Reclassification and Nomenclature of Common Pathogenic Fungi

The accurate identification of pathogenic fungi is crucial for diagnosing and treating fungal infections. Recent advancements in molecular biotechnology, phylogenetic analysis, and the requirements of the Melbourne Code have led to changes in the classification and naming of fungi. These changes have caused significant confusion for medical laboratories and clinical personnel. This article summarizes the classification and new names of common pathogenic fungi to enhance fungi identification skills and provide accurate information for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease:New nomenclature and approach with hot debate

An international panel recently proposed an update to the terminology and diagnostic criteria for fatty liver disease.The experts proposed a change in the nomenclature from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)to metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).This single-letter change,we believe,heralds the dawn of a new era in clinical practice and in clinical and basic research as well.The new nomenclature with the easily applicable approach has stimulated the enthusiasm of the researchers worldwide,resulting in a large number of publications over the past two years.Several recent studies have provided tremendous evidence of the superiority of the MAFLD criteria over the NAFLD criteria.Many studies in different geographic areas of the world including the United States,Europe,and Asia on a large number of patients proved that the utility of MAFLD criteria was higher than that of the NAFLD criteria in different aspects of fatty liver diseases.Consequently,many societies,physician and nurse groups,health stakeholders,representatives of regulatory sciences,and others endorsed the new nomenclature.Here we highlight the endorsement of the new name by different societies and groups and the outcome of different studies on the new nomenclature in addition to a short discussion of the debate by some experts.

无刷双馈电机研究综述与展望

无刷双馈电机具有结构可靠、变频器容量小等优势,非常适合灵活运行于防爆、易燃等特殊或极端工况,近年来受到广泛关注。该文根据无刷双馈电机的基本工作原理,明确了该类电机的命名原则与规范名称;总结了现有定转子方案的结构及性能特点,综合考虑性能指标与结构工艺,提出了转子双套绕组的发展方向;梳理了无刷双馈电机的稳态等效电路模型及基于各类数学模型的优化设计方法,针对现存难以完整考虑不同转速工况性能的不足,阐明了利用新型同步-异步相串联等效电路进行优化设计的思路;对比分析了经典及新近出现的无刷双馈电机控制系统拓扑和控制策略特点,面向典型电动、发电工况建立了完整的电机及控制系统。最后,对无刷双馈电机的上述理论研究问题及工业应用的发展方向进行了总结阐述,为该类电机的深入研究及加快推广应用提供参考和指导。

几种特殊火山碎屑岩的形成机制及研究意义

火山碎屑岩是火山物理学研究的最直接对象,也是鉴别碎屑化过程最重要的研究对象。一些特殊类型的火山碎屑岩及相关岩石往往可以反映出某些特征的火山岩浆作用过程,这正是甄别不同类型火山灾害发生概率的基本依据。火山灾害是与火山和火山喷发有关的灾害,它是人类在自然界面临的最重要的灾害类型之一。火山灾害与火山喷发类型直接相关,其中的爆破性火山喷发则可以形成最为致命的强烈火山灾害。爆破性火山喷发的直接产物是形成各式各样的火山碎屑岩,它们代表了喷发过程所带来的不同类型与强度的火山灾害。原生火山碎屑与次生碎屑反映了火山喷发期与喷发间歇期火山表面过程的差异,而岩浆喷发、射汽岩浆喷发和射汽喷发堆积物的鉴定则标志了现代火山学研究的系统性深化,它们是从事火山灾害研究的先导性工作。细粒空降火山灰在水盆地里保存的火山灰纹层因其良好的等时面与环境指示意义而受到人们的重视,与其伴生的岩石则可能需要区分层凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质泥岩等各种不同火山沉积作用类型。熔岩流动碎屑化产生的自碎角砾岩和熔岩流水下淬火形成的碎玻熔岩代表了与熔岩流直接相关的碎屑化,而不是与爆破性火山作用相关的碎屑化。通常把它们划归为原生火山作用碎屑,但其灾害意义却完全不同。不同类型的火山碎屑岩形成于不同的碎屑化机理与成岩方式,其中一些特定的火山碎屑岩更是代表了极为特殊的火山灾害类型与规模。对于隐爆角砾岩,尽管它是一种火山碎屑岩的岩石名称,但其实我们更关心它的资源经济学意义。

新冠病症统一命名的建议

新冠疫情暴发三年多来,国内外出现多种有关新冠病症的名称,如国内有新型冠状病毒肺炎、新型冠状病毒感染等,国外有世卫组织命名的2019冠状病毒病以及倡用的新冠后症状,此外还有长新冠、新冠后综合征、新冠后遗症等较为常见的名称。目前已出现一定的混乱,需要正视。通过辨析,提出取舍意见,认为目前应与世卫组织一致,统一使用2019冠状病毒病、新冠后症状。根据术语学有关要求,同时提出规范名词的建议,为进一步审定新冠病症名称提供参考。

认知术语学视角下中药材命名研究——以《海药本草》为例

为揭示中药材命名背后的认知机制,促进其翻译的规范化,通过对《海药本草》收录的131种药材命名方式进行分类和量化统计,发现其中86种药材主要基于入药部位、形状、音译、传说、功效、生长环境、生长特性、颜色、产地等单一特征命名,另45种药材则整合“音译+气味”“产地+气味”“形状+气味”等两个或多个特征命名。文章认为药材无论是基于单一特征命名还是整合多个特征命名,都是用突显、易辨认、易感知的部分特征来代替整体,反映了概念转喻在药材命名中的重要作用。当单个特征不足以界定药材时,人们会无意识地整合多个特征来命名,体现出概念整合在中药材命名中的普遍性。此外,人们往往借助所熟知的事物与药材在形状或功效上的相似性来命名,体现了概念隐喻在中草药命名中的作用。入药部位、形状、药效、气味、产地等与药材的功效和辨认密不可分,因此会被突显出来用以命名。《海药本草》以收录海外药为主,在命名中直接音译最为省力,这使得音译命名方式占据比例也较高。

Taxonomic Status of Three Recently Proposed Species of the Genus Kurixalus(Anura,Rhacophoridae),with Discussion on the ZooBank Registrations for Electronical Publication

In the present study,we propose the synonymization of Kurixalus silvaenaias with Kurixalus qionglaiensis.This conclusion is based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of a series of newly collected specimens,as well as the type series of both nomenclatures.The publication dates of the two species were determined according to the related articles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.Of note,the ZooBank registrations for both species are invalid.Consequently,the publication of K.silvaenaias does not qualify as a published work and the correct publication date of K.qionglaiensis should be the date on which it was physically printed.Furthermore,based on the results presented in this study and its original description,the proposal of K.inexpectatus is deemed untenable and should,therefore,be considered a junior synonym of K.idiootocus.We further provide suggestions for the authors,editors,and publishers who are working on taxonomic publications,as well as for ZooBank to improve the registering service.

From non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease:Rationale and implications for the new terminology

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)was the term first used to describe hepatic steatosis in patients with the metabolic syndrome who did not consume excess amounts of alcohol.Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)has many similarities to NAFLD in both pathogenesis and histology.This entity is now the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide as a consequence of the epidemic of obesity.Attempts to incorporate the importance of the metabolic syndrome in the development of steatosis resulted in the renaming of NAFLD as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.This new term,however,has the disadvantage of the use of terms that may be perceived as derogatory.The terms fatty and non-alcoholic have negative connotations in many cultures.In addition,non-alcoholic is not usually a term applicable to pediatric cases of hepatic steatosis.Recently,an international collaborative effort,with participants from 56 countries,after a global consultation process,recommended to change the nomenclature to steatotic liver disease-including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease,metabolic-associated steatohepatitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated ALD.The new terminology is consistent with most of the previously published epidemiological studies and will have a major impact on research into diagnosis,prognosis and treatment.

类病毒及其分类进展

随着高通量测序技术的发展及其在类病毒研究中的广泛应用,近年来从不同的物种中发现了多种新类病毒以及大量的疑似类病毒的环状RNA,给类病毒的分类和命名带来了新挑战。为此,国际类病毒分类小组更新了类病毒的分类及命名的一些规则。为了使大家更清楚地了解类病毒最新的分类及命名情况,本文在简要介绍类病毒的基础上,概述了当前类病毒的分类以及不同分类阶元划分的依据以及变动的原因。

领域术语与生活语言的竞争、互动和规范——以酱油分类与命名为例

各行各业既有共同的语言使用基础,也带有一定的行业语言特色,形成“领域术语”并进入中观语言生活层级。酱油作为民众最基本的生活必需品之一,在餐饮行业扮演着领域术语和典型生活语言的双重角色。市场调查发现,酱油市场存在产品分类、品种命名、术语规范等问题,根源在于领域术语未能很好吸收生活语言中的优势要素,实现良性互动。有鉴以此,在现行酱油国标条件下,应刚性执行标签通则,使用强制性国标并标注发布年号,市场品种名应作为次要要素在标签上加括注印制。远期目标是吸收生活语言中的强势分类称名“生抽”“老抽”,适时推动酿造酱油国家标准的新修订,统一酿造技术标准,并提升酱油酿造工艺水平,催生新品种。领域术语与生活语言的良性竞争与深度互动具有可迁移价值,是一个关涉语言竞争、和谐语言生活、新时期语言文字规划、食品安全监督、语言服务、语言产业、社会语言学、新闻传播学等多领域跨学科的新议题,值得进一步探索。

国际植硅体命名法规(International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0)的介绍与讨论

随着植硅体分析的广泛应用,植硅体命名规范化已经成为趋势。文章对国际植硅体命名法规中植硅体类型划分、命名和描述的方法与术语进行介绍,提供部分中文对应译名,并对该法规中存在的问题进行探讨,以期引起国内学术界的重视,为我国植硅体命名规范化提供参考。

Dynamics of Low-Viscosity Liquids Interface in an Unevenly Rotating Vertical Layer

The behavior of two immiscible low-viscosity liquids differing in density and viscosity in a vertical flat layer undergoing modulated rotation is experimentally studied.The layer has a circular axisymmetric boundary.In the absence of modulation of the rotation speed,the interphase boundary has the shape of a short axisymmetric cylinder.A new effect has been discovered,under the influence of rotation speed modulation,the interface takes on a new dynamic equilibrium state.A more viscous liquid covers the end boundaries of the layer in the form of thin films,which have the shape of round spots of almost constant radius;with increasing amplitude of the velocity modulation,the wetting boundary expands.It is found that upon reaching the critical amplitude of oscillations,the film of a viscous liquid loses stability,and the outer edge of the wetting spot collapses and takes on a feathery structure.It is shown that this threshold is caused by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz oscillatory instability of the film.The spreading radius of a spot of light viscous liquid and its stability are studied depending on the rotation rate,amplitude,and frequency of rotation speed modulation.The discovered averaged effects are determined by different oscillatory interaction of fluids with the end-walls of the cell,due to different viscosities.The effect of films forming can find application in technological processes to intensify mass transfer at interphase boundaries.

利用Nomenclature101网站对有机化合物英文命名进行尝试

针对学生在有机化合物英文命名学习过程中枯燥、容易出现错误的情况,介绍一个在线学习网站—Nomenclature101,结合该网站的答题模式和学生自主学习,提高学生对有机化合物英文命名的学习兴趣和学习效果。

种加词以地域定名的竹种分析

整理出世界竹子清单(World Checklist of Bamboos,WCBs)中隶属73个竹属里的以地域名称命名的352个竹种,其中50个竹种以国家、洲际等大尺度地理区域名称命名,302个竹种以省市、山川等地域名称命名(中国128个),发现约有1/5竹种、竹属以地域定名,比较普遍。详细分析了以竹属、竹区、命名人、合格发表时间等约束因素条件下的种加词拉丁化定名现象,以及其中的多类型地域名称种加词的凝练形式。提出区别对待新陈、扬弃地域定名的观点,以修订新版植物命名法规,更准确反映竹子的遗传地理特性,甄别竹种,服务竹业。

基于自建心血管疾病语料库的中医术语标准应用研究

目的:通过比较自建中医心血管疾病语料库与世界中医药学会联合会制定的《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》的异同,研究中医英文术语的应用情况。方法:以《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》为研究对象,搜索心血管领域相关中医英文期刊,建立语料库。采用语料库分析工具Ant Con进行术语词频统计与分析,通过Excel表比较语料库与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》词汇的异同。结果:显示自建语料库类符630个,形符4291个;《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》类符1910个,形符11735个。语料库与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》相比,相同单词326个,占比51.75%(326/630),语料库的特有单词304个,占比48.25%(304/630)。将语料库中排名前二十的高频单词与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》对比,两者核心单词基本一致。将语料库中排名前二十的高频词组与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》词组进行比较,两者相同表达的词组频数为356,占比57.14%(356/623),语料库特有词组频数为267,占比42.86%(267/623)。语料库词组与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》的不同主要表现在介词的使用、动词的选择、拼音的应用、词语的精炼4个方面。而造成不同的主要原因是中医术语标准在实际应用效果不佳,中医术语标准版本的多样性和动态性,以及中医术语的定位不清晰。结论:本研究的语料库与《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》中英文术语有很大不同,存在乱译、术语不统一的现象。我们要充分利用现有的指南和标准,规范应用中医术语,进一步提升我国中医药标准制定质量,增强国际交流。

对接国际标准的高质量疾病分类:现状与思考

随着国际疾病分类(international classification of diseases,ICD)在我国医疗评价和医保支付体系中的广泛应用,其重要性日益凸显,并备受业界关注。在ICD快速推广和普及的同时,临床也产生了不同的工作模式,甚至一些理解上的分歧。部分医疗机构严格限定医师必须在ICD疾病、手术名称范围内选择临床诊断并同步带入编码,弱化甚至替代专业编码人员进行编码环节操作,给临床实际工作带来了一定困扰,并导致数据质量下降。本文深入剖析临床医师使用疾病分类诊断可能带来的困惑以及疾病分类应用中的常见误区,指出病案首页中医师填写的诊断为疾病命名,而ICD属于分类诊断,二者的目的和作用具有本质上的差异。建议医师了解ICD编码对临床诊断书写的要求,回归到以医疗为核心的思维中,并采用疾病命名法对疾病诊断进行准确记录。对于疾病分类数据而言,其高质量的关键在于严格遵循ICD的分类规则,保持与国际标准接轨;由专业的病案编码人员在接受卫生信息专业的知识体系训练,学习和掌握国际分类规则的基础上履行责任,确保将临床诊断准确转化为分类编码。

西南少数民族边棱音管乐器定名习惯探讨

一套逻辑严密、指向明确、标准统一的乐器定名原则对于少数民族乐器研究具有至关重要的意义。西南少数民族边棱音管乐器的定名习惯,主要可以分为民间习俗定名、专有名词定名、民族语言释义定名三大类。其中,专有名词定名类中又包含语言昵称类、演奏方式类、乐器形制类。总体上看,西南少数民族边棱音管乐器的定名习惯呈现出多样化的特点。作者根据田野实践,总结乐器定名习惯与分类结果,对方言语调与演奏方式对乐器称谓的影响进行阐释,认为西南少数民族边棱音管乐器定名习惯具有随意性较强的特点。

三峡地区“七药”

目的:探究三峡地区“七药”的基本情况,为进一步开发利用提供参考依据。方法:围绕三峡地区“七药”系列中草药的主要品种、命名方式、植物来源及功效进行文献研究、走访调查。结果:三峡地区“七药”主要品种有80余种,民间常根据其形状、功效应用、生长环境进行命名,多具有活血止血、清热解毒、祛风湿等功效。结论:三峡地区“七药”具有较大开发利用价值,应予高度重视。

Folk nomenclature of plants in Cistanche deserticola-associated community in South Gobi, Mongolia

Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.deserticola and other species of the same community in Umnugobi Province,South Gobi region of Mongolia,based on ethnobotanical approaches.The high correspondence between folk names and scientific names of plant species occurring in Cistanche-associated community shows the scientific meaning of folk nomenclature and classification in Mongolia.The Mongolian and folk names of plants were formed on the basis of observations and understanding of wild plants including their morphology,phenology and traditional uses as well.Results from this study will support the conservation of C.deserticola itself,a rare and endangered plant species listed in the Monglian Red Data Book.Our documentation of folk nomenclature based on 96 plant species in the Cistanche community,as a part of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity,will be very helpful for making strategy of plant biodiversity conservation in Mongolia.

On Standard Nomenclature of Basic Chinese Medical Terms(IV)

ETIOLOGICAL TERMSIn traditional Chinese medicine, etiology is commonly called "cause of disease". The various factors that may cause disease are called "pathogenic factors". In the past they were classified into three categories: "exogenous factors", "endogenous factors", and "non-exo-endogenous factors". In the modern textbooks this tri-causal hypothesis is not so widely used, while a new classification has been developed.