A significant obstacle impeding the advancement of the time fractional Schrodinger equation lies in the challenge of determining its precise mathematical formulation.In order to address this,we undertake an exploratio...A significant obstacle impeding the advancement of the time fractional Schrodinger equation lies in the challenge of determining its precise mathematical formulation.In order to address this,we undertake an exploration of the time fractional Schrodinger equation within the context of a non-Markovian environment.By leveraging a two-level atom as an illustrative case,we find that the choice to raise i to the order of the time derivative is inappropriate.In contrast to the conventional approach used to depict the dynamic evolution of quantum states in a non-Markovian environment,the time fractional Schrodinger equation,when devoid of fractional-order operations on the imaginary unit i,emerges as a more intuitively comprehensible framework in physics and offers greater simplicity in computational aspects.Meanwhile,we also prove that it is meaningless to study the memory of time fractional Schrodinger equation with time derivative 1<α≤2.It should be noted that we have not yet constructed an open system that can be fully described by the time fractional Schrodinger equation.This will be the focus of future research.Our study might provide a new perspective on the role of time fractional Schrodinger equation.展开更多
Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug therapy.Physical exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,and has been widely used for functional rehabilitatio...Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug therapy.Physical exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,and has been widely used for functional rehabilitation after stroke.In this study,we determined whether exercise training before disease onset can alleviate the severity of cerebral ischemia.We also examined the role of exercise-induced circulating factors in these effects.Adult mice were subjected to 14 days of treadmill exercise training before surgery for middle cerebral artery occlusion.We found that this exercise pre-conditioning strategy effectively attenuated brain infarct area,inhibited gliogenesis,protected synaptic proteins,and improved novel object and spatial memory function.Further analysis showed that circulating adiponectin plays a critical role in these preventive effects of exercise.Agonist activation of adiponectin receptors by Adipo Ron mimicked the effects of exercise,while inhibiting receptor activation abolished the exercise effects.In summary,our results suggest a crucial role of circulating adiponectin in the effects of exercise pre-conditioning in protecting against cerebral ischemia and supporting the health benefits of exercise.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule contribute to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However...BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule contribute to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, few reports have addressed the effects of lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule on cognition, learning, and memory functions in patients with refractory OCD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degree of damage to memory tasks in refractory OCD patients following lesions to the anterior limb of the internal capsule. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A case-controlled, observational study was performed at the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were admitted to the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008 and were recruited for this study. The OCD patients were of equal gender, with an average age of (25.1 ± 9.6) years. An additional 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled from a community of Shanghai City as controls; they were of equal gender and aged (25.1 ± 8.6) years. METHODS: A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were subjected to lesions in the anterior limbs of the bilateral internal capsules. Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision (WMS-CR, as a task of explicit memory) and the Nissen Version (serial reaction time task) software (SRTT, as a task of implicit memory) were applied to determine memory functions and learning performance in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: WMS scores, reaction time in SRTT, and Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale scores were measured in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. RESULTS: Compared to controls, the pre-operative OCD patients exhibited reduced memory task scores (P = 0.005), whereas scores for reciting numbers of backwards digits were greater (P = 0.000). Figure recall and associative memory were less in OCD patients at 1 week following surgery than in the pre-operative OCD patients (P = 0.042, P = 0.002, respectively). Reaction time in implicit SRTT was significantly longer in pre-operative OCD patients compared with controls and post-operative OCD patients (P = 0.01, P = 0.03, respectively). These results suggested ameliorated SRTT following neurosurgery. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale results revealed significantly improved OCD following lesions in the internal capsule (P = 0.04). Some post-operative OCD patients suffered from deficits in short-term memory and implicit memory. CONCLUSION: Lesions in anterior limbs of bilateral internal capsules improve obsessive- compulsive symptoms and implicit memory in OCD patients, but result in aggravated short-term memory deficits.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) presents the effect of anti-platelet aggregation, reduces arteria resistance, increases cerebral blood flow, and improves microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects o...BACKGROUND: Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) presents the effect of anti-platelet aggregation, reduces arteria resistance, increases cerebral blood flow, and improves microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of TMP on the learning and memory abilities and the number of neurons in cortex and hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia in rats DESIGN: A randomized controlled tria SETTING: Department of Human Anatomy and Histological Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University. MATERIALS: Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University. TMP was purchased from Wuxi Seventh Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd (Lot Number: 2004051106, Specification: 2 mL/piece). METHODS : The experiments were carried out in School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2004 to May 2005. The 50 rats were randomly divided into five groups according to the random number table method: sham-operated group, cerebral ischemia control group, low-dose TMP group, middle-dose TMP group and high-dose TMP group, 10 rats in each group. Rats in the TMP groups were immediately treated with intraperitoneal injection of TMP of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg respectively, and those in the sham-operated group and cerebral ischemia control group were injected intraperitoneally by isovolume saline, once a day for 14 days successively. On the 15^th day, the spatial learning and memory abilities of the rats were assessed with the Morris water maze test, and then the changes of neuron numbers in cortex and hippocampus were observed by Nissl staining of brain sections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : The results of Morris water maze test and the changes of neuron numbers in cortex and hippocampus by Nissl staining of brain sections were observed. RESULTS: Finally 39 rats were involved in the analysis of results, and the other 11 died of excessive anesthesia or failure in model establishment. ① The rats in the cerebral ischemia control group manifested obvious spatial cognitive deficits in the place navigation trial and spatial probe trial. The mean values of escape latency in the sham-operated group, low, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously shorter than that in the cerebral ischemia control group [(23.92±2.21), (41.84±3.74), (39.50 ±3.80), (31.38_±3.72), (61.60±3.61) s, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. In the spatial probe trial, significant differences in the percentage of time spending in the former platform quadrant and frequency of crossing the former platform site in the sham-operated group, lose, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously higher or more than those in the cerebral ischemia control group [(36.27±3.42) %, (35.84±2.54)%, (38.43±3.08)%, (36.51±1.96)%, (22.24±3.46)%; (11 ±1 ), (10±1), (8_±1), (8±1), (4±1) times, P 〈 0.01]. ② In the morphological observation, the numbers of neurons in ipsilateral (left) parietal cortex in the sham-operated group, low, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously more than that in the cerebral ischemia control group [(98±8), (65±5), (53±6), (57±6), (37±6)/0.625 mm^2, P 〈 0.01], but the number of neurons in left hippocampus had no obvious differences among the groups (P 〉 0.05). CONCLUSION : TMP can improve obviously the spatial learning and memory function after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats, and the neuroprotective role of the drug in cortex may be involved in its mechanism.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Transplantation of fetal cell suspension or blocks of fetal tissue can ameliorate the nerve function after the injury or disease in the central nervous system, and it has been used to treat neurodegenerat...BACKGROUND: Transplantation of fetal cell suspension or blocks of fetal tissue can ameliorate the nerve function after the injury or disease in the central nervous system, and it has been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders induced by Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of the transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) into the brain in restoring the dysfunctions of muscle strength and balance as well as learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction. DESIGN : A randomized controlled experiment.SETTING : Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS : Twenty-four male SD rats (3-4 weeks of age, weighing 200-220 g) were used in this study (Certification number:2001A027). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2003 and December 2004. ① Twenty-four male SD rats randomized into three groups with 8 rats in each: experimental group, control group and sham-operated group. Rats in the experiment al group and control group were induced into models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After in vitro cultured, purified and identified with digestion, the Fischer344 rMSCs were induced to differentiate by tanshinone IIA, which was locally injected into the striate cortex (18 area) of rats in the experimental group, and the rats in the control group were injected by L-DMEM basic culture media (without serum) of the same volume to the corresponding brain area. In the sham-operated group, only muscle and vessel of neck were separated. ② At 2 and 8 weeks after the transplantation, the rats were given the screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test and Morris water-maze test. ③ The survival and distribution of the induced cells in corresponding brain area were observed with Nissl stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining in the groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : ① Results of the behavioral tests (time of the Morris water-maze test screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test); ② Survival and distribution of the induced cells.RESULTS: All the 24 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Two weeks after transplantation, rats with neuron-like cells grafts in the experimental group had significant improvement on their general muscle strength than those in the control group [screen test: (9.4±1.7), (4.7±1.0) s, P 〈 0.01]; forelimb muscle strength [prehensile-traction test: (7.6±1.4), (5.2±1.2) s, P 〈 0.01], ability to keep balance [balance beam test: (7.9±0.74), (6.1±0.91) s, P 〈 0.01] and abilities of learning and memory [latency to find the platform: (35.8±5.9), (117.5±11.6) s, P 〈 0.01; distance: (623.1±43.4), (1 902.3±98.6) cm, P 〈 0.01] as compared with those in the control group. The functional performances in the experimental group at 8 weeks were better than those at two weeks, which were still obviously different from those in the sham-operated group (P 〈 0.05). ② The HE and Nissl stained brain tissue section showed that there was nerve cell proliferation at the infarcted cortex in the experiment group, the density was higher than that in the control group, plenty of aggregative or scattered cells could be observed at the site where needle was inserted for transplantation, the cells migrated directively towards the area around them, the cerebral vascular walls were wrapped by plenty of cells; In the control group, most of the cortices were destroyed, karyopyknosis and necrosis of neurons were observed, normal nervous tissue structure disappeared induced by edema, only some nerve fibers and glial cells remained.CONCLUSION: The rMSCs transplantation can obviously enhance the motor function and the abilities of learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction.展开更多
For a physics system which exhibits memory,if memory is preserved only at points of random self-similar fractals,we define random memory functions and give the connection between the expectation of flux and the fracti...For a physics system which exhibits memory,if memory is preserved only at points of random self-similar fractals,we define random memory functions and give the connection between the expectation of flux and the fractional integral.In particular,when memory sets degenerate to Cantor type fractals or non-random self-similar fractals our results coincide with that of Nigmatullin and Ren et al.展开更多
Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, tempor...Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, temporal order, and media or modalities of presentation. Memory about a core item (such as a word, object, or picture) is called item memory while memory about the context or related fea- tures of a core item is defined as source memory. What determines which sources within an episode are successfully remembered is of particular interest to researchers. Behavioral evidence suggests that the orientation of a memory task influences whether the related source of the item will be re- membered later. This study explored changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while par- ticipants completed two tasks: an item-oriented task and a source-oriented task. We used functional MRI to investigate the neural mechanisms by which task orientation influences source encoding. We found that subsequent source memory effects in the right prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were modulated by task orientation, whereas task orientation modulated item memory effects in the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the possibility that the hippocampus contributes to the intentional encoding of item-source associations, whereas the prefrontal cortex is biased toward processing information to which attention is directed.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE: To study the correla...BACKGROUND: Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) perfusion and learning memory function in special brain regions of patients with cerebral infarction at convalescent period, and to try to find out a method which can quantitatively evaluate learning ability. DESIGN: Case observation, and correlation analysis. SETTINGS: Shandong Institute for Behavioral Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 70 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Jining Medical College between January 2004 and December 2005 were involved. The involved patients, 58 male and 12 female, were averaged (52±3) years, and they were all right handed. They all met the diagnosis criteria instituted by the Fourth National Conference on Cerebrovascular Disease, and were confirmed as cerebral infarction by skull CT or MRI. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the patients and relatives. METHODS: When the patients were at convalescent period, their learning and memory ability were measured with “ clinic memory scale (set A)”. The 18 patients whose total mark over 100 were regarded as good learning memory function group; The 23 cases whose total mark less than 70 were regarded as poor learning memory function group. RCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe of patients between two groups were measured and compared by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The total scores of the 18 good learning memory patients and 23 poor learning memory patients were taken as dependent variable Y, and their rCBFs of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe respectively as independent variable X for linear correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation of rCBF in different brain regions and learning memory ability in patients with cerebral infarction. RESULTS: ①The rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex of good learning memory function group were significantly higher than those of poor learning memory function group (P 〈 0.05). ②In the good learning memory function group, rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex were significantly positively correlated with memory scale scores ( r = 0.961, 0.926, 0.954, 0.907, P 〈 0.05 ) , and also in the poor learning memory function group (r = 0.979, 0.976, 0.991, 0.953, P 〈 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION: The rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex of patients with cerebral infarction are significantly positively correlated with memory scale scores. Predicting learning memory ability of patients by quantitative determination of rCBF provides a quantitative and objective method for evaluating learning memory ability.展开更多
Based on the time-convolutionless master-equation approach, the entropic uncertainty in the presence of quantum memory is investigated for a two-atom system in two dissipative cavities. We find that the entropic uncer...Based on the time-convolutionless master-equation approach, the entropic uncertainty in the presence of quantum memory is investigated for a two-atom system in two dissipative cavities. We find that the entropic uncertainty can be controlled by the non-Markovian effect and the atom-cavity coupling. The results show that increasing the atom-cavity coupling can enlarge the oscillating frequencies of the entropic uncertainty and can decrease the minimal value of the entropic uncertainty. Enhancing the non-Markovian effect can reduce the minimal value of the entropic uncertainty. In particular, if the atom-cavity coupling or the non-Markovian effect is very strong, the entropic uncertainty will be very dose to zero at certain time points, thus Bob can minimize his uncertainty about Alice's measurement outcomes,展开更多
Working memory is one of the most important functions in our brain,which has been widely studied with unreal-life measured technologies.A functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)instrument with a portable and low-...Working memory is one of the most important functions in our brain,which has been widely studied with unreal-life measured technologies.A functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)instrument with a portable and low-cost design is developed,which is capable of providing hemodynamic measurement associated with brain function in real-life situations.Using this instrument,we performed working memory studies involved in Chinese words encoding,verbal,and spatial stem recognition,which are mainly studied with other technologies.Our results show that fNIRS can well assess working memory activities,in comparison with the reported results mainly using other methodologies.Furthermore,we find that hemodynamic change in the prefrontal cortex during all working memory tasks is highly associated with subjects’behavioral data.fNIRS is shown to be a promising alternative to the current methodologies for studying or assessing functional brain activities in natural condition.展开更多
[Objectives]To evaluate the effects of Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture method on improving learning and memory function and hippocampal nerve regeneration and repair after stroke.[Methods]Animal models of cognitive impair...[Objectives]To evaluate the effects of Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture method on improving learning and memory function and hippocampal nerve regeneration and repair after stroke.[Methods]Animal models of cognitive impairment in the recovery phase of cerebral infarction in rats were prepared,and rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,donepezil group,and acupuncture group.Morris water maze experiment was carried out to evaluate learning and memory ability.Nissl staining,BrdU and DCX immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the number and morphological structure of neuronal pyramidal and granular cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)area of the hippocampus,as well as the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.TUNEL method was used to detect cell apoptosis.[Results]Before intervention,the scores and ELP of the model group,donepezil group and acupuncture group were significantly higher than those of the blank group(P<0.05);after the intervention,the neurological scores and ELP of the blank group and the model group were not significantly different from those before the intervention(P<0.05);the donepezil group and acupuncture group were significantly reduced,there was no difference between the donepezil group and acupuncture group(P>0.05),but it was still significantly higher than the blank group(P<0.05).The results of BrdU and DCX immunofluorescence staining showed that there were only a few BrdU positive cells and DCX protein in the hippocampal DG area of mice in the blank group,and the positive cells in the model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);donepezil group and acupuncture group showed significant increase compared with the model group(P<0.05);compared with the blank group,the number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of each group was significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with the blank group,the number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of each group was significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly increased(P<0.01).The number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of rats in the acupuncture group and donepezil group was significantly increased(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly decreased(P<0.01).[Conclusions]Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture method can improve the learning and memory function of stroke model rats by promoting the regeneration and repair of hippocampal nerve in rats with cerebral infarction.展开更多
There are presently no in-depth published neuropsychological studies of West Nile Virus (WNV) encephalitis patients that have been well-correlated with high resolution structural MRI. In this study a middleaged male w...There are presently no in-depth published neuropsychological studies of West Nile Virus (WNV) encephalitis patients that have been well-correlated with high resolution structural MRI. In this study a middleaged male who developed West Nile Virus encephalitis five years previously was examined three times over a two year period. We examined him with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales—Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV/WMS-IV) and Advanced Clinical Solutions battery supplemented by tests of attention, executive, motor and sensory functions. Neuroradiological imaging revealed hypodensities within the left hippocampus in the axial and coronal planes with T2-FLAIR MRI. The man was previously high functioning and although he had prior history of well-controlled epilepsy it seems unlikely that the epilepsy could fully account for the neuropathological changes. The patient had previously completed a demanding six year double science degree program before he became ill with WNV and he had been a successful manager and director of a research company. Delayed auditory memory scores were at least two standard deviation units below age expected levels and semantic fluency and Booklet Category Tests of executive function were also in the impaired range. Moreover the illness onset profile of muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, memory complaints as well as inability to carry out research projects involving planning on the job were highly consistent with WNV encephalitis. If the memory and executive function deficits had been premorbid manifestations of epilepsy it is unlikely he would have attained the levels he did educationally and occupationally. This left hippocampal lesion is characteristic of other encephalitic viral infections such as herpes simplex virus. To our knowledge this is the first lateralized WNV encephalitis medial temporal lobe patient in the published literature.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Under the normal circumstance, there exist some synapses with inactive functions in central nervous system (CNS), but these functions are activated following nerve injury. At the early stage of brain injur...BACKGROUND: Under the normal circumstance, there exist some synapses with inactive functions in central nervous system (CNS), but these functions are activated following nerve injury. At the early stage of brain injury, the abnormal functions of brain are varied, and they have very strong plasticity and are corrected easily. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and memory function in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) from ischemia 6 hours to adult. DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping, controlled experiment. SETTING: Taian Health Center for Women and Children; Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS: Altogether 120 seven-day-old Wistar rats, of clean grade, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Synaptophysin (SYN) polyclonal antibody was provided by Maixin Biological Company, Fuzhou. METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Morphology, Taishan Medical College between October 2000 and December 2003. ① The newborn rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: model group and control group, 60 rats in each group. Five rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, 2 weeks and 3 weeks separately for immunohistochemical staining. Fifteen newborn rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months separately for testing memory ability (After test, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed and used for immunohistochemical staining)② The right common carotid artery of newborn rats of model group was ligated under the anesthetized status. After two hours of incubation, the rats were placed for 2 hours in a container filled with nitrogen oxygen atmosphere containing 0.08 volume fraction of oxygen, thus, HIE models were created; As for the newborn rats in the control group, only blood vessels were isolated, and they were not ligated and hypoxia-treated. ③ Thalamencephal tissue sections of newborn rats of two groups were performed DAB developing and haematoxylin slight staining. Cells with normal nucleous in 250 μm-long granular layer which started from hippocampal CA1 region were counted with image analysis system under high-fold optical microscope (×600), and the thickness of granular layer was measured. The absorbance (A) of positive reactant of SYN in immunohistochemically-stained CA1 region was measured. Learning and memory ability were measured with step through test 3 times successively. ④ t test and paired t test were used for comparing intergroup and intragroup difference of measurement data respectively, and Chi-square for comparing the difference of enumeration data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of cytological changes in hippocampal CA1 region and memory ability at different postoperative time points between two groups. RESULTS: Totally 120 newborn rats were involved in the result analysis. ① Cell morphological changes in hippocampal CA1 region: In the control group, with aging, perikaryon, nucleus and nucleolus in cortex of parietal lobe were significantly increased, Nissl body was compacted, the amount of neurons was declined, but the A of SYN positive reactant was relatively increased. In the model group, at postoperative each time point, neurons were seriously shrunk and dark-stained, nucleus was contracted, chromatin was condensed, nucleolus was unclear, even cells disappeared, especially the cells in 6 hours and 24 hours groups. The amount of neurons with normal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and granular layer thickness in the model group at postoperative each time point were significantly less or smaller than those in the control group at postoperative 6 hours respectively (t =3.002-1.254, P < 0.01). The A value of SYN positive reactant at postoperative 2, 3 and 4 weeks was significantly higher than that at previous time point (t =2.011-2.716,P < 0.05-0.01). ② Test results of learning and memory ability: In the first test, there was no significant difference in the ratio of rats which kept memory ability between two groups (P > 0.05); In the third test, the ratio of rats which kept memory ability in the model group was significantly lower than that in the control group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months[53%(8/15),100%(15/15);60%(9/15),93%(14/15),χ 2=2.863,2.901,P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The destroyed hippocampal structure induces the decrease of learning and memory ability of developmental rats. Early interference can increase the quality of neurons and also promote functional development of the nervous system.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun dation of China(Grant No.11274398).
文摘A significant obstacle impeding the advancement of the time fractional Schrodinger equation lies in the challenge of determining its precise mathematical formulation.In order to address this,we undertake an exploration of the time fractional Schrodinger equation within the context of a non-Markovian environment.By leveraging a two-level atom as an illustrative case,we find that the choice to raise i to the order of the time derivative is inappropriate.In contrast to the conventional approach used to depict the dynamic evolution of quantum states in a non-Markovian environment,the time fractional Schrodinger equation,when devoid of fractional-order operations on the imaginary unit i,emerges as a more intuitively comprehensible framework in physics and offers greater simplicity in computational aspects.Meanwhile,we also prove that it is meaningless to study the memory of time fractional Schrodinger equation with time derivative 1<α≤2.It should be noted that we have not yet constructed an open system that can be fully described by the time fractional Schrodinger equation.This will be the focus of future research.Our study might provide a new perspective on the role of time fractional Schrodinger equation.
基金supported by STI2030-Major Projects,No.2022ZD0207600(to LZ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.32070955(to LZ),U22A20301(to KFS)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.2021A1515012197(to HO)Guangzhou Core Medical Disciplines Project,No.2021-2023(to HO)Key Research and Development Plan of Ningxia Hui Automomous Region,No.2022BEG01004(to KFS)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China,No.202007030012(to KFS and LZ)。
文摘Cerebral ischemia is a major health risk that requires preventive approaches in addition to drug therapy.Physical exercise enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis,and has been widely used for functional rehabilitation after stroke.In this study,we determined whether exercise training before disease onset can alleviate the severity of cerebral ischemia.We also examined the role of exercise-induced circulating factors in these effects.Adult mice were subjected to 14 days of treadmill exercise training before surgery for middle cerebral artery occlusion.We found that this exercise pre-conditioning strategy effectively attenuated brain infarct area,inhibited gliogenesis,protected synaptic proteins,and improved novel object and spatial memory function.Further analysis showed that circulating adiponectin plays a critical role in these preventive effects of exercise.Agonist activation of adiponectin receptors by Adipo Ron mimicked the effects of exercise,while inhibiting receptor activation abolished the exercise effects.In summary,our results suggest a crucial role of circulating adiponectin in the effects of exercise pre-conditioning in protecting against cerebral ischemia and supporting the health benefits of exercise.
基金the Key Program of International Communication Foundation of Psychiatry and Neurology Department of Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, No. 200901
文摘BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule contribute to obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, few reports have addressed the effects of lesions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule on cognition, learning, and memory functions in patients with refractory OCD. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the degree of damage to memory tasks in refractory OCD patients following lesions to the anterior limb of the internal capsule. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A case-controlled, observational study was performed at the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were admitted to the Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, China from May 2007 to March 2008 and were recruited for this study. The OCD patients were of equal gender, with an average age of (25.1 ± 9.6) years. An additional 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled from a community of Shanghai City as controls; they were of equal gender and aged (25.1 ± 8.6) years. METHODS: A total of 10 refractory OCD patients were subjected to lesions in the anterior limbs of the bilateral internal capsules. Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revision (WMS-CR, as a task of explicit memory) and the Nissen Version (serial reaction time task) software (SRTT, as a task of implicit memory) were applied to determine memory functions and learning performance in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: WMS scores, reaction time in SRTT, and Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale scores were measured in pre- and post-operative OCD patients and controls. RESULTS: Compared to controls, the pre-operative OCD patients exhibited reduced memory task scores (P = 0.005), whereas scores for reciting numbers of backwards digits were greater (P = 0.000). Figure recall and associative memory were less in OCD patients at 1 week following surgery than in the pre-operative OCD patients (P = 0.042, P = 0.002, respectively). Reaction time in implicit SRTT was significantly longer in pre-operative OCD patients compared with controls and post-operative OCD patients (P = 0.01, P = 0.03, respectively). These results suggested ameliorated SRTT following neurosurgery. Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale results revealed significantly improved OCD following lesions in the internal capsule (P = 0.04). Some post-operative OCD patients suffered from deficits in short-term memory and implicit memory. CONCLUSION: Lesions in anterior limbs of bilateral internal capsules improve obsessive- compulsive symptoms and implicit memory in OCD patients, but result in aggravated short-term memory deficits.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30170300 30300109
文摘BACKGROUND: Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) presents the effect of anti-platelet aggregation, reduces arteria resistance, increases cerebral blood flow, and improves microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of TMP on the learning and memory abilities and the number of neurons in cortex and hippocampus after focal cerebral ischemia in rats DESIGN: A randomized controlled tria SETTING: Department of Human Anatomy and Histological Embryology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University. MATERIALS: Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g were supplied by the Experimental Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University. TMP was purchased from Wuxi Seventh Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd (Lot Number: 2004051106, Specification: 2 mL/piece). METHODS : The experiments were carried out in School of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University from June 2004 to May 2005. The 50 rats were randomly divided into five groups according to the random number table method: sham-operated group, cerebral ischemia control group, low-dose TMP group, middle-dose TMP group and high-dose TMP group, 10 rats in each group. Rats in the TMP groups were immediately treated with intraperitoneal injection of TMP of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg respectively, and those in the sham-operated group and cerebral ischemia control group were injected intraperitoneally by isovolume saline, once a day for 14 days successively. On the 15^th day, the spatial learning and memory abilities of the rats were assessed with the Morris water maze test, and then the changes of neuron numbers in cortex and hippocampus were observed by Nissl staining of brain sections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : The results of Morris water maze test and the changes of neuron numbers in cortex and hippocampus by Nissl staining of brain sections were observed. RESULTS: Finally 39 rats were involved in the analysis of results, and the other 11 died of excessive anesthesia or failure in model establishment. ① The rats in the cerebral ischemia control group manifested obvious spatial cognitive deficits in the place navigation trial and spatial probe trial. The mean values of escape latency in the sham-operated group, low, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously shorter than that in the cerebral ischemia control group [(23.92±2.21), (41.84±3.74), (39.50 ±3.80), (31.38_±3.72), (61.60±3.61) s, P 〈 0.05-0.01]. In the spatial probe trial, significant differences in the percentage of time spending in the former platform quadrant and frequency of crossing the former platform site in the sham-operated group, lose, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously higher or more than those in the cerebral ischemia control group [(36.27±3.42) %, (35.84±2.54)%, (38.43±3.08)%, (36.51±1.96)%, (22.24±3.46)%; (11 ±1 ), (10±1), (8_±1), (8±1), (4±1) times, P 〈 0.01]. ② In the morphological observation, the numbers of neurons in ipsilateral (left) parietal cortex in the sham-operated group, low, middle and high-dose TMP groups were obviously more than that in the cerebral ischemia control group [(98±8), (65±5), (53±6), (57±6), (37±6)/0.625 mm^2, P 〈 0.01], but the number of neurons in left hippocampus had no obvious differences among the groups (P 〉 0.05). CONCLUSION : TMP can improve obviously the spatial learning and memory function after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats, and the neuroprotective role of the drug in cortex may be involved in its mechanism.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 03030307 the Great Special Fund of Guangdong Province, No. 2004A30201002
文摘BACKGROUND: Transplantation of fetal cell suspension or blocks of fetal tissue can ameliorate the nerve function after the injury or disease in the central nervous system, and it has been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders induced by Parkinson disease. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of the transplantation of neuron-like cells derived from bone marrow stromal cells (rMSCs) into the brain in restoring the dysfunctions of muscle strength and balance as well as learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction. DESIGN : A randomized controlled experiment.SETTING : Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS : Twenty-four male SD rats (3-4 weeks of age, weighing 200-220 g) were used in this study (Certification number:2001A027). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2003 and December 2004. ① Twenty-four male SD rats randomized into three groups with 8 rats in each: experimental group, control group and sham-operated group. Rats in the experiment al group and control group were induced into models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After in vitro cultured, purified and identified with digestion, the Fischer344 rMSCs were induced to differentiate by tanshinone IIA, which was locally injected into the striate cortex (18 area) of rats in the experimental group, and the rats in the control group were injected by L-DMEM basic culture media (without serum) of the same volume to the corresponding brain area. In the sham-operated group, only muscle and vessel of neck were separated. ② At 2 and 8 weeks after the transplantation, the rats were given the screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test and Morris water-maze test. ③ The survival and distribution of the induced cells in corresponding brain area were observed with Nissl stained with toluidine blue and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining in the groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : ① Results of the behavioral tests (time of the Morris water-maze test screen test, prehensile-traction test, balance beam test); ② Survival and distribution of the induced cells.RESULTS: All the 24 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① Two weeks after transplantation, rats with neuron-like cells grafts in the experimental group had significant improvement on their general muscle strength than those in the control group [screen test: (9.4±1.7), (4.7±1.0) s, P 〈 0.01]; forelimb muscle strength [prehensile-traction test: (7.6±1.4), (5.2±1.2) s, P 〈 0.01], ability to keep balance [balance beam test: (7.9±0.74), (6.1±0.91) s, P 〈 0.01] and abilities of learning and memory [latency to find the platform: (35.8±5.9), (117.5±11.6) s, P 〈 0.01; distance: (623.1±43.4), (1 902.3±98.6) cm, P 〈 0.01] as compared with those in the control group. The functional performances in the experimental group at 8 weeks were better than those at two weeks, which were still obviously different from those in the sham-operated group (P 〈 0.05). ② The HE and Nissl stained brain tissue section showed that there was nerve cell proliferation at the infarcted cortex in the experiment group, the density was higher than that in the control group, plenty of aggregative or scattered cells could be observed at the site where needle was inserted for transplantation, the cells migrated directively towards the area around them, the cerebral vascular walls were wrapped by plenty of cells; In the control group, most of the cortices were destroyed, karyopyknosis and necrosis of neurons were observed, normal nervous tissue structure disappeared induced by edema, only some nerve fibers and glial cells remained.CONCLUSION: The rMSCs transplantation can obviously enhance the motor function and the abilities of learning and memory in rat models of cerebral infarction.
文摘For a physics system which exhibits memory,if memory is preserved only at points of random self-similar fractals,we define random memory functions and give the connection between the expectation of flux and the fractional integral.In particular,when memory sets degenerate to Cantor type fractals or non-random self-similar fractals our results coincide with that of Nigmatullin and Ren et al.
基金funded by the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundationof China,No.31271090,31100728,90924013the Philosophy and Social Sciences Education Special-Program during the 12th Five-Year Plan Period of Shanghai City,No.2012JJY001the Whole Advancement Sociology Research Program of "985 Engineering" Phase III ofFudan University in China,No.2011SHKXZD008
文摘Episodic memories are composed of various interrelated elements, including those specific to items of central interest and those pertaining to related features, such as the color, shape, size, spatial location, temporal order, and media or modalities of presentation. Memory about a core item (such as a word, object, or picture) is called item memory while memory about the context or related fea- tures of a core item is defined as source memory. What determines which sources within an episode are successfully remembered is of particular interest to researchers. Behavioral evidence suggests that the orientation of a memory task influences whether the related source of the item will be re- membered later. This study explored changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex while par- ticipants completed two tasks: an item-oriented task and a source-oriented task. We used functional MRI to investigate the neural mechanisms by which task orientation influences source encoding. We found that subsequent source memory effects in the right prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were modulated by task orientation, whereas task orientation modulated item memory effects in the prefrontal cortex. These findings highlight the possibility that the hippocampus contributes to the intentional encoding of item-source associations, whereas the prefrontal cortex is biased toward processing information to which attention is directed.
基金the Grant from Bureau of Science and Technology of Jining City, No.2004JH006
文摘BACKGROUND: Presently, clinic memory scale is used to evaluate learning memory ability in most studies, and the influence of difference in measurement condition of individuals exists. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) perfusion and learning memory function in special brain regions of patients with cerebral infarction at convalescent period, and to try to find out a method which can quantitatively evaluate learning ability. DESIGN: Case observation, and correlation analysis. SETTINGS: Shandong Institute for Behavioral Medicine; the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: Totally 70 patients with cerebral infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Jining Medical College between January 2004 and December 2005 were involved. The involved patients, 58 male and 12 female, were averaged (52±3) years, and they were all right handed. They all met the diagnosis criteria instituted by the Fourth National Conference on Cerebrovascular Disease, and were confirmed as cerebral infarction by skull CT or MRI. Informed consents of detected items were obtained from all the patients and relatives. METHODS: When the patients were at convalescent period, their learning and memory ability were measured with “ clinic memory scale (set A)”. The 18 patients whose total mark over 100 were regarded as good learning memory function group; The 23 cases whose total mark less than 70 were regarded as poor learning memory function group. RCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdalae, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe of patients between two groups were measured and compared by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The total scores of the 18 good learning memory patients and 23 poor learning memory patients were taken as dependent variable Y, and their rCBFs of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temporal cortex and prefrontal lobe respectively as independent variable X for linear correlation analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlation of rCBF in different brain regions and learning memory ability in patients with cerebral infarction. RESULTS: ①The rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex of good learning memory function group were significantly higher than those of poor learning memory function group (P 〈 0.05). ②In the good learning memory function group, rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex were significantly positively correlated with memory scale scores ( r = 0.961, 0.926, 0.954, 0.907, P 〈 0.05 ) , and also in the poor learning memory function group (r = 0.979, 0.976, 0.991, 0.953, P 〈 0.05 ) . CONCLUSION: The rCBF of hippocampus, nucleus amygdale, temportal cortex and prefrontal cortex of patients with cerebral infarction are significantly positively correlated with memory scale scores. Predicting learning memory ability of patients by quantitative determination of rCBF provides a quantitative and objective method for evaluating learning memory ability.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Plan of Hunan Province under Grant No 2010FJ3148the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11374096the Doctoral Science Foundation of Hunan Normal University
文摘Based on the time-convolutionless master-equation approach, the entropic uncertainty in the presence of quantum memory is investigated for a two-atom system in two dissipative cavities. We find that the entropic uncertainty can be controlled by the non-Markovian effect and the atom-cavity coupling. The results show that increasing the atom-cavity coupling can enlarge the oscillating frequencies of the entropic uncertainty and can decrease the minimal value of the entropic uncertainty. Enhancing the non-Markovian effect can reduce the minimal value of the entropic uncertainty. In particular, if the atom-cavity coupling or the non-Markovian effect is very strong, the entropic uncertainty will be very dose to zero at certain time points, thus Bob can minimize his uncertainty about Alice's measurement outcomes,
基金the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant no.30070261,60025514)and 111 project.
文摘Working memory is one of the most important functions in our brain,which has been widely studied with unreal-life measured technologies.A functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)instrument with a portable and low-cost design is developed,which is capable of providing hemodynamic measurement associated with brain function in real-life situations.Using this instrument,we performed working memory studies involved in Chinese words encoding,verbal,and spatial stem recognition,which are mainly studied with other technologies.Our results show that fNIRS can well assess working memory activities,in comparison with the reported results mainly using other methodologies.Furthermore,we find that hemodynamic change in the prefrontal cortex during all working memory tasks is highly associated with subjects’behavioral data.fNIRS is shown to be a promising alternative to the current methodologies for studying or assessing functional brain activities in natural condition.
基金Research Project of Health Commission of Hubei Province(WJ2017F072):Study on Brain Function Imaging Mechanism of Scalp Acupuncture Treatment of Post-Stroke Depression.
文摘[Objectives]To evaluate the effects of Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture method on improving learning and memory function and hippocampal nerve regeneration and repair after stroke.[Methods]Animal models of cognitive impairment in the recovery phase of cerebral infarction in rats were prepared,and rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,donepezil group,and acupuncture group.Morris water maze experiment was carried out to evaluate learning and memory ability.Nissl staining,BrdU and DCX immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the number and morphological structure of neuronal pyramidal and granular cells in the dentate gyrus(DG)area of the hippocampus,as well as the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells.TUNEL method was used to detect cell apoptosis.[Results]Before intervention,the scores and ELP of the model group,donepezil group and acupuncture group were significantly higher than those of the blank group(P<0.05);after the intervention,the neurological scores and ELP of the blank group and the model group were not significantly different from those before the intervention(P<0.05);the donepezil group and acupuncture group were significantly reduced,there was no difference between the donepezil group and acupuncture group(P>0.05),but it was still significantly higher than the blank group(P<0.05).The results of BrdU and DCX immunofluorescence staining showed that there were only a few BrdU positive cells and DCX protein in the hippocampal DG area of mice in the blank group,and the positive cells in the model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);donepezil group and acupuncture group showed significant increase compared with the model group(P<0.05);compared with the blank group,the number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of each group was significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with the blank group,the number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of each group was significantly reduced(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly increased(P<0.01).The number of neurons in the hippocampal DG area of rats in the acupuncture group and donepezil group was significantly increased(P<0.01),and the neuronal apoptosis index was significantly decreased(P<0.01).[Conclusions]Tongdu Tiaoshen Acupuncture method can improve the learning and memory function of stroke model rats by promoting the regeneration and repair of hippocampal nerve in rats with cerebral infarction.
文摘There are presently no in-depth published neuropsychological studies of West Nile Virus (WNV) encephalitis patients that have been well-correlated with high resolution structural MRI. In this study a middleaged male who developed West Nile Virus encephalitis five years previously was examined three times over a two year period. We examined him with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales—Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV/WMS-IV) and Advanced Clinical Solutions battery supplemented by tests of attention, executive, motor and sensory functions. Neuroradiological imaging revealed hypodensities within the left hippocampus in the axial and coronal planes with T2-FLAIR MRI. The man was previously high functioning and although he had prior history of well-controlled epilepsy it seems unlikely that the epilepsy could fully account for the neuropathological changes. The patient had previously completed a demanding six year double science degree program before he became ill with WNV and he had been a successful manager and director of a research company. Delayed auditory memory scores were at least two standard deviation units below age expected levels and semantic fluency and Booklet Category Tests of executive function were also in the impaired range. Moreover the illness onset profile of muscle weakness, extreme fatigue, memory complaints as well as inability to carry out research projects involving planning on the job were highly consistent with WNV encephalitis. If the memory and executive function deficits had been premorbid manifestations of epilepsy it is unlikely he would have attained the levels he did educationally and occupationally. This left hippocampal lesion is characteristic of other encephalitic viral infections such as herpes simplex virus. To our knowledge this is the first lateralized WNV encephalitis medial temporal lobe patient in the published literature.
基金the Grant from Family Planning Commission of Shandong Province,No.97-15
文摘BACKGROUND: Under the normal circumstance, there exist some synapses with inactive functions in central nervous system (CNS), but these functions are activated following nerve injury. At the early stage of brain injury, the abnormal functions of brain are varied, and they have very strong plasticity and are corrected easily. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and memory function in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) from ischemia 6 hours to adult. DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping, controlled experiment. SETTING: Taian Health Center for Women and Children; Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS: Altogether 120 seven-day-old Wistar rats, of clean grade, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Synaptophysin (SYN) polyclonal antibody was provided by Maixin Biological Company, Fuzhou. METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Morphology, Taishan Medical College between October 2000 and December 2003. ① The newborn rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: model group and control group, 60 rats in each group. Five rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, 2 weeks and 3 weeks separately for immunohistochemical staining. Fifteen newborn rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months separately for testing memory ability (After test, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed and used for immunohistochemical staining)② The right common carotid artery of newborn rats of model group was ligated under the anesthetized status. After two hours of incubation, the rats were placed for 2 hours in a container filled with nitrogen oxygen atmosphere containing 0.08 volume fraction of oxygen, thus, HIE models were created; As for the newborn rats in the control group, only blood vessels were isolated, and they were not ligated and hypoxia-treated. ③ Thalamencephal tissue sections of newborn rats of two groups were performed DAB developing and haematoxylin slight staining. Cells with normal nucleous in 250 μm-long granular layer which started from hippocampal CA1 region were counted with image analysis system under high-fold optical microscope (×600), and the thickness of granular layer was measured. The absorbance (A) of positive reactant of SYN in immunohistochemically-stained CA1 region was measured. Learning and memory ability were measured with step through test 3 times successively. ④ t test and paired t test were used for comparing intergroup and intragroup difference of measurement data respectively, and Chi-square for comparing the difference of enumeration data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of cytological changes in hippocampal CA1 region and memory ability at different postoperative time points between two groups. RESULTS: Totally 120 newborn rats were involved in the result analysis. ① Cell morphological changes in hippocampal CA1 region: In the control group, with aging, perikaryon, nucleus and nucleolus in cortex of parietal lobe were significantly increased, Nissl body was compacted, the amount of neurons was declined, but the A of SYN positive reactant was relatively increased. In the model group, at postoperative each time point, neurons were seriously shrunk and dark-stained, nucleus was contracted, chromatin was condensed, nucleolus was unclear, even cells disappeared, especially the cells in 6 hours and 24 hours groups. The amount of neurons with normal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and granular layer thickness in the model group at postoperative each time point were significantly less or smaller than those in the control group at postoperative 6 hours respectively (t =3.002-1.254, P < 0.01). The A value of SYN positive reactant at postoperative 2, 3 and 4 weeks was significantly higher than that at previous time point (t =2.011-2.716,P < 0.05-0.01). ② Test results of learning and memory ability: In the first test, there was no significant difference in the ratio of rats which kept memory ability between two groups (P > 0.05); In the third test, the ratio of rats which kept memory ability in the model group was significantly lower than that in the control group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months[53%(8/15),100%(15/15);60%(9/15),93%(14/15),χ 2=2.863,2.901,P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The destroyed hippocampal structure induces the decrease of learning and memory ability of developmental rats. Early interference can increase the quality of neurons and also promote functional development of the nervous system.