Airblast evolution initiated by Wangjiayan landslides in the M_(s)8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and its destructive capacity analysis

Airblasts,as one common phenomenon accompanied by rapid movements of landslides or rock/snow avalanches,commonly result in catastrophic damages and are attracting more and more scientific attention.To quantitatively analyze the intensity of airblast initiated by landslides,the Wangjiayan landslide,occurred in the Wenchuan earthquake,is selected here with the landslide propagation and airblast evolution being studied using FLUENT by introducing the Voellmy rheological law.The results reveal that:(1)For the Wangjiayan landslide,its whole travelling duration is only 12 s with its maximum velocity reaching 36 m/s at t=10 s;(2)corresponding to the landslide propagation,the maximum velocity,28 m/s,of the airblast initiated by the landslide also appears at t=10 s with its maximum pressure reaching594.8 Pa,which is equivalent to violent storm;(3)under the attack of airblast,the load suffered by buildings in the airblast zone increases to 1300 Pa at t=9.4 s and sharply decreased to-7000 Pa as the rapid decrease of the velocity of the sliding mass at t=10 s,which is seriously unfavorable for buildings and might be the key reason for the destructive collapse of buildings in the airblast zone of the Wangjiayan landslide.

Life-Cycle Bearing Capacity for Pre-Stressed T-beams Based on Full-Scale Destructive Test

To investigate the evolution of load-bearing characteristics of pre-stressed beams throughout their service life and to provide a basis for accurately assessing the actual working state of damaged pre-stressed concrete T-beams,destructive tests were conducted on full-scale pre-stressed concrete beams.Based on the measurement and ana-lysis of beam deflection,strain,and crack development under various loading levels during the research tests,combined with the verification coefficient indicators specified in the codes,the verification coefficients of bridges at different stages of damage can be examined.The results indicate that the T-beams experience complete,incom-plete linear,and non-linear stages during the destructive test process.In the complete linear elastic stage,both the deflection and bottom strain verification coefficients comply with the specifications,indicating a good structural load-bearing capacity no longer adheres to the code’s requirements.In the non-linear stage,both coefficients exhi-bit a sharp increase,resulting in a further decrease in the structure’s load-bearing capacity.According to the pro-visions of the current code,the beam can be in the incomplete linear stage when both values fall within the code’s specified range.The strain verification coefficient sourced from the compression zone at the bottom of theflange is not recommended for assessing the bridge’s load-bearing capacity.

The Al_(2)O_(3)and Mn/Al_(2)O_(3)sorbents highly utilized in destructive sorption of NF_(3)

NF_(3)is commonly used as an etching and cleaning gas in semiconductor industry,however it is a strongly greenhouse gas.Therefore,the destruction of disposal NF_(3)is an urgent task to migrate the greenhouse effect.Among the technologies for NF_(3)abatement,the destructive sorption of NF_(3)over metal oxides sorbents is an effective way.Thus,the search for a highly reactive and utilized sorbent for NF_(3)destruction is in great demand.In this work,AlOOH supported on carbon-sphere(AlOOH/CS)as precursors were synthesized hydrothermally and heat-treated to prepare the Al_(2)O_(3)sorbents.The influence of AlOOH/CS hydrothermal temperatures on the reactivity of derived Al_(2)O_(3)sorbents for NF_(3)destruction was investigated,and it is shown that the Al2O3 from AlOOH/CS hydro-thermalized at 120℃is superior to others.Subsequently,the optimized Al_(2)O_(3)was covered by Mn(OH)x to prepare Mn/Al_(2)O_(3)sorbents via changing hydrothermal temperatures and Mn loadings.The results show that the Mn/Al_(2)O_(3)sorbents are more utilized than bare Al_(2)O_(3)in NF_(3)destructive sorption due to the promotional effect of Mn_(2)O_(3)as surface layer on the fluorination of Al_(2)O_(3)as substrate,especially the optimal 5%Mn/Al2O3(160℃)exhibits a utilization percentage as high as 90.4%,and remarkably exceeds all the sorbents reported so far.These findings are beneficial to develop more efficient sorbents for the destruction of NF_(3).

The neutrophil–osteogenic cell axis promotes bone destruction in periodontitis

The immune-stromal cell interactions play a key role in health and diseases. In periodontitis, the most prevalent infectious disease in humans, immune cells accumulate in the oral mucosa and promote bone destruction by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in osteogenic cells such as osteoblasts and periodontal ligament cells. However, the detailed mechanism underlying immune–bone cell interactions in periodontitis is not fully understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNAsequencing analysis on mouse periodontal lesions and showed that neutrophil–osteogenic cell crosstalk is involved in periodontitis-induced bone loss. The periodontal lesions displayed marked infiltration of neutrophils, and in silico analyses suggested that the neutrophils interacted with osteogenic cells through cytokine production. Among the cytokines expressed in the periodontal neutrophils, oncostatin M (OSM) potently induced RANKL expression in the primary osteoblasts, and deletion of the OSM receptor in osteogenic cells significantly ameliorated periodontitis-induced bone loss. Epigenomic data analyses identified the OSM-regulated RANKL enhancer region in osteogenic cells, and mice lacking this enhancer showed decreased periodontal bone loss while maintaining physiological bone metabolism. These findings shed light on the role of neutrophils in bone regulation during bacterial infection, highlighting the novel mechanism underlying osteoimmune crosstalk.

Reversible solid-liquid conversion enabled by self-capture effect for stable non-flow zinc-bromine batteries

Non-flow aqueous zinc-bromine batteries without auxiliary components(e.g.,pumps,pipes,storage tanks)and ion-selective membranes represent a cost-effective and promising technology for large-scale energy storage.Unfortunately,they generally suffer from serious diffusion and shuttle of polybromide(Br^(-),Br^(3-))due to the weak physical adsorption between soluble polybromide and host carbon materials,which results in low energy efficiency and poor cycling stability.Here,we develop a novel self-capture organic bromine material(1,10-bis[3-(trimethylammonio)propyl]-4,4'-bipyridinium bromine,NVBr4)to successfully realize reversible solid complexation of bromide components for stable non-flow zinc-bromine battery applications.The quaternary ammonium groups(NV^(4+)ions)can effectively capture the soluble polybromide species based on strong chemical interaction and realize reversible solid complexation confined within the porous electrodes,which transforms the conventional“liquid-liquid”conversion of soluble bromide components into“liquid-solid”model and effectively suppresses the shuttle effect.Thereby,the developed non-flow zinc-bromide battery provides an outstanding voltage platform at 1.7 V with a notable specific capacity of 325 mAh g^(-1)NVBr4(1 A g^(-1)),excellent rate capability(200 mAh g^(-1)NVBr4 at 20 A g^(-1)),outstanding energy density of 469.6 Wh kg^(-1)and super-stable cycle life(20,000 cycles with 100%Coulombic efficiency),which outperforms most of reported zinc-halogen batteries.Further mechanism analysis and DFT calculations demonstrate that the chemical interaction of quaternary ammonium groups and bromide species is the main reason for suppressing the shuttle effect.The developed strategy can be extended to other halogen batteries to obtain stable charge storage.

Pulsed Eddy Current Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation:A Review

Pulsed eddy current （PEC） non-destructive test- ing and evaluation （NDT＆E） has been around for some time and it is still attracting extensive attention from researchers around the globe, which can be witnessed through the reports reviewed in this paper. Thanks to its richness of spectral components, various applications of this technique have been proposed and reported in the lit- erature covering both structural integrity inspection and material characterization in various industrial sectors. To support its development and for better understanding of the phenomena around the transient induced eddy currents, attempts for its modelling both analytically and numeri- cally have been made by researchers around the world. This review is an attempt to capture the state-of-the-art development and applications of PEC, especially in the last 15 years and it is not intended to be exhaustive. Future challenges and opportunities for PEC NDT＆E are also presented.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Composite Pressure Vessel by Using FBG Sensors

In recent years, advanced composite structures are used extensively in many industries such as aerospace, aircraft, automobile, pipeline and civil engineering. Reliability and safety are crucial requirements posed by them to the advanced composite structures be- cause of their harsh working conditions. Therefore, as a very important measure, structural health monitoring （SHM） in-service is deft- nitely demanded for ensuring their safe working in-situ. In this paper, fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensors are surface-mounted on the hoop and in the axial directions of a FRP pressure vessel to monitor the strain status during its pressurization. The experimental results show that the FBG sensors could be used to monitor the strain development and determine the ultimate failure strain of the composite pressure vessel.

Bone destruction of orbital wall in idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor:does it always imply malignancy?

AIM:To assess the clinical presentations and outcomes of idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor(IOIP)patients with orbital wall bone destruction(OWBD)and to propose an expanded classification system that includes bone destruction.METHODS:The study retrospectively reviewed clinical presentations,imaging findings,treatment modalities,and outcomes of six patients diagnosed histopathologically with IOIP and OWBD at the Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University between October 2018 and June 2021.RESULTS:Over two years,6(10%)of 60 IOIP patients at our hospital exhibited OWBD,but this may overrepresent severe cases.The cohort consisted of three men and three women,aged 17 to 60y(mean 35.5±16.1y).Presenting symptoms included proptosis,eyelid swelling,decreased visual acuity with pain,and palpable mass.Imaging revealed multiple anatomical structures involved with the medial wall being the most common site of bone destruction.Histopathological examination showed classic type in five patients and sclerosing type in one patient.All patients underwent surgical resection followed by methylprednisolone treatment.Follow-up(mean 30.3±3.1mo)indicated three patients had no recurrence,while others had varying degrees of symptom persistence or recurrence.CONCLUSION:IOIP with bone destruction is a rare but significant subtype that mimics malignancy,leading to potential diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.Our findings suggest that complete surgical resection combined with adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy can yield favorable outcomes.However,larger-scale studies are needed to further optimize therapeutic approaches.

Optical generation,detection and non-destructive testing applications of terahertz waves

Optoelectronic terahertz generation and detection play a key role in the applications of non-destructive testing,which involves different areas such as physics,biological,material science,imaging,explosions detection,astronomy applications,semiconductor technology and superconductiong electronics. In this article,we present a reviewof the principle and performance of typical terahertz sources,detectors and non-destructive testing applications. On this basis,the newdevelopment and trends of terahertz radiation detectors are also discussed.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Absolute Stress in Steel Members Using Shear-Wave Spectroscopy

Non-destructive measurement of absolute stress in steel members can provide useful information to optimize the design of steel structures and allow the safety of existing structures to be evaluated.This paper investigates the non-destructive capability of ultrasonic shear-wave spectroscopy in absolute stress evaluation of steel members.The effect of steel-member stress on the shear-wave amplitude spectrum is investigated,and a method of absolute stress measurement is proposed.Specifically,the process for evaluating absolute stress using shear-wave spectroscopy is summarized.Two steel members are employed to investigate the relationship between the stress and the frequency in shear-wave echo amplitude spectrum.The H-beam loaded by the universal testing machine is evaluated by the proposed method and the traditional strain gauge method for verification.The results show that the proposed method is effective and accurate for determining absolute stress in steel members.

Non-destructive experimental testing and modeling of electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils

The characterization of ultra-soft clayey soil exhibits extreme challenges due to low shear strength of such material.Hence,inspecting the non-destructive electrical impedance behavior of untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils gains more attention.Both shear strength and electrical impedance were measured experimentally for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils.The shear strength of untreated ultra-soft clayey soil reached 0.17 kPa for 10% bentonite content,while the shear strengths increased to 0.27 kPa and 6.7 kPa for 10% bentonite content treated with 2% lime and 10% polymer,respectively.The electrical impedance of the ultra-soft clayey soil has shown a significant decrease from 1.6 kΩ to 0.607 kΩ when the bentonite content increased from 2% to 10% at a frequency of 300 kHz.The10%lime and 10% polymer treatments have decreased the electrical impedances of ultra-soft clayey soil with 10%bentonite from 0.607 kΩ to 0.12 kΩ and 0.176 kΩ,respectively,at a frequency of 300 kHz.A new mathematical model has been accordingly proposed to model the non-destructive electrical impedancefrequency relationship for both untreated and treated ultra-soft clayey soils.The new model has shown a good agreement with experimental data with coefficient of determination（R;）up to 0.99 and root mean square error（RMSE） of 0.007 kΩ.

Non-Destructive Imaging of Water Permeation through Cementitious Materials Using MRI

In this study, water permeation through cementitious materials was observed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The influence of cement type on the magnetic resonance signal was studied subsequent to determining the parameters required for imaging. Consequently, adequate imaging of water permeating through hardened cement paste (HCP) made with white Portland cement was achieved, while water permeation through ordinary Portland cement-based HCP yielded poor signal. HCPs maintained at various levels of relative humidity (RH) were observed, and the signal was detected only from those maintained at an RH of higher than 85%. The water permeation depths in HCP were observed by using MRI, and the measured depths were compared to those measured via a spraying water detector on the split surface of the specimens. As a result, good agreement was confirmed between the two methods. Additionally, MRI was applied to concrete specimens;although it was found that water was not detected when a lightweight aggregate was used, water permeation through concrete with limestone aggregate was detectable via MRI. MRI will help in understanding how water permeation causes and accelerates concrete deteriorations such as rebar corrosion and freezing and thawing.

Rapid and Non-destructive Prediction of Protein Content in Peanut Varieties Using Near-infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Method

This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared(NIR) hyperspectral imaging(1 000–2 500 nm) for non-destructive and quantitative prediction of protein content in peanut kernels. Partial least squares regression(PLSR) calibration model was established between the spectral data extracted from the hyperspectral images and the reference measured protein content values, with the coefficient of determination of prediction(R_P^2) of 0.885 and root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP) of 0.465%.Regression coefficients(RC) from PLSR analysis were used to identify the most essential wavelengths that had the greatest influence on changes in the protein content. Eight optimal wavelengths were selected by RC and its corresponding simplified RC-PLSR prediction model was also obtained, showing better performance with a higher R_P^2 of 0.870 and a lower RMSEP of 0.494%. The results indicate that hyperspectral imaging with PLSR analysis can be used as a rapid and non-destructive method for predicting protein content in peanut.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE PAVEMENT LAYER THICKNESS MEASUREMENT USING EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION WITH GPR

Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) is an effective Non-Destructive Testing(NDT) technique for highway pavement surveys, which is able to acquire continuous pavement data compared with traditional core drilling method. In this study, we proposed an accurate and efficient method to estimate the thickness of each pavement layer using an air-coupled GPR system. For this work, the main difficulties are estimating each pavement layer's time delay and dielectric constant. We first give the basic signal model for pavement evaluation, and then present an Intrinsic Mode Functions(IMFs) product detector to determine each pavement layer's time delay. This method is based on Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD), which is an adaptive signal decomposition procedure and proved to be suitable for suppressing noises in GPR signal. The dielectric constant was determined by metal reflection measurement. The laboratory and highway experiments illustrate that the proposed thickness estimation method yields reasonable result, thus meets the requirements of practical highway pavement survey with massive GPR data.

The non-destructive threshold of the graphite surface by STM in the ultra-fast pulse mode

In this paper single ultra-fast voltage pulses are introduced to the Pt/Ir tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope （STM）, and the non-destructive threshold of the graphite surface is studied systematically in a wide range of pulse durations （from 104 to 8 ns）. Considering the waveform distortion of the pulses at the tunnelling region, this paper gives the corrected threshold curve of pulse amplitude depending on pulse duration. A new explanation of threshold power has been suggested and fits the experimental results well.

Non-destructive study of fruits using grating-based X-ray imaging

Grating-based X-ray imaging can make use of conventional tube sources to provide absorption, refraction and scattering contrast images from a single set of projection images efficiently. In this paper, a fresh cherry tomato and a dried umeboshi are imaged by using X-ray Talbot–Lau interferometer. The seed distribution in the scattering image of the cherry tomato, and the wrinkles of epicarp in the refraction image of the umeboshi, are shown distinctly. The refraction and scattering images provide more information on subtle features than the absorption image. Also, the contrast-to-noise ratio values show distinguishing capacity of the three kinds of imaging techniques. The results confirm that grating-based X-ray imaging is of great potential in non-destructive fruit testing.

Determination of Bonding Failures in Transparent Materials with Non-Destructive Methods—Evaluation of Climatically Stressed Glued and Laminated Glass Compounds

As part of an international research project—funded by the European Union—capillary glasses for facades are being developed exploiting storage energy by means of fluids flowing through the capillaries. To meet highest visual demands, acrylate adhesives and EVA films are tested as possible bonding materials for the glass setup. Especially non-destructive methods (visual analysis, analysis of birefringent properties and computed tomographic data) are applied to evaluate failure patterns as well as the long-term behavior considering climatic influences. The experimental investigations are presented after different loading periods, providing information of failure developments. In addition, detailed information and scientific findings on the application of computed tomographic analyses are presented.

New Trends in Non-Destructive Evaluation of Surface Hardened Layers and Coatings

This article should not be considered as a full review of current methods for non-destructive testing of surface layers. Rather, it is a subjective in this area. However, the article provides some review of the challenges posed by the current state of surface layers treatment techniques on the area of Non-Destructive materials evaluation: enhancement of the sensitivity to the type of defects, increasing resolution to submicron values, the requirement to diagnose the surface layers with depth resolution of properties, diagnosis of multilayer multicomponent surface layers and coatings, treated with concentrated energy.

Compressed sensing and Otsu's method based binary CT image reconstruction technique in non-destructive detection

This paper tries to address the problem of binary CT image reconstruction in non-destructive detection with an algorithm based on compressed sensing(CS) and Otsu's method, which could reconstruct binary CT image of test object from incomplete detection data. According to binary CT image characteristics, we employ Splitbregman method based on L1/2regularization to solve piecewise constant region reconstruction. To improve the reconstructed image quality from incomplete detection data, we utilize a priori knowledge and Otsu's method as the optimization constraint. In our study, we make numerical simulation to investigate our proposed method,and compare reconstructed results from different reconstruction methods. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method could effectively reduce noise and suppress artifacts, and reconstruct high-quality binary image from incomplete detection data.