The paper introduces the cardinal vowels system invented by the famous English phonetician Daniel Jones.This system enables a teacher to describe to his students a foreign vowel by comparing it with the nearest vowel ...The paper introduces the cardinal vowels system invented by the famous English phonetician Daniel Jones.This system enables a teacher to describe to his students a foreign vowel by comparing it with the nearest vowel in his mother tongue,which makes the learning of a foreign sound much easier to his students.Two cases of teaching Chinese students English vowels are taken as an example to illustrate the point.IPA cardinal vowel system is of use in terms of teaching and learning English.Two suggestions are put forward in the end.展开更多
This study was concerned with the short vowels in modern standard Arabic words with Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel (CVCVCV) structure, and the long vowels in words with Consonant Vowel Vowel-Consonant...This study was concerned with the short vowels in modern standard Arabic words with Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel (CVCVCV) structure, and the long vowels in words with Consonant Vowel Vowel-Consonant (CVVC). Even though there has been a dispute on the precise number of Arabic vowels that exist between language studies, this study used the opinion that the Arabic language has three vowels;the elongation of each vowel gave the other three because this is the opinion of classical Arabic linguists which is the source of the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Studies said that the first and second formant values (F1, F2) can represent the vowels. In this study, the formants were measured using LPC (Linear Predictive Coding), verifying the measurement to see if the measured follows the pattern of formants measurements of the other studies, and the formants were used to investigate the relationship between short and long vowels. Furthermore, the study figured out if the dialect of speakers can affect the values of formants, even if the spoken language is MSA, some statistical measurements were calculated to evaluate the relationship.展开更多
The most sensitive Arabic text available online is the digital Holy Quran.This sacred Islamic religious book is recited by all Muslims worldwide including non-Arabs as part of their worship needs.Thus,it should be pro...The most sensitive Arabic text available online is the digital Holy Quran.This sacred Islamic religious book is recited by all Muslims worldwide including non-Arabs as part of their worship needs.Thus,it should be protected from any kind of tampering to keep its invaluable meaning intact.Different characteristics of Arabic letters like the vowels(),Kashida(extended letters),and other symbols in the Holy Quran must be secured from alterations.The cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR)and Embedding Ratio(ER).A watermarking technique with enhanced attributes must,therefore,be designed for the Quran’s text using Arabic vowels with kashida.The gap addressed by this paper is to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with kashida.The purpose of this paper is to enhance the Quran text watermarking scheme based on a reversing technique.The methodology consists of four phases:The first phase is a pre-processing followed by the second phase-the embedding process phase—which will hide the data after the vowels.That is,if the secret bit is“1”,then the kashida is inserted;however,the kashida is not inserted if the bit is“0”.The third phase is the extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNR(for the imperceptibility)and ER(for the capacity).The experimental results show that the proposed method of imperceptibility insertion is also optimized with the help of a reversing algorithm.The proposed strategy obtains a 90.5%capacity.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm attained 66.1%which is referred to as imperceptibility.展开更多
Arabic texts suffer from missing short vowels. Arabic Speech Recognition is not as good as English speech recognition due to the short vowels not being recognized. And the Arabic language is unlike the English languag...Arabic texts suffer from missing short vowels. Arabic Speech Recognition is not as good as English speech recognition due to the short vowels not being recognized. And the Arabic language is unlike the English language in characteristics such as the number of vowels. English has more than 24 vowels that are close to each other in pronunciation. The Arabic language only has three short vowels that are far from each other in utter and measurement, by elongating those short vowels, long vowels arose. Researchers said that the vowels could be recognized using formants. The formants’ measurements of Arabic vowels are far from each other too, so it is possible to recognize them so that Arabic Speech recognition can give more accurate results. The paper applies this idea to the corpus Phonemes of Arabic. It uses the Euclidian distance method to measure the distances between formant values to recognize Arabic from words with a CV3 structure, the Linear Predictive Coding method and MATLAB to develop the programs that will extract the formants and calculate the means of the short vowels by using the corpus to identify the short vowels within words in the corpus. The results showed that if highly qualified readers were chosen to read the Arabic text, then higher rates of recognition of the short vowels involved in words will be achieved. This paper revealed that some of the characteristics of a language can be utilized for vowel recognition or to enhance the existing methods for speech recognition.展开更多
The aim of the article is to present results of research that was performed with 97 Polish students of the second and third year of English Philology. The purpose of the research is to examine how conscious manipulati...The aim of the article is to present results of research that was performed with 97 Polish students of the second and third year of English Philology. The purpose of the research is to examine how conscious manipulation of facial expressions aids acquisition of foreign vowels by learners, regardless of their native language and the culture they have been brought up in. Taking advantage of achievements derived from such disciplines as psychology of emotions and phonetics depicted as a physical process, an attempt is made to find a tool that improves teaching/learning of foreign vowels, that is to say, an effort is put in search of a useful method to make the phonetic process faster and more accurate. Teachers of English are encouraged to put the method, which is described in detail in the paper, into practice with their own mother languages and to share opinions about the method with colleagues. Similarly, it is believed that it can be applied to courses of other languages than just English. Teachers of those languages are encouraged to try to use it, too.展开更多
This paper studies the special pronunciation rules of consonants.vowels and stresses in English medical terms from the phonetic and etiologic perspectives,which may provide help for medical students in studying medica...This paper studies the special pronunciation rules of consonants.vowels and stresses in English medical terms from the phonetic and etiologic perspectives,which may provide help for medical students in studying medical English.展开更多
In pronunciation teaching, learners may have difficulty when there is a ＂gap＂ in the phonemic system between L1 （the first or native language） and L2 （the second or foreign language）. In such a case, they tend t...In pronunciation teaching, learners may have difficulty when there is a ＂gap＂ in the phonemic system between L1 （the first or native language） and L2 （the second or foreign language）. In such a case, they tend to use their native language sounds in speaking the foreign language. Since some Chinese and English vowel sounds are easy to be confused, applying IPA cardinal vowels in the teaching of English pronunciation will help Chinese learners identify the difference between an English vowel sound and a Chinese vowel sound and thus enables them to make intelligible English speech sounds.展开更多
目的探究嗓音障碍患者的元音声学特征,以及普通话体系下的元音空间面积(vowel space area,VSA)合理的施测方式和语料。方法招募年龄和性别相匹配的嗓音障碍患者和正常健康对照组受试者各20例,在不同语料(单个元音/a/、/i/、/u/、/o/、/e...目的探究嗓音障碍患者的元音声学特征,以及普通话体系下的元音空间面积(vowel space area,VSA)合理的施测方式和语料。方法招募年龄和性别相匹配的嗓音障碍患者和正常健康对照组受试者各20例,在不同语料(单个元音/a/、/i/、/u/、/o/、/e/和长句)以及不同元音顶点个数(3个、4个、5个)下的VSA进行差异分析。结果嗓音障碍组与正常组之间在单元音和长句语料下VSA都有极显著差异,但两种语料类型间VSA差异不显著,两种语料均可用于VSA的测量。4个元音顶点与3个元音顶点及5个元音顶点下的VSA差异极显著,选择5个元音用于普通话体系下VSA的测量更加合适。结论嗓音障碍患者的元音发音较正常人清晰度下降。在普通话体系下采用5个元音顶点测量VSA相对较精准,更能测得口腔的运动能力。单个元音和连续语音两种语料均适用于VSA的测量。展开更多
目的探讨神经性言语障碍患者单、复韵母构音运动的声学特征。方法在上海市多家医院收集24例40~81岁的神经性言语障碍患者(患者组),在上海市社区收集24例40~80岁的健康成人(对照组),从两组跟读含有不同韵母的语音样本中,提取单韵母/a/、...目的探讨神经性言语障碍患者单、复韵母构音运动的声学特征。方法在上海市多家医院收集24例40~81岁的神经性言语障碍患者(患者组),在上海市社区收集24例40~80岁的健康成人(对照组),从两组跟读含有不同韵母的语音样本中,提取单韵母/a/、/i/、/u/的第一、二共振峰(F1、F2),并计算出下颌距、舌距、元音空间面积(vowel space area,VSA)、元音清晰度指数(vowel articulation index,VAI);提取复韵母/ai/、/ua/、/uai/的第二共振峰并计算其斜率,比较不同语料任务下两组受试者的声学指标。结果单韵母任务下,患者组/a/的F1、/i/的F2、下颌距、舌距、VSA、VAI极显著小于正常对照组(P<0.01),/u/的F2极显著大于正常对照组(P<0.01);复韵母任务下,患者组/ai/、/ua/、/uai/的F2斜率均显著小于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论神经性言语障碍患者单韵母构音运动范围减小,运动位置呈现集中趋势;复韵母构音运动速度减慢。展开更多
本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位...本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位特征与古藏语相比,发现安多方言元音系统已经产生了一定的变化,即元音舌位由低到高依次为/a/、/i, u, o/、/e/,舌位由前到后分别为/e/、/i, u, a/、/o/,其中元音/i/和/u/央化并产生了新的音位变体。最后我们从空间域角度对安多方言元音的舌体音姿进行了总体描述。明确了元音在生理特征与声学特征上具有统一性,这对藏语不同方言之间的发音差异和共性研究均有一定的理论意义和参考价值。展开更多
While Bronze Age Proto-Sinaic and Proto-Canaanite syllabic inscriptions were found engraved on fragments of pottery and stone,evidence of early alphabetic script was also inscribed in ink onto a massive parchment scro...While Bronze Age Proto-Sinaic and Proto-Canaanite syllabic inscriptions were found engraved on fragments of pottery and stone,evidence of early alphabetic script was also inscribed in ink onto a massive parchment scroll,known as the Torah.Albeit the contours of those original characters transformed over time,it took the clairvoyant genius of Moses,and later the scribes of Ancient Israel,to configure and adapt ancient semitic prototypes into phonetic letters,producing the greatest literary document in the history of the world,the Bible.This article summarizes the acoustic properties of that alphabet,with further historical considerations.展开更多
文摘The paper introduces the cardinal vowels system invented by the famous English phonetician Daniel Jones.This system enables a teacher to describe to his students a foreign vowel by comparing it with the nearest vowel in his mother tongue,which makes the learning of a foreign sound much easier to his students.Two cases of teaching Chinese students English vowels are taken as an example to illustrate the point.IPA cardinal vowel system is of use in terms of teaching and learning English.Two suggestions are put forward in the end.
文摘This study was concerned with the short vowels in modern standard Arabic words with Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel-Consonant Vowel (CVCVCV) structure, and the long vowels in words with Consonant Vowel Vowel-Consonant (CVVC). Even though there has been a dispute on the precise number of Arabic vowels that exist between language studies, this study used the opinion that the Arabic language has three vowels;the elongation of each vowel gave the other three because this is the opinion of classical Arabic linguists which is the source of the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Studies said that the first and second formant values (F1, F2) can represent the vowels. In this study, the formants were measured using LPC (Linear Predictive Coding), verifying the measurement to see if the measured follows the pattern of formants measurements of the other studies, and the formants were used to investigate the relationship between short and long vowels. Furthermore, the study figured out if the dialect of speakers can affect the values of formants, even if the spoken language is MSA, some statistical measurements were calculated to evaluate the relationship.
基金This work is conducted at Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics,under cyber physical systems research group and funded by MOHE(FRGS:R.K130000.7856.5F026),Received by Nilam Nur Amir Sjarif.
文摘The most sensitive Arabic text available online is the digital Holy Quran.This sacred Islamic religious book is recited by all Muslims worldwide including non-Arabs as part of their worship needs.Thus,it should be protected from any kind of tampering to keep its invaluable meaning intact.Different characteristics of Arabic letters like the vowels(),Kashida(extended letters),and other symbols in the Holy Quran must be secured from alterations.The cover text of the Quran and its watermarked text are different due to the low values of the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR)and Embedding Ratio(ER).A watermarking technique with enhanced attributes must,therefore,be designed for the Quran’s text using Arabic vowels with kashida.The gap addressed by this paper is to improve the security of Arabic text in the Holy Quran by using vowels with kashida.The purpose of this paper is to enhance the Quran text watermarking scheme based on a reversing technique.The methodology consists of four phases:The first phase is a pre-processing followed by the second phase-the embedding process phase—which will hide the data after the vowels.That is,if the secret bit is“1”,then the kashida is inserted;however,the kashida is not inserted if the bit is“0”.The third phase is the extraction process and the last phase is to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by using PSNR(for the imperceptibility)and ER(for the capacity).The experimental results show that the proposed method of imperceptibility insertion is also optimized with the help of a reversing algorithm.The proposed strategy obtains a 90.5%capacity.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm attained 66.1%which is referred to as imperceptibility.
文摘Arabic texts suffer from missing short vowels. Arabic Speech Recognition is not as good as English speech recognition due to the short vowels not being recognized. And the Arabic language is unlike the English language in characteristics such as the number of vowels. English has more than 24 vowels that are close to each other in pronunciation. The Arabic language only has three short vowels that are far from each other in utter and measurement, by elongating those short vowels, long vowels arose. Researchers said that the vowels could be recognized using formants. The formants’ measurements of Arabic vowels are far from each other too, so it is possible to recognize them so that Arabic Speech recognition can give more accurate results. The paper applies this idea to the corpus Phonemes of Arabic. It uses the Euclidian distance method to measure the distances between formant values to recognize Arabic from words with a CV3 structure, the Linear Predictive Coding method and MATLAB to develop the programs that will extract the formants and calculate the means of the short vowels by using the corpus to identify the short vowels within words in the corpus. The results showed that if highly qualified readers were chosen to read the Arabic text, then higher rates of recognition of the short vowels involved in words will be achieved. This paper revealed that some of the characteristics of a language can be utilized for vowel recognition or to enhance the existing methods for speech recognition.
文摘The aim of the article is to present results of research that was performed with 97 Polish students of the second and third year of English Philology. The purpose of the research is to examine how conscious manipulation of facial expressions aids acquisition of foreign vowels by learners, regardless of their native language and the culture they have been brought up in. Taking advantage of achievements derived from such disciplines as psychology of emotions and phonetics depicted as a physical process, an attempt is made to find a tool that improves teaching/learning of foreign vowels, that is to say, an effort is put in search of a useful method to make the phonetic process faster and more accurate. Teachers of English are encouraged to put the method, which is described in detail in the paper, into practice with their own mother languages and to share opinions about the method with colleagues. Similarly, it is believed that it can be applied to courses of other languages than just English. Teachers of those languages are encouraged to try to use it, too.
文摘This paper studies the special pronunciation rules of consonants.vowels and stresses in English medical terms from the phonetic and etiologic perspectives,which may provide help for medical students in studying medical English.
文摘In pronunciation teaching, learners may have difficulty when there is a ＂gap＂ in the phonemic system between L1 （the first or native language） and L2 （the second or foreign language）. In such a case, they tend to use their native language sounds in speaking the foreign language. Since some Chinese and English vowel sounds are easy to be confused, applying IPA cardinal vowels in the teaching of English pronunciation will help Chinese learners identify the difference between an English vowel sound and a Chinese vowel sound and thus enables them to make intelligible English speech sounds.
文摘目的探究嗓音障碍患者的元音声学特征,以及普通话体系下的元音空间面积(vowel space area,VSA)合理的施测方式和语料。方法招募年龄和性别相匹配的嗓音障碍患者和正常健康对照组受试者各20例,在不同语料(单个元音/a/、/i/、/u/、/o/、/e/和长句)以及不同元音顶点个数(3个、4个、5个)下的VSA进行差异分析。结果嗓音障碍组与正常组之间在单元音和长句语料下VSA都有极显著差异,但两种语料类型间VSA差异不显著,两种语料均可用于VSA的测量。4个元音顶点与3个元音顶点及5个元音顶点下的VSA差异极显著,选择5个元音用于普通话体系下VSA的测量更加合适。结论嗓音障碍患者的元音发音较正常人清晰度下降。在普通话体系下采用5个元音顶点测量VSA相对较精准,更能测得口腔的运动能力。单个元音和连续语音两种语料均适用于VSA的测量。
文摘目的探讨神经性言语障碍患者单、复韵母构音运动的声学特征。方法在上海市多家医院收集24例40~81岁的神经性言语障碍患者(患者组),在上海市社区收集24例40~80岁的健康成人(对照组),从两组跟读含有不同韵母的语音样本中,提取单韵母/a/、/i/、/u/的第一、二共振峰(F1、F2),并计算出下颌距、舌距、元音空间面积(vowel space area,VSA)、元音清晰度指数(vowel articulation index,VAI);提取复韵母/ai/、/ua/、/uai/的第二共振峰并计算其斜率,比较不同语料任务下两组受试者的声学指标。结果单韵母任务下,患者组/a/的F1、/i/的F2、下颌距、舌距、VSA、VAI极显著小于正常对照组(P<0.01),/u/的F2极显著大于正常对照组(P<0.01);复韵母任务下,患者组/ai/、/ua/、/uai/的F2斜率均显著小于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结论神经性言语障碍患者单韵母构音运动范围减小,运动位置呈现集中趋势;复韵母构音运动速度减慢。
文摘本文借助超声仪采集了藏语安多方言元音的生理语音数据,系统分析了安多方言元音的动态舌位和稳定段的静态舌位,以及声学共振峰数据。实验结果显示,在舌位运动过程中确实存在一个稳定阶段,此阶段各帧数据间的差异都较小,将该阶段的舌位特征与古藏语相比,发现安多方言元音系统已经产生了一定的变化,即元音舌位由低到高依次为/a/、/i, u, o/、/e/,舌位由前到后分别为/e/、/i, u, a/、/o/,其中元音/i/和/u/央化并产生了新的音位变体。最后我们从空间域角度对安多方言元音的舌体音姿进行了总体描述。明确了元音在生理特征与声学特征上具有统一性,这对藏语不同方言之间的发音差异和共性研究均有一定的理论意义和参考价值。
文摘While Bronze Age Proto-Sinaic and Proto-Canaanite syllabic inscriptions were found engraved on fragments of pottery and stone,evidence of early alphabetic script was also inscribed in ink onto a massive parchment scroll,known as the Torah.Albeit the contours of those original characters transformed over time,it took the clairvoyant genius of Moses,and later the scribes of Ancient Israel,to configure and adapt ancient semitic prototypes into phonetic letters,producing the greatest literary document in the history of the world,the Bible.This article summarizes the acoustic properties of that alphabet,with further historical considerations.
