction is highly specific because other members of the reticulin family, to which Nogo-A belongs, do not bind to NgR3. Neither does NgR3 show any binding activity with Nogo receptor 2 (NgR2), another NgRI paralog. Majority of NgR3 domains are required for its binding to NgR1. Moreover, a truncated NgR3 with the membrane anchoring domain deleted can function as a decoy receptor to reverse neurite outgrowth inhibition caused by Nogo-66 in culture. These in vitro results, together with previously reported overlapping expression profile between NgR1 and NgR3, suggest that NgR3 may be associated with NgR1 in vivo and that their binding interface may be targeted for treating neuronal injuries.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Previous studies have focused on the correlation between Nogo-A expression and multiple sclerosis or between Nogo-A receptor (NgR) expression and multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system. Express...BACKGROUND:Previous studies have focused on the correlation between Nogo-A expression and multiple sclerosis or between Nogo-A receptor (NgR) expression and multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system. Expression patterns of Nogo-A and NgR remain poorly understood in rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).OBJECTIVE:To observe dynamic changes in Nogo-A and NgR protein expression, and to verify the correlation between Nogo-A and NgR protein, as well as expression patterns at various time points, in periventricular tissue of EAE rats.DESIGN, TIME AND SETrlNG:A neuroimmunological, randomized, controlled experiment was performed at the Clinical Institute of Hunan People's Hospital of China from September to November 2008.MATERIALS:Immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method) kit was purchased from Boster, China.METHODS:A total of 60 female, Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks, ware randomly assigned to EAE and control groups (n = 30, respectively). Guinea pig spinal cord homogenate, self-made complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL/100 g), and pertussis vaccine (0.2 mL) were subcutaneously injected into the hindlimb foot pad of rats from the EAE group to create rat models of EAE. Complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL) was infused into rats from the control group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression was determined in periventricular white matter using immunohistochemical methods. Neurological scores ware determined in all rats.RESULTS:Rats from the EAE group developed acute-onset EAE following immunization. The pathogenetic symptoms reached a peak on day 15, and neurological scores ware also greatest at this time point. Neurological scores decreased with recovery of the illness. Nogo-A was shown to be expressed in neuronal cells and oligodendrocytes, and expression increased 11 days after immunization (P 〈 0.01), decreased by day 13 (P 〈 0.01), and then increased again by day 15. Nogo-A expression remained greater in the EAE group compared with the control group at day 30 (P 〈 0.01). In the EAE group, NgR protein was primarily expressed on the surface of neuronal bodies and axons. NgR expression increased 13-18 days after immunization (P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05).CONCLUSION:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression altered with disease course in periventdcular white matter of EAE rats. Results suggested that Nogo-A and NgR were involved in EAE occurrence.展开更多
Inhibition of neurite growth, which is in large part mediated by the Nogo-66 receptor, affects neural regeneration following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. The tissue engineering scaffold poly(D,L...Inhibition of neurite growth, which is in large part mediated by the Nogo-66 receptor, affects neural regeneration following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. The tissue engineering scaffold poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) has good histocompatibility and can promote the growth of regenerating nerve fibers. The present study used small interfering RNA to silence Nogo-66 receptor gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells, which were subsequently transplanted with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) into the spinal cord lesion regions in rats. Simultaneously, rats treated with scaffold only were taken as the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry revealed that at 4 weeks after transplantation, rats had good motor function of the hind limb after treatment with Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced ceils prus the poly(O,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) scaffold compared with rats treated with scaffold only, and the number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and neuron-like cells was also increased. At 8 weeks after transplantation, horseradish peroxidase tracing and transmission electron microscopy showed a large number of unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers, as well as intact regenerating axonal myelin sheath following spinal cord hemisection injury. These experimental findings indicate that transplantation of Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells plus a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) scaffold can significantly enhance axonal regeneration of spinal cord neurons and improve motor function of the extremities in rats following spinal cord injury.展开更多
Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibi...Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelinassociated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19(that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31140072,81300931the Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology Project,No.2011225015the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province in China,No.2013022055
文摘The Nogo receptor is an essential factor for neuronal apoptosis, but the changes in Nogo receptor expression in the retina and the effects of the Nogo receptor on retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in diabetes mellitus remain unclear. We found that Nogo receptor expression was mainly visible in retinal ganglion cells of a rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. At 12 weeks after onset of diabetes mellitus, Nogo receptor and Rho kinase expression signiifcantly increased in the retina, and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis was apparent. When RNA interference was used to suppress Nogo receptor expression in rat retina, Rho kinase expression was obviously inhibit-ed, and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis was evidently reduced in rats with diabetes mellitus. These results indicate that upregulation of Nogo receptor expression is an important mechanism of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in rats with diabetes mellitus.
基金supported by Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia and Trish Multiple Sclerosis Research Foundation Postgraduate Scholarship(to JYL)the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Project Grant#RG4398A1/1+2 种基金International Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Alliance Challenge Award#PA0065Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia and Trish Multiple Sclerosis Research Foundation#15-022Bethlehem Griffiths Research Foundation#BGRF1706(to SP)
文摘Myelin-associated inhibitory factors within the central nervous system(CNS) are considered to be one of the main obstacles for axonal regeneration following disease or injury. The nogo receptor 1(NgR1) has been well documented to play a key role in limiting axonal regrowth in the injured and diseased mammalian CNS. However, the role of nogo receptor in immune cell activation during CNS inflammation is yet to be mechanistically elucidated. Microglia/macrophages are immune cells that are regarded as pathogenic contributors to inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis(MS). In this study, the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) was induced in ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– female mice following injection with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG_(35–55)) peptide. A fatemap analysis of microglia/macrophages was performed throughout spinal cord sections of EAE-induced mice at clinical scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively(increasing locomotor disability) from both genotypes, using the CD11 b and Iba1 cell markers. Western immunoblotting using lysates from isolated spinal cord microglia/macrophages, along with immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis, was performed to demonstrate the expression of nogo receptor and its two homologs during EAE progression. Myelin protein engulfment during EAE progression in ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice was demonstrated by western immunblotting of lysates from isolated spinal cord microglia/macrophages, detecting levels of Nogo-A and MOG. The numbers of M1 and M2 microglia/macrophage phenotypes present in the spinal cords of EAE-induced ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice, were assessed by flow cytometric analysis using CD38 and Erg-2 markers. A significant difference in microglia/macrophage numbers between ngr1^+/+ and ngr1^–/– mice was identified during the progression of the clinical symptoms of EAE, in the white versus gray matter regions of the spinal cord. This difference was unrelated to the expression of Ng R on these macrophage/microglial cells. We have identified that as EAE progresses, the phagocytic activity of microglia/macrophages with myelin debris, in ngr1^–/– mice, was enhanced. Moreover, we show a modulation from a predominant M1-pathogenic to the M2-neurotrophic cell phenotype in the ngr1^–/– mice during EAE progression. These findings suggest that CNS-specific macrophages and microglia of ngr1^–/– mice may exhibit an enhanced capacity to clear inhibitory molecules that are sequestered in inflammatory lesions.
基金supported by the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University, No.2009BSXT050
文摘Nogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) expression in the visual cortex following a critical developmental period (postnatal days 20-60) has been previously shown. However, little is known regarding Nogo-A and NgR expression between postnatal day 0 and initiation of the critical period. The present study analyzed Nogo-A and NgR expression at four different time points: postnatal day 0 (P0), before critical period (P14), during critical period (P28), and after critical period (P60). Results showed significantly increased Nogo-A mRNA and protein expression levels in the visual cortex following birth, and expression levels remained steady between P28 and P60. NgR mRNA or protein expression was dramatically upregulated with age and peaked at P14 or P28, respectively, and maintained high expression to P60. In addition, Nogo-A and NgR expression was analyzed in each visual cortex layer in normal developing rats and rats with monocular deprivation. Monocular deprivation decreased Nogo-A and NgR mRNA and protein expression in the rat visual cortex, in particular in layers Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅳ in the visual cortex contralateral to the deprived eye. These findings suggested that Nogo-A and NgR regulated termination of the critical period in experience- dependent visual cortical plasticity.
基金supported by a grant-in-aid from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japangrants for Research and Development project of Yokohama City University
文摘It is well known that primates,including humans,hardly recover motor function after spinal cord injury(SCI)when compared with non-primate mammals such as rodents.This limited functional recovery is in part due to a non-permissive environment of the central nervous system(CNS)inhibiting axonal regrowth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81671882,81471832(to XL)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2016A030311039(to XL)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2015A020212012,2017A020224012(to XL)the Science and Technology Foundation of Guangzhou City of China,No.201707010373(to XL)
文摘Soluble Nogo66 receptor-Fc protein(sNgR-Fc)enhances axonal regeneration following central nervous system injury.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.In this study,we investigated the effects of sNgR-Fc on the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.The photothrombotic cortical injury model of ischemic stroke was produced in the parietal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats.The rats with photothrombotic cortical injury were randomized to receive infusion of 400μg/kg sNgR-Fc(sNgR-Fc group)or an equal volume of phosphate-buffered saline(photothrombotic cortical injury group)into the lateral ventricle for 3 days.The effects of sNgR-Fc on the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural progenitor cells were examined using BrdU staining.Neurological function was evaluated with the Morris water maze test.To further examine the effects of sNgR-Fc treatment on neural progenitor cells,photothrombotic cortical injury was produced in another group of rats that received transplantation of neural progenitor cells from the hippocampus of embryonic Sprague-Dawley rats.The animals were then given an infusion of phosphate-buffered saline(neural progenitor cells group)or sNgR-Fc(sNgR-Fc+neural progenitor cells group)into the lateral ventricle for 3 days.sNgR-Fc enhanced the proliferation of cultured neural progenitor cells in vitro as well as that of endogenous neural progenitor cells in vivo,compared with phosphate-buffered saline,and it also induced the differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons.Compared with the photothrombotic cortical injury group,escape latency in the Morris water maze and neurological severity score were greatly reduced,and distance traveled in the target quadrant was considerably increased in the sNgR-Fc group,indicating a substantial improvement in neurological function.Furthermore,compared with phosphate-buffered saline infusion,sNgR-Fc infusion strikingly improved the survival and differentiation of grafted neural progenitor cells.Our findings show that sNgR-Fc regulates neural progenitor cell proliferation,migration and differentiation.Therefore,sNgR-Fc is a potential novel therapy for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases,The protocols were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of the University of Hong Kong(approval No.4560-17)in November,2015.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Study on the Mechanism of NogoA-NgR/Rho-ROCK in Regulating the Synaptic Remodeling of VD,No.81202653)the China Postdoctoral Fund of Sciences(Study on the Mechanism of Qingnao Yizhi Formula Based on the PI3K-Akt-mTOR Signal Transduction Pathway in the Treatment of Vascular Dementia,No.20110490080)+1 种基金Science and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Mechanism Study of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Regulating Mitochondrial Autophagy through ROS Mediated PINK1/parkin Pathway in the Treatment of Acute Cerebral Infarction,JCYJ20180302173504891)Science and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(lncRNA Malat1 Mediates SDF1/CXCR4 Axis in Cerebral Angiogenesis after Acute Cerebral Infarction and the Intervention Mechanism of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A,JCYJ 20190812161807600)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the anti-apoptotic efficacy of Qingnao Yizhi formula(清脑益智方,QNYZ)in cultured cerebral cortical neuronal cells(CNCs)and the regulation of the NogoA-Nogo receptor(NgR)/Rho-Rho kinase(ROCK)signaling pathway.METHODS:Primary cultured CNCs were randomly divided into the following groups:normal control group(N-C),hypoxia-reoxygenation group(H/R),high-dose QNYZ group(Q-H),low-dose QNYZ group(Q-L)butylphthalide(NBP)group,and Y-27632(a selective ROCK transduction pathway inhibiter)group.Except those in the N-C group,CNCs were placed in hypoxic conditions for 24 h and then in reoxygenation conditions for 24 h.Cell media was changed every 48 h,and various assays were performed on the 7 th day.Cell viability was evaluated by measuring mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity,using a CCK-8 assay,in triplicate.Synapsin(SYN)protein concentrations were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.NogoA and RhoA protein expression were evaluated through Western blotting.The gene expression of NogoA,NgR,RhoA,and ROCK was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Cell apoptosis was measured using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-d UTP nick end labeling assay.RESULTS:Compared with the N-C group,the cell viability of the H/R group decreased significantly(P<0.05).The cell viability values for the Q-H and Q-L groups increased compared with that for the H/R group,and the difference was significant for the Q-H group(P<0.05).The NogoA and RhoA protein levels and the NogoA,NgR,RhoA,and ROCK m RNA expression levels increased in the H/R group,compared with the N-C group,and decreased significantly in the Q-H and Q-L groups(P<0.05)and in the Y-27632 group(P<0.05)compared with the H/R group.The SYN levels in the Q-H,Q-L,and NBP groups significantly increased compared with that in the H/R group(P<0.05).Compared with the H/R group,the numbers of apoptotic cells in the Q-H,Q-L,and NBP groups significantly decreased(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The presented study demonstrated that QNYZ exerted anti-apoptotic effects on H/R-induced CNCs,possibly through the modulation of the NogoA-NgR/Rho-ROCK signaling pathway and the promotion of synaptic plasticity in H/R CNCs.
基金supported by Ministry of Science and Technology(2007CB947201)Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA01010108)National Science Foundation of China (30425013)to J.Z.
文摘Nogo-A is a major myelin associated inhibitor that blocks regeneration of injured axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Nogo-66 (a 66-residue domain of Nogo-A) expressed on the surface of oligodendrocytes has been shown to directly interact with Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgRI). A number of additional components of NgR1 receptor complex essential for its signaling have been uncovered. However, detailed composition of the complex and its signaling mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we show that Nogo receptor 3 (NgR3), a paralog of NgRI, is a binding protein for NgR1. The interaction is highly specific because other members of the reticulin family, to which Nogo-A belongs, do not bind to NgR3. Neither does NgR3 show any binding activity with Nogo receptor 2 (NgR2), another NgRI paralog. Majority of NgR3 domains are required for its binding to NgR1. Moreover, a truncated NgR3 with the membrane anchoring domain deleted can function as a decoy receptor to reverse neurite outgrowth inhibition caused by Nogo-66 in culture. These in vitro results, together with previously reported overlapping expression profile between NgR1 and NgR3, suggest that NgR3 may be associated with NgR1 in vivo and that their binding interface may be targeted for treating neuronal injuries.
文摘BACKGROUND:Previous studies have focused on the correlation between Nogo-A expression and multiple sclerosis or between Nogo-A receptor (NgR) expression and multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system. Expression patterns of Nogo-A and NgR remain poorly understood in rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).OBJECTIVE:To observe dynamic changes in Nogo-A and NgR protein expression, and to verify the correlation between Nogo-A and NgR protein, as well as expression patterns at various time points, in periventricular tissue of EAE rats.DESIGN, TIME AND SETrlNG:A neuroimmunological, randomized, controlled experiment was performed at the Clinical Institute of Hunan People's Hospital of China from September to November 2008.MATERIALS:Immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method) kit was purchased from Boster, China.METHODS:A total of 60 female, Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks, ware randomly assigned to EAE and control groups (n = 30, respectively). Guinea pig spinal cord homogenate, self-made complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL/100 g), and pertussis vaccine (0.2 mL) were subcutaneously injected into the hindlimb foot pad of rats from the EAE group to create rat models of EAE. Complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL) was infused into rats from the control group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression was determined in periventricular white matter using immunohistochemical methods. Neurological scores ware determined in all rats.RESULTS:Rats from the EAE group developed acute-onset EAE following immunization. The pathogenetic symptoms reached a peak on day 15, and neurological scores ware also greatest at this time point. Neurological scores decreased with recovery of the illness. Nogo-A was shown to be expressed in neuronal cells and oligodendrocytes, and expression increased 11 days after immunization (P 〈 0.01), decreased by day 13 (P 〈 0.01), and then increased again by day 15. Nogo-A expression remained greater in the EAE group compared with the control group at day 30 (P 〈 0.01). In the EAE group, NgR protein was primarily expressed on the surface of neuronal bodies and axons. NgR expression increased 13-18 days after immunization (P 〈 0.01 or P 〈 0.05).CONCLUSION:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression altered with disease course in periventdcular white matter of EAE rats. Results suggested that Nogo-A and NgR were involved in EAE occurrence.
基金sponsored by the Science and Technology Foundation of Tianjin Health Bureau,No. 2010ky04the Application Basis and Front Technology Projects of Tianjin (Science and Technology Foundation of Tianjin),No.12JCYBJC18000
文摘Inhibition of neurite growth, which is in large part mediated by the Nogo-66 receptor, affects neural regeneration following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. The tissue engineering scaffold poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) has good histocompatibility and can promote the growth of regenerating nerve fibers. The present study used small interfering RNA to silence Nogo-66 receptor gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells, which were subsequently transplanted with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) into the spinal cord lesion regions in rats. Simultaneously, rats treated with scaffold only were taken as the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry revealed that at 4 weeks after transplantation, rats had good motor function of the hind limb after treatment with Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced ceils prus the poly(O,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) scaffold compared with rats treated with scaffold only, and the number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and neuron-like cells was also increased. At 8 weeks after transplantation, horseradish peroxidase tracing and transmission electron microscopy showed a large number of unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers, as well as intact regenerating axonal myelin sheath following spinal cord hemisection injury. These experimental findings indicate that transplantation of Nogo-66 receptor gene-silenced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Schwann cells plus a poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) scaffold can significantly enhance axonal regeneration of spinal cord neurons and improve motor function of the extremities in rats following spinal cord injury.
基金a Ph D fellowship by FCT-Fundacao para a Ciência Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/135868/2018)(to SSC)。
文摘Axonal growth inhibitors are released during traumatic injuries to the adult mammalian central nervous system, including after spinal cord injury. These molecules accumulate at the injury site and form a highly inhibitory environment for axonal regeneration. Among these inhibitory molecules, myelinassociated inhibitors, including neurite outgrowth inhibitor A, oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, myelin-associated glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A are of particular importance. Due to their inhibitory nature, they represent exciting molecular targets to study axonal inhibition and regeneration after central injuries. These molecules are mainly produced by neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes within the scar and in its immediate vicinity. They exert their effects by binding to specific receptors, localized in the membranes of neurons. Receptors for these inhibitory cues include Nogo receptor 1, leucine-rich repeat, and Ig domain containing 1 and p75 neurotrophin receptor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19(that form a receptor complex that binds all myelin-associated inhibitors), and also paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and repulsive guidance molecule A bind to Nogo receptor 1, Nogo receptor 3, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ and leucocyte common antigen related phosphatase, and neogenin, respectively. Once activated, these receptors initiate downstream signaling pathways, the most common amongst them being the Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway. These signaling cascades result in actin depolymerization, neurite outgrowth inhibition, and failure to regenerate after spinal cord injury. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological treatments to overcome spinal cord injuries other than physical rehabilitation and management of the array of symptoms brought on by spinal cord injuries. However, several novel therapies aiming to modulate these inhibitory proteins and/or their receptors are under investigation in ongoing clinical trials. Investigation has also been demonstrating that combinatorial therapies of growth inhibitors with other therapies, such as growth factors or stem-cell therapies, produce stronger results and their potential application in the clinics opens new venues in spinal cord injury treatment.