Relationship between Iodine Content in Household Iodized Salt and Thyroid Volume Distribution in Children

Objective To assess the effect of different levels of salt iodine content on thyroid volume（ThV） distribution using data from the 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national iodine deficiency disorder（IDD） surveys. Methods Probability proportion to size（PPS） sampling method was used to obtain a representative national sample of 34,547, 38,932, and 47,188 Chinese children aged 8-10 years in 1999, 2011, and 2014 Chinese national IDD surveys, respectively. The iodine content in household iodized salt and urinary iodine concentration were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was performed. The data were analyzed by SAS software using histograms and box plots. The skewness and kurtosis were calculated for testing the normality of ThV. Results The median iodine content in household iodized salt dropped from 42.30 mg/kg in 1999 to 25.00 mg/kg in 2014. The median urinary iodine concentration of children aged 8-10 years decreased from 306.0 μg/L in 1999 to 197.9 μg/L in 2014. The median and interquartile range（IQR） of ThV in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 3.44 m L and 1.50 m L, 2.60 m L and 1.37 m L, 2.63 m L and 1.25 m L, respectively. The skewness and kurtosis of ThV distribution in 1999, 2011, and 2014 surveys were 1.34 and 5.84, 0.98 and 3.54, 1.27 and 5.49, respectively. Conclusion With reduced salt iodization levels, the median urinary iodine concentration and median ThV of children decreased significantly, and the symmetry of the ThV distribution improved.

Association of iodized salt with goiter prevalence in Chinese populations: a continuity analysis over time

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) refer to diseases that are caused by insufficient iodine intake, and the best strategy to prevent IDD is the addition of iodine to dietary salt. Because iodine deficiency is a common cause of goiter, the prevalence as effectively controlled after the implementation of universal salt iodization(USI) in China. However, there is substantial controversy as to whether the incidence of thyroid disorders is related to iodized salt intake. Therefore, we aimed to clarify whether the risk of goiter can be promoted by USI.Methods: A longitudinal continuous study based on the national monitoring results of IDD in China was performed for 3 consecutive years. We recorded the following indicators of IDD from 31 provinces: goiter number, two degrees of goiter(the degree of goiter severity) and cretinism(three endemic diseases), iodized salt intake, median urinary iodine concentration(UIC), soil iodine content and coverage rates of iodized salt. One-way Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and linear regression analyses examined the differences between the three groups and correlations, respectively. Data were collected from the Chinese national IDD surveillance data in 2011-2013, and the background values of Chinese soil elements were published in 1990.Results: A reference male's daily intake of maximum iodine was 378.9μg, 379.2μg and 366.9μg in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. No statistical association between daily iodized salt intake and the three endemic diseases was observed in 2011-2013(P >0.05). No association was observed between daily iodized salt intake and the UIC of children in 2011(P>0.05). Linear regression revealed no significant correlation between the soil iodine content and three endemic diseases. The present study indicated no difference in the daily iodized salt intake in each province during three years(F=0.886, P=0.647). The coverage rate of iodized salt remained above 98.7%, and goiter rates were stable in 2011-2013.Conclusion: There was no significant association between iodized salt intake and the three endemic diseases, suggesting that the current nutrition level of iodized salt did not cause the high goiter prevalence.

Effects of Storage and Cooking on the lodine Content in lodized Salt and Study on Monitoring lodine Content in Iodized Salt

In order to ensure that the intake of iodine from iodized salt is adequate, the effects of cooking, storage and iedination on iodine content in iodized salt have been studied. For moni toring the analytical Performance, a qoality control exawhnation was also undertaken. The loss of iodine was greater when salt was stored in plastic bag than in glass bottle. The loss was greater in fortified salt stored at 37℃ and under 76% humidity than in that at 20 ~ 25℃ and under lower humidity. The retention of iodine varied with the kind of has and also was influenced by the water content of cooked food. In general, the retention of iodine during cooking varied considerably (from 36. 6% to 86. 1 % ). The iodine concentration in salts varied greater from 3.0 to 100.3 mg/kg in salt for markets, and from 0 to 90.0 mg/kg in salts for households. 48. 3 % of samples from markets were found to be in compliance with national standards (30 ~ 50 mg/kg), and 72.0% of samples from households were in compliance with national standartl (20 ~ 50 mg/kg). Analytical data collected from 8 of the cooperative laheratories foran analytical reference material showed a 95% codridence interval of the population mean for both precision and accuracy, falling within X± 2SD and passing quality control exdrination

Iodine Concentration of Iodized Salts Consumed in Harper

This study determined concentrations of iodine, consistent with WHO iodine fortification standards, in commercial edible salts mostly consumed in Harper. The following hypothesis was put forward in the research study;H1: the iodine content of the two brands of iodized salts is different from the WHO iodine fortification levels;H0: the iodine content of the two brands of iodized salts is not different from the WHO iodine fortification levels. The hypothesis was tested in MS Excel 2010 and 2016 via the T-Test function giving p-value = 0.1476 and p-value = 0.0395 indicative of no significant difference in the iodine concentration of the salts compared with the lower limit of WHO standard 20 mg·Kg-1 and huge contrast in the iodine concentration of the salts compared with the upper limit of WHO standard 40 mg·Kg-1 respectively. The UV spectrophotometric method was used to analyze and measure the iodine concentration in the twelve (12) samples of two different brands bought from grocery stores in Harper city. Results indicated that all samples of the two (2) brands of iodized salts contained iodine of no significant difference relative to the lower limit of WHO standard but far below the upper limit of the WHO standard. The study therefore recommends monitoring of commercial iodized salts by appropriate authorities in Harper to ascertain the WHO iodization fortification standards before reaching consumers.

Iodized salt consumption and iodine deficiency status in China: a cross-sectional study

Objective:To monitor iodized salt consumption and evaluate iodine deficiency status in 2014 in China.Materials and Methods:In 2014,a nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 31 provinces (in this study,provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities in China's Mainland were named as provinces).Probability proportional to size sampling method was adopted to recruit children ages 8-10 and pregnant women.47,467 children's and 18,994 pregnant women's urine samples were collected and 47,706 children's thyroid volumes were examined.Iodine content in salt was determined with 46,900 edible salt samples from children's households;urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was tested from children and pregnant women's urine samples;thyroid volume of children was assessed by ultrasound.Results:The national coverage rate of iodized salt and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 96.3％ and 91.5％,respectively.Median iodine content in iodized salt was 25.2 mg/kg.In 22 of 31 provinces,the provincial coverage rates of iodized salt were over 95％.And consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were more than 90％ in 21 provinces.In this study,the national median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) of children in China was 197.9 μg/L.At the provincial level,MUIC of children in 19 provinces was 100-199 μg/L,which in 12 provinces was 200-299 μg/L.The national MUIC of pregnant women in 2014 was 154.6 μg/L,slightly higher than the lower limit of the WHO criteria for adequate (150-249 μg/L).At the provincial level,MUIC of pregnant women in 18 provinces was 100-149 μg/L,which in 13 provinces was 150-249 μg/L.The national prevalence of goiter among children in 2014 was 2.6％,of which only Shandong province (5.6％) exceeded the national standard (5％).Conclusions:In China,iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) has been eliminated since 2005.And in 2014,the IDD-free status still remained.

Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders Following 10-Year Universal Salt Iodization in Hebei Province of China

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of universal salt iodization （USI） for the control of IDD in Hebei province since it was implemented in 1995, identify the problems currently encountered in the implementation of USI and provide practical proposals for addressing these problems. Methods Probability proportionate to size sampling （PPS） was employed in the surveillance of IDD, for which a total of 1200 school children aged 8-10 years were randomly selected from 30 counties around the whole province during each IDD survey. The iodine content of salt was determined quantitatively with the titration method. The iodine content of urinary samples was measured by the method of ammonium persulfate oxidation. Results The coverage of iodized salt increased from 65.0% in 1995 to 98.0% in 1999, then decreased to 88.1% in 2005 which was below the national standard of 90%. The median urinary iodine of children aged 8-10 years varied between 160.1 μg/L and 307.4 μg/L, which was above the national standard. The proportion of urinary samples with iodine content above 300 lag/L was over 30% in 2005, implying exorbitant iodine nutrition among the children. The goiter rate （TGR） among children aged 8-10 years dropped from 11.8% in 1995 to 2.7% in 2005, indicating that the spread of endemic goiter was under control. Conclusion Preliminary elimination of IDD was achieved by USI in Hebei province. Nevertheless, some problems still existed in USI such as non-iodized salt competition, over iodization and un-standardized iodization. In order to address these problems, the management and supervision of salt market needs to be strengthened to prevent non-iodized salt from reaching households; updating equipment and modifying techniques are also necessary to ensure the quality of iodized salt; to clarify the causes of excessive urinary iodine content, the various sources of iodine from the diet need to be investigated in the future.

直接滴定法和氧化还原滴定法用于居民食用碘盐中碘含量测定效果分析

目的探讨和分析在居民食用碘盐碘含量测定中直接滴定法与氧化还原滴定法的应用价值。方法选取164份食用碘盐,包括82份居民已经开封且正在食用的食用碘盐(其中添加碘酸钾食盐41份,添加其他还原物质食盐41份)、82份市场销售食用碘盐,研究时间为2021年5月至2023年10月,分别实施《制盐工业通用试验方法碘的测定》(GB/T13025.7-2012)中直接滴定法和氧化还原滴定法检测,比较2种检测方法在碘盐标准物质中的检测结果、居民食用碘盐中碘含量检测结果以及市售食用碘盐碘含量检测结果。结果直接滴定法与氧化还原滴定法碘盐标准物质及添加其他还原物质碘盐检测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。直接滴定法居民食用碘盐中碘含量检测结果明显低于氧化还原滴定法,氧化还原滴定法在添加其他还原物质居民食用碘盐中碘含量检测结果高于直接滴定法,不同检测方法检测结果对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。直接滴定法与氧化还原滴定法市售食用碘盐碘含量检测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在添加碘酸钾的居民食用碘盐碘含量检测中可应用直接滴定法,操作简单且有着较高的检测准确度,具有较高的应用价值;居民已开封食用盐储存方式多为裸露或者散装状态,存放温度及湿度相对较高,可导致碘含量降低,针对已开封食用盐可实施氧化还原滴定法检测。

食用盐中碘含量监测结果研究

目的分析邹平市儿童和孕妇食用盐中的碘含量情况,为相关疾病提供参考。方法选择2018—2022年邹平市儿童尿碘检测样本1987份,孕妇尿碘检测样本1903份,儿童食用的盐碘检测样本1032份,以及孕妇食用的盐碘检测样本1428份作为研究对象展开分析,并统计相关的监测结果。结果2018—2022年儿童尿碘整体适宜量占比较高(29.59%),2022年儿童尿碘过量占比最高。2018—2022年孕妇整体尿碘不足占比最高,其中以2020年、2021年较为突出。2018—2022年儿童整体碘盐合格率为84.98%,碘盐覆盖率为89.05%。2022年碘盐覆盖率较低(82.35%)。2018—2022年孕妇整体碘盐合格率为85.26%,碘盐覆盖率为90.27%。2022年的孕妇碘盐覆盖率较低(86.42%)。各地区孕妇碘盐覆盖率均≥80%,整体水平较高。结论邹平各地区儿童和孕妇碘盐覆盖率占比高达80%以上,虽然儿童尿碘整体适宜量占比较高,但孕妇摄入量偏低,还需相关部门及时正确地指导、调整饮食中的碘摄入量,进而降低由于碘缺乏而引起的疾病发生率。

驻村干部的甲状腺功能异常筛查情况及其影响因素分析

目的:探讨驻村干部的甲状腺功能异常筛查情况,并分析甲状腺异常的影响因素。方法:选取驻村干部496例进行甲状腺功能筛查,统计甲状腺功能异常情况,按照有无甲状腺功能异常分为甲状腺功能异常组和甲状腺功能正常组。比较两组临床资料和甲状腺激素水平,并分析甲状腺功能异常的影响因素。结果:甲状腺功能异常83例,发生率为16.73%。甲状腺功能异常组年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、文化程度、血压、血脂、吸烟、饮酒与甲状腺功能正常组比较,均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),甲状腺功能异常组碘盐摄入、甲状腺疾病家族史、血压与甲状腺功能正常组比较,均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲状腺功能异常组三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)与甲状腺功能正常组比较,均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),甲状腺功能异常组四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)与甲状腺功能正常组比较,明显较高(P<0.05),甲状腺功能异常组促甲状腺激素(TSH)与甲状腺功能正常组比较,明显较高(P<0.05)。经二元Logistic回归分析,非碘盐摄入、甲状腺疾病家族史、高TSH是甲状腺功能异常的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:驻村干部的甲状腺功能异常发生率较高,其发生和非碘盐摄入、甲状腺疾病家族史、高TSH有关。

XX市孕妇食用碘盐应用情况和尿碘检测结果分析

目的:选择XX市孕妇为研究对象,测定食用盐碘含量及尿碘水平,评价碘营养情况,为科学补碘提供参考。方法:选择PPS人口抽样方法,按照东南西北中方位抽取、收集2022~2023年共200名孕妇数例,并采集相应孕妇的晨尿及家庭食用盐样。然后通过直接滴定法和砷铈催化分光光度法分别测定碘盐以及尿碘。结果:XX市盐覆盖率为97.5%,碘盐合格率为92.0%;孕妇尿碘中位数为156.1μg·L^(-1),尿碘适宜率为83.5%。结论:XX市需提高孕妇碘营养水平。

2018—2022年龙口市8~10岁儿童碘营养状况分析

目的:探讨2018—2022年龙口市8~10岁儿童碘营养状况,为今后开展碘缺乏病防治工作提供依据。方法:2018—2022年,采取分层抽样与单纯随机抽样相结合的抽样方法,每年在龙口市按方位抽取5所小学,在每所小学抽取8~10岁的非寄宿学生40人,累计1000人,采集该群学生的随机中段尿样及家庭中所用食盐样品,检测尿碘含量及盐碘含量。结果:2018—2022年龙口市8~10岁儿童尿碘中位数分别为147.25μg/L、174.13μg/L、161.45μg/L、138.75μg/L、104.84μg/L,均处于碘适宜水平。盐碘中位数分别为20.95 mg/kg、21.10 mg/kg、21.10 mg/kg、18.10 mg/kg、20.10 mg/kg,均处于合格碘盐水平。各年份的碘盐覆盖率总体处于下降趋势。食用加碘食盐的儿童群体尿碘中位数高于食用非碘盐的儿童群体尿碘中位数,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:龙口市儿童碘营养水平总体处于适宜水平,但儿童尿碘中位数及合格碘盐食用率处于下降趋势,应加强学校、社区、医疗机构等场所教育宣传,倡导普通家庭使用加碘食盐,以保障儿童群体的碘营养水平。

Kinetic Approach of Iodine Quantification in Dietary Salts

Iodization of dietary salt is recommended to prevent and control iodine deficiency disorders. The kinetic study of dietary iodized salt proves to be of interest not only for the determination of the conditions of production of iodine, but also for a good knowledge of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction. In this work, two salt brands were studied and one of them was used for the kinetic study. The kinetic study showed that the reaction proceeded slowly at a medium rate. Since the reaction admits a global order equal to 1, potassium iodide has no influence on this reaction rate. The concentration of iodate ions introduced in the dietary salt is a kinetic parameter that affects the reaction rate. Calculated rate constant was inversely proportional to time. The study has therefore determined experimentally kinetic parameters of the reaction between iodate and iodide ions.

食用盐碘含量检测结果准确性影响因素分析

食用盐是人们日常生活的必备品,与每个人的生活和生命健康息息相关,尤其是食用盐中碘含量的不足会引发多种疾病。如果日常摄入的碘含量过少,就会由于缺碘引发疾病,给居民的生命健康带来很大的威胁。因此及时进行食用盐碘含量的检测是保证居民生命健康安全的必要环节,对食用盐碘含量检测的准确性值得深入探究。本文将分析企业食用盐中碘含量的检验问题,具体为食用盐碘含量在检验过程中存在的问题及准确性,从而针对问题提出相关建议,以提高食用盐碘含量的检验效率,加强我国食品安全质量的监管。

库仑滴定法测定食用碘盐中碘酸钾含量

建立库仑滴定法测定食用碘盐中碘酸钾的分析方法。以铜电极-铂丝对电极作电解电极对,铜离子选择性电极-饱和甘汞电极作指示电极对,1.0 mol/L氯化钾溶液(pH 3.0)作支持电解质,利用阳极电解生成的Cu^(2+)滴定预处理后样品溶液中剩余的I-至滴定终点后,通过电解时间间接测得样品中碘酸钾含量。该方法的回收率在97.6%~101%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)低于1.3%。与国标规定的氧化还原滴定法和分光光度法相比,测定结果相近。该分析方法操作简便、检测效率较高,且准确可靠,从而适用于测定食盐中碘酸钾含量。

分化型甲状腺癌患者^(131)I治疗前碘盐饮食与疗效的关系

目的:探讨分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者^(131)I治疗前正常碘盐饮食是否是疗效的影响因素。方法:选取2021年7月至2022年10月就诊于郑州大学第一附属医院核医学科行甲状腺全切术后首次行^(131)I治疗的DTC患者329例,首先将患者分为中低危组(n=196)和高危组(n=133),按照疗效分别将中低危、高危患者再次分为疗效满意组和疗效不满意组,比较患者年龄、性别、T分期、N分期、治疗前刺激性甲状腺球蛋白(ps-Tg)、是否碘盐饮食间的差异。采用Logistic回归模型分析DTC患者预后的影响因素。结果:Logistic回归结果显示,在中低危患者中,治疗前ps-Tg水平对患者预后有影响[OR(95%CI):1.561(1.346~1.811),P<0.001],是否正常碘盐饮食对DTC患者预后无影响[OR(95%CI):1.017(0.469~2.205),P=0.965];在高危患者中,治疗前ps-Tg水平[OR(95%CI):1.021(1.005~1.037),P=0.010]、T分期[OR(95%CI):5.812(2.049~16.489),P<0.001]和N分期[OR(95%CI):0.309(0.111~0.866),P=0.025]对患者预后有影响,是否正常碘盐饮食与患者预后无关[OR(95%CI):2.398(0.956~6.014,P=0.062]。结论:正常碘盐饮食对DTC患者^(131)I治疗效果没有影响。

一种碘盐半定量检测试剂的试验研究与应用

食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病的关键是如何保证居民食用到合格碘盐,因此在碘盐加工、储运、销售各环节,需要一种能在现场快速分析、使用简便、结果较为准确、费用低廉的检测试剂。文章通过大量的试验研究,研制出了一种新的通用型食盐中碘含量的快速半定量检测试剂,可以测定添加碘酸钾的碘盐、添加碘化钾的碘盐和添加海藻碘的碘盐中的碘含量,为市场检查人员提供了方便快捷的检测手段,对保障食用盐市场的安全稳定具有重要意义。

全国居民户水平盐碘监测结果分析

目的 评估 1999年全民食盐加碘干预措施落实情况。方法 用 PPS法抽取 31个省 (自治区、直辖市 )各 12 0 0份居民食用盐 ,根据各省上报盐碘定量测定结果 ,利用 Epinfo6 .0软件进行资料汇总分析。结果 全国有 2 1个省碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上 ,而仅有 5个省的合格碘盐覆盖率达到 90 %以上。结论 适当降低加碘浓度 ,提高碘盐合格率 ,杜绝非碘盐冲击 ,才能确保居民食用合格碘盐 。

全民食盐加碘后贵州省儿童甲状腺肿大率消长反常原因的调查分析

目的 查明全民食盐加碘后贵州省儿童甲状腺肿大 (甲肿 )率消长反常现象的原因。方法 采用点面结合的“典型调查”方法 ,即先用触诊法初筛贵州省 19所小学校的适龄儿童 ,然后从中遴选出 度甲肿率较高的并有层次代表性的 3所学校纳入全面调研的视野。结果 儿童甲肿率消长反常现象在贵州省较为普遍 ,甲肿病情严重程度的排序是村屯级 >乡镇级 >县城级 >省城级。结论 高甲肿率与当地多种因素密切相关 ,水硬度大、辣椒氟严重超标以及贫困等因素在致病过程中发挥着修饰性放大作用。这一结论有待进一步通过病例对照研究和前瞻性队列研究证实。

2002年全国居民户层次盐碘监测结果分析

目的评估全国基本实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后的居民户层次盐碘水平。方法从31个省(区、市)按一定比例随机抽取一定数量的盐样进行检测,根据各省上报的盐碘定量测定结果,利用EPI INFO6.0软件进行资料汇总分析。结果全国有26个省的加碘盐覆盖率在90%以上,有16个省的合格碘盐食用率在90%以上。结论适当降低加碘浓度,提高加碘盐合格率,杜绝非碘盐冲击,加强碘盐监测工作,确保居民食用合格碘盐,科学地防治碘缺乏病。

碘营养状况与甲状腺疾病

碘是人体必需的微量元素,在自然界中分布广泛但极不均衡,因此生活于不同地区人群的碘摄入量存在很大差别。碘摄入过低可引起地方性甲状腺肿、呆小症和甲状腺功能减退,碘摄入过量可导致高碘性甲状腺肿、慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎、碘性甲状腺功能亢进和甲状腺功能减退,碘缺乏及碘过量对甲状腺癌的影响均主要表现为组织学类型的变化。我国自1996年实施食盐碘化以来已在国家水平上基本消除碘缺乏病,同时也出现了其他甲状腺疾病谱带的变化,包括碘性甲状腺功能亢进、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病及甲状腺癌中乳头状甲状腺癌的比例增多。对人群,尤其是甲状腺疾病患者进行个体碘营养状况评测具有重大意义。