Reclassification and Nomenclature of Common Pathogenic Fungi

The accurate identification of pathogenic fungi is crucial for diagnosing and treating fungal infections. Recent advancements in molecular biotechnology, phylogenetic analysis, and the requirements of the Melbourne Code have led to changes in the classification and naming of fungi. These changes have caused significant confusion for medical laboratories and clinical personnel. This article summarizes the classification and new names of common pathogenic fungi to enhance fungi identification skills and provide accurate information for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease:New nomenclature and approach with hot debate

An international panel recently proposed an update to the terminology and diagnostic criteria for fatty liver disease.The experts proposed a change in the nomenclature from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)to metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).This single-letter change,we believe,heralds the dawn of a new era in clinical practice and in clinical and basic research as well.The new nomenclature with the easily applicable approach has stimulated the enthusiasm of the researchers worldwide,resulting in a large number of publications over the past two years.Several recent studies have provided tremendous evidence of the superiority of the MAFLD criteria over the NAFLD criteria.Many studies in different geographic areas of the world including the United States,Europe,and Asia on a large number of patients proved that the utility of MAFLD criteria was higher than that of the NAFLD criteria in different aspects of fatty liver diseases.Consequently,many societies,physician and nurse groups,health stakeholders,representatives of regulatory sciences,and others endorsed the new nomenclature.Here we highlight the endorsement of the new name by different societies and groups and the outcome of different studies on the new nomenclature in addition to a short discussion of the debate by some experts.

利用Nomenclature101网站对有机化合物英文命名进行尝试

针对学生在有机化合物英文命名学习过程中枯燥、容易出现错误的情况,介绍一个在线学习网站—Nomenclature101,结合该网站的答题模式和学生自主学习,提高学生对有机化合物英文命名的学习兴趣和学习效果。

Folk nomenclature of plants in Cistanche deserticola-associated community in South Gobi, Mongolia

Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.deserticola and other species of the same community in Umnugobi Province,South Gobi region of Mongolia,based on ethnobotanical approaches.The high correspondence between folk names and scientific names of plant species occurring in Cistanche-associated community shows the scientific meaning of folk nomenclature and classification in Mongolia.The Mongolian and folk names of plants were formed on the basis of observations and understanding of wild plants including their morphology,phenology and traditional uses as well.Results from this study will support the conservation of C.deserticola itself,a rare and endangered plant species listed in the Monglian Red Data Book.Our documentation of folk nomenclature based on 96 plant species in the Cistanche community,as a part of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity,will be very helpful for making strategy of plant biodiversity conservation in Mongolia.

On Standard Nomenclature of Basic Chinese Medical Terms(IV)

ETIOLOGICAL TERMSIn traditional Chinese medicine, etiology is commonly called "cause of disease". The various factors that may cause disease are called "pathogenic factors". In the past they were classified into three categories: "exogenous factors", "endogenous factors", and "non-exo-endogenous factors". In the modern textbooks this tri-causal hypothesis is not so widely used, while a new classification has been developed.

Evidence-based Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Research Impact Indicators

Purpose: This study aims to classify research impact indicators based on their characteristics and scope. A concept of evidence-based nomenclature of research impact(RI) indicator has been introduced for generalization and transformation of scope. Design/methodology/approch: Literature was collected related to the research impact assessment. It was categorized in conceptual and applied case studies. One hundred and nineteen indicators were selected to prepare classification and nomenclature. The nomenclature was developed based on the principle—"every indicator is a contextual-function to explain the impact". Every indicator was disintegrated into three parts, i.e. Function, Domain, and Target Areas.Findings: The main functions of research impact indicators express improvement(63%), recognition(23%), and creation/development(14%). The focus of research impact indicators in literature is more towards the academic domain(59%) whereas the environment/sustainability domain is least considered(4%). As a result, research impact related to the research aspects is felt the most(29%). Other target areas include system and services, methods and procedures, networking, planning, policy development, economic aspects and commercialisation, etc. Research limitations: This research applied to 119 research impact indicators. However, the inclusion of additional indicators may change the result. Practical implications: The plausible effect of nomenclature is a better organization of indicators with appropriate tags of functions, domains, and target areas. This approach also provides a framework of indicator generalization and transformation. Therefore, similar indicators can be applied in other fields and target areas with modifications. Originality/value: The development of nomenclature for research impact indicators is a novel approach in scientometrics. It is developed on the same line as presented in other scientific disciplines, where fundamental objects need to classify on common standards such as biology and chemistry.

Benin and Western Nigeria Offshore Basins: A Stratigraphic Nomenclature Comparison

The Benin and Western Nigeria Offshore Basins, which are parts of an extensive basin called the Dahomey (Benin) Embayment, were formed during the Early Cretaceous under similar tectonic conditions and continental sedimentary environments. Based mainly on available lithological, biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental data, this paper summarizes the stratigraphic succession of theses basins and attempts a comparison of these stratigraphic nomenclatures. The bulk of data shows that sedimentation begins with terrestrial at the base, passes through shallow marine, deep marine (with restrictive bottom circulation) and ends with open deep marine conditions. The stratigraphy of the Offshore Benin Basin was established later and considering lithological and paleontological similarities with formations of various southern Nigeria basins, the stratigraphic chart adopted for this basin was a mixed variant of various Southern Nigerian basins nomenclatures. For the first time, a correlation of stratigraphic charts of each basins and a schematic cross section showing their lithostratigraphic units, especially the Cretaceous-Paleocene interval which is petroliferous, are proposed. The study shows that the nomenclature adopted in Benin Republic must be revised by using type section/locality names for some particular Formations and widely accepted Formations names of Nigeria for the others. This will permit to avoid confusions as it is presently the case for the name “Afowo Formation” representing a Cretaceous sequence in Nigeria and which is use in Benin Republic to distinguish some sediments of Miocene age. Moreover, a High Resolution Biostratigraphy summary (including micropaleontology, nannopaleontology and palynology distributions) relating to each offshore basin is needed for sequences correlations and entire harmonization of the stratigraphic nomenclature of these offshore basins.

On Standard Nomenclature of Basic Chinese Medical Terms(Ⅲ B)

Blood in Western medicine and血〔xue〕inTCM refer to the same substance,but some writ-ers insisted the use of xue or hsueh for TCM be-cause the latter’s knowledge about blood is differ-

Nomenclature Origin and Development of Bi Syndrome Prescriptions

More than 40 medical history and classical medical literature on the nomenclature of Bi syndrome were systematically arranged,induced and analyzed,the prescriptions named after the medicine include RHIZOMA ET RADIX NOTOPTERYGII,os tigris,RADIX ASTRAGALI,RADIX SAPOSHNIKOVIAE,Prepared common monkshood daughter root,doubleteeth pubescent angelica root,RADIX ANGELICAE SINENSIS,frankincense,RADIX STEPHANIAE TETRANDRAE,RADIX ACHYRANTHIS BIDENTATAE,myrrh,RADIX ACONITI、RADIX DIPSACI,RHIZOMA GASTRODIAE,ginseng root,HERBA DENDROBII,CORNU SAIGAE TATARICAE,RADIX MORINDAE OFFICINALIS,PORIA,SEMEN COICIS,poison yam,and so on.It basically reflected the ancient and modern treatment of Bi syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine named after the formula.

An Analysis on the Origin and Development of Nomenclature of Bi Syndrome

The literatures in more than 40 medical history books and classical medical works about TCM name and classification of Bi syndrome were systematically sorted out,summarized and analyzed,which basically reflected the academic origin of Bi syndrome in ancient and modern Chinese medicine.Through the research on the academic origin of the nomenclature of arthralgia syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine,the changes of the nomenclature of arthralgia syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine were clearly grasped,which was of great significance for the further standardization of the nomenclature of arthralgia syndrome.

Impressions on the Book“On the Standard Nomenclature of Traditional Chinese Medicine”(by Professor XIE Zhu-fan,Foreign Languages Press Beijing, 2003)

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is indubitably on the top of Chinese cultural treasures,deeplyimpressed in the mind of Chinese people.Unfortunately,TCM is facing difficulties in the route towardsinternationalization,up till now,TCM has not yet been granted a legal position for clinical practice in aconsiderable number of countries.So it is our responsibility tO make TCM internationalized and push TCMtobe accepted world—wide,even though we know that it is a long way to go.

Mineral Chemistry and Nomenclature of Amphiboles of Garnet Bearing Amphibolites From Thana Bhilwara,Rajasthan,India

Amphiboles are frequently observed in the medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of garnet bearing amphibolites from Thana.In present work,authors have discussed the mineral chemistry and nomenclature of amphiboles.On the basis of mineral chemistry,the amphibole from garnet bearing amphibolite are normally varies from Hastingsite,Ferropargasite to Tschermakite variety.

Parallel evolution of fish bi-modal breathing and expansion of olfactory receptor(OR)genes:toward a universal ORs nomenclature

Olfactory receptors(ORs)play a key role in the prime sensorial perception,being highly relevant for intra/interspecific interactions.ORs are a subgroup of G-protein coupled receptors that exhibit highly complex subgenomes in vertebrates.However,OR repertoires remain poorly studied in fish lineages,precluding finely retracing their origin,evolution,and diversification,especially in the most basal groups.Here,we conduct an exhaustive gene screening upon 43 high-quality fish genomes exhibiting varied gene repertoires(2e583 genes).While the early vertebrates performed gas exchange through gills,we hypothesize that the emergence of new breathing structures(swim bladder and paired lungs)in early osteichthyans may be associated with expansions in the ORs gene families sensitive to airborne molecules.Additionally,we verify that the OR repertoire of moderns actinopterygians has not increased as expected following a whole genome duplication,likely due to regulatory mechanisms compensating the gene load excess.Finally,we identify 25 distinct OR families,allowing us to propose an updated universal nomenclature for the fish ORs.

Dynamics of Low-Viscosity Liquids Interface in an Unevenly Rotating Vertical Layer

The behavior of two immiscible low-viscosity liquids differing in density and viscosity in a vertical flat layer undergoing modulated rotation is experimentally studied.The layer has a circular axisymmetric boundary.In the absence of modulation of the rotation speed,the interphase boundary has the shape of a short axisymmetric cylinder.A new effect has been discovered,under the influence of rotation speed modulation,the interface takes on a new dynamic equilibrium state.A more viscous liquid covers the end boundaries of the layer in the form of thin films,which have the shape of round spots of almost constant radius;with increasing amplitude of the velocity modulation,the wetting boundary expands.It is found that upon reaching the critical amplitude of oscillations,the film of a viscous liquid loses stability,and the outer edge of the wetting spot collapses and takes on a feathery structure.It is shown that this threshold is caused by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz oscillatory instability of the film.The spreading radius of a spot of light viscous liquid and its stability are studied depending on the rotation rate,amplitude,and frequency of rotation speed modulation.The discovered averaged effects are determined by different oscillatory interaction of fluids with the end-walls of the cell,due to different viscosities.The effect of films forming can find application in technological processes to intensify mass transfer at interphase boundaries.

Taxonomic Status of Three Recently Proposed Species of the Genus Kurixalus(Anura,Rhacophoridae),with Discussion on the ZooBank Registrations for Electronical Publication

In the present study,we propose the synonymization of Kurixalus silvaenaias with Kurixalus qionglaiensis.This conclusion is based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of a series of newly collected specimens,as well as the type series of both nomenclatures.The publication dates of the two species were determined according to the related articles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.Of note,the ZooBank registrations for both species are invalid.Consequently,the publication of K.silvaenaias does not qualify as a published work and the correct publication date of K.qionglaiensis should be the date on which it was physically printed.Furthermore,based on the results presented in this study and its original description,the proposal of K.inexpectatus is deemed untenable and should,therefore,be considered a junior synonym of K.idiootocus.We further provide suggestions for the authors,editors,and publishers who are working on taxonomic publications,as well as for ZooBank to improve the registering service.

From non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease:Rationale and implications for the new terminology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)was the term first used to describe hepatic steatosis in patients with the metabolic syndrome who did not consume excess amounts of alcohol.Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)has many similarities to NAFLD in both pathogenesis and histology.This entity is now the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide as a consequence of the epidemic of obesity.Attempts to incorporate the importance of the metabolic syndrome in the development of steatosis resulted in the renaming of NAFLD as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.This new term,however,has the disadvantage of the use of terms that may be perceived as derogatory.The terms fatty and non-alcoholic have negative connotations in many cultures.In addition,non-alcoholic is not usually a term applicable to pediatric cases of hepatic steatosis.Recently,an international collaborative effort,with participants from 56 countries,after a global consultation process,recommended to change the nomenclature to steatotic liver disease-including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease,metabolic-associated steatohepatitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated ALD.The new terminology is consistent with most of the previously published epidemiological studies and will have a major impact on research into diagnosis,prognosis and treatment.

Study on International Standard Multilingual Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine

The International Standard Chinese-English Basic Nomenclature of Chinese medicine（ISN） was released in 2007,a nomenclature list consisting of 6 500 Chinese medical terms.ISN was the culmination of several years of collaborative diligent work of over 200 specialists who represent Chinese medicine in 68 countries.The overall goal for devising standard English nomenclature for Chinese medicine is to develop a practical international standard nomenclature for Chinese medical basic terms,to make it compatible with contemporary research and educational standards in the globalized health care service.In this article,provided is an overview of principles and methods for the multilingual translations,the processes behind the particular content of the Chinese-English ISN and an introduction to the ongoing new projects,i.e.the multilingual versions of ISN（International Standards of Chinese-Spanish,Chinese-French and Chinese-Portuguese Basic Nomenclature of Chinese Medicine）.

Proposed nomenclature for Pseudallescheria,Scedosporium and related genera

As a result of fundamental changes in the International Code of Nomenclature on the use of separate names for sexual and asexual stages of fungi,generic names of many groups should be reconsidered.Members of the ECMM/ISHAM working group on Pseudallescheria/Scedosporium infections herein advocate a novel nomenclature for genera and species in Pseudallescheria,Scedosporium and allied taxa.The generic names Parascedosporium,Lomentospora,Petriella,Petriellopsis,and Scedosporium are proposed for a lineage within Microascaceae with mostly Scedosporium anamorphs producing slimy,annellidic conidia.Considering that Scedosporium has priority over Pseudallescheria and that Scedosporium prolificans is phylogenetically distinct from the other Scedosporium species,some name changes are proposed.Pseudallescheria minutispora and Petriellidium desertorum are renamed as Scedosporium minutisporum and S.desertorum,respectively.Scedosporium prolificans is renamed as Lomentospora prolificans.

From metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:Controversy and consensus

The newly released nomenclature of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)in the 2023 European Association for the Study of the Liver Congress has raised great clinical concerns.This marks the second instance of significant renaming of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease since the introduction of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD)in 2020.The nomenclature and definitions of MASLD and MAFLD exhibit significant disparities as well as substantial consensus.The disparities regarding the framework of nomenclature,the definitions,the clinical management,and the impact on the clinical outcomes between MASLD and MAFLD were comprehensively compared in this editorial.Additionally,the consensus reached by the MASLD and MAFLD definitions also emphasizes positive diagnosis rather than negative diagnosis within the framework of establishing a diagnostic approach.Furthermore,they acknowledged the pivotal role of metabolic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of MAFLD or MASLD and the positive role of increasing the awareness of the disease in public.Fortunately,the non-invasive tests remains effective in the MASLD and MAFLD era.Elucidating these disparities would contribute to a more comprehensive comprehension of the nature of steatotic liver disease and enhance clinical practice.Thus,more efforts are required to reach more consensus about these important topics.

矿物名称及其若干问题的讨论

矿物名称在矿物学的发展中起到了重要的作用。到目前为止,地球上已发现的矿物种已经达到4000余种,它们如何科学和系统地命名成为了一个重要的问题。因此,矿物命名的标准和规则问题也越来越为矿物学家所重视。本文对矿物名称的历史渊源和命名方法进行了简要介绍,并对矿物名称中蕴涵的共有特性进行了较为深入的分析和总结。在此基础上,结合中、英文矿物名称的特点对当前矿物命名中存在的一些问题进行了讨论,并提出了相应的改进建议。