Non-agricultural Population, Employment and Land:An Econometric Study in an Integrated Framework

Abstract： his paper explored the relationships among nonagricultural population, employment and land in an integrated framework, taking account of rural-urban land conversion into Carlino-Mills＇s model on the regional growth. Two-stage-leastsquares and ordinary-least-squares were employed. Recent data for district （grade） cities in China （from 1999 to 2005） were used. Our results showed that： first, urban population influenced non-agricultural employment, and vice versa, but the evidence that non-agricultural employment influenced urban population was stronger than the evidence that urban population influenced non-agricultural employment; second, urban population and non-agricultural employment both influenced ruralurban land conversion, but the evidence that urban population influenced rural urban land conversion was more stronger than the evidence that non-agricultural employment did. We also found that： first, the employment from the secondary industry influenced urban population in a positive way, and vice versa, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced urban population in a negative way, and vice versa; second, the employment from the secondary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a positive way, but the employment from the tertiary industry influenced rural-urban land conversion in a negative way. We can conclude that the key of urbanization is to speed up the process of non-agricultural employment, especially the employment from the tertiary industry, which might promote non-agricultural population, employment and land harmoniously.

Spatial Pattern of Female Non-agricultural Employment and Its Driving Forces in Guangdong Province,China:A Perspective of Individual and Family-level

Promoting women’s employment is not only the need of social and economic development,but also the historical mission of liberating women.This paper uses data from the 1%Population Sample Survey,taken in Guangdong Province in 2015,to explore how women’s marital status,education,and family environment affect the female non-agricultural employment rate(FNAER)on a county scale using a spatial-lag model.The results show that:1)The female non-agricultural employment rate in counties of Guangdong Province is low,with more than three-quarters of counties having female non-agricultural employment rate less than 50%.Moreover,the spatial distribution of FNAER is uneven,with the high-value areas concentrated in the southeast and the low-value areas mainly distributed in the central and western parts of Guangdong Province.2)From the perspective of industry,there are significant spatial differences among women.In the southeast,women are mainly engaged in the secondary industry,while in the central and western regions,women are mainly engaged in the tertiary industry.3)Women having better skills and more effective support from the elderly can improve the FNAER.Women having lower skills,smaller-scale families,a higher fertility rate,and households with two or more elderly members have a negative effect on the FNAER.4)Public policies suggest that improving women’s education and their family environment,building social welfare facilities,and repairing the family environment will increase the FNAER.

Relationship between Farmland Use Right Circulation and Non-agricultural Employment——Based on Survey Data from Eastern and Western China

Relationship between Chinese rural non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation has always been a hot research topic without final conclusions.This paper uses survey data of"China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS)"covering 1,549 households of 95 villages in Zhejiang and Gansu Province in 2008.According to the data analysis,Zhejiang Province has a higher ratio of rural households leasing out their farmland than Gansu Province has,while the latter has a higher ratio of rural residents going out for earning a living.In both provinces,non-agricultural employment and farmland use circulation show significant positive correlation,but in Gansu,non-agricultural employment of farmers shows no significant positive correlation with rural households leasing out their farmland.The factor shows that for peasants in underdeveloped regions of west China,they rely more on land because of its social security functions,so they are not willing to lease out their land even when they go to cities for earning a living.For local government,it is not appropriate to promote farmland use circulation by depending on the transfer of rural labor forces,fundamental needs of peasants must be taken into consideration.

Spatial distribution of employment opportunities in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

The analysis of spatial mismatches in access to employment remains a very important area of labour market literature. A particular case is that of the mismatches in urban labor markets, which can result in substantial differences in the employment opportunities available in city centre and suburbs. This study examines the spatial mismatches present in the labour market of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. To that end, the results of a survey taken in 2003-2004 with a sample of 2000 city residents were reviewed. Results confirm the importance of transport policy for city residents; they suggest that public transport linking the different districts to the city centre should be reviewed.

How farmers’non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

To clarify the impact of non-agricultural employment on rural land circulation in China,we built logit models using the Chinese Household Income Project 2013 dataset,which includes 18,948 household samples over 15 provinces,126 cities and 234 counties of China in 2013.We use the proportion of non-agricultural income,the proportion of non-agricultural laborers and non-agricultural fixed operating assets to reflect the degree of the households’dependence on agriculture,the degree of the households’laborers committed to non-agricultural employment and the stability of non-agricultural employment,respectively.The results show that the stability of non-agricultural employment is an important reason for farmers to transfer out their land,and an increase in non-agricultural income is the fundamental reason.The proportion of non-agricultural assets has the greatest impact on the decision to transfer land,followed by the proportion of non-agricultural income.Per unit increase in the non-agricultural income ratio has a stronger effect on the transfer-out decision than it does on the transfer-in decision,which is a 0.09 increase of the probability of transfer-out the land and a 0.07 decrease of the probability of transfer-in the land.In terms of regional differences,when considering the impact of non-agricultural employment on the land transfer-out decision,the impacts of non-agricultural income and labor force are the greatest in the Central region.The impact of non-agricultural assets is the greatest in the Eastern region.For the Eastern region,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets and the non-agricultural labor force,and the decision to transfer in land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets.In the Central and Western regions,the decision to transfer out land is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural income and the non-agricultural labor force,in that order.The decision to transfer in land in the Central region is not significantly affected by non-agricultural employment.The decision to transfer in land in the Western region is mainly affected by non-agricultural assets,non-agricultural labor force and non-agricultural income,in that order.We note that non-agricultural assets have a prominent impact on land transfer,which shows that the stability of non-agricultural employment has an important impact on land transfer decision-making.Vocational training for rural labor forces may be an effective means to promote stable non-agricultural employment and simultaneously facilitate rural land circulation,especially in Central and Western China.

促进残疾女性高质量充分就业:机遇、挑战与对策

改革开放以来,我国残疾人事业已取得巨大成就,残疾女性的就业状况得到了改善,就业保障也有了显著成效。新时期,促进我国残疾女性高质量充分就业正面临着难得的历史性机遇。残疾女性的高质量充分就业主要表现在:收入提高且来源稳定,工作环境越来越好,劳动关系趋向和谐,社会保障体系日趋完善,就业机会更加公平,就业权益保障更为充分,有工作愿望、符合工作条件、愿意接受现行工资的残疾女性基本都参加了就业。当前,残疾女性的就业情况尚有非常大的提升空间,无论在就业比例还是收入水平上,表现的均不如残疾男性,与普通女性相比差距更大。与此同时,残疾女性就业还面临屡见不鲜的歧视、受教育水平偏低、就业能力建设不足、在家庭等方面的配套性支持政策不足等多项挑战。为此,要抓住机遇,通过努力消除各种歧视性现象,加强残疾女性就业能力建设,完善残疾女性的家庭和社会支持性配套政策等措施,促进残疾女性高质量充分就业。

基于饲料行业发展的大学生农村创业就业策略研究

饲料产业是影响我国国民经济的重点基础产业,已连续多年保持持续增长态势,成为世界饲料生产第一大国,但也已经进入发展成熟期,面临着发展的转型、升级,迫切需要引入新鲜血液,吸收高水平的饲料专业人才。在大学生就业形势日益严峻的今天,饲料行业的发展也为大学生农村创业就业提供了便利条件。本文分析了基于饲料行业发展大学生农村创业就业的发展机遇和面临的挑战,探讨具体的应对策略,以期为大学生农村创业就业提供一些帮助,在实现大学生顺利创业就业的同时,更好地促进饲料行业的发展。

企业劳动力需求变化及其动力——针对五个行业招聘信息259周的跟踪观察

就业形成于劳动力需求与供给的匹配。劳动力需求数据作为分析就业形势的先行指标,却一直比较缺乏。通过每周跟踪访问代表性网络招聘平台,观察五个行业企业在2017年5月至2023年3月初发布新岗位的特征,获得劳动力需求的“周频”数据。观察期内,企业劳动力需求整体呈现收缩趋势,同时具有明显的周期性、季节性调整特征。各行业的劳动力需求走势在2020年上半年普遍经历急剧下降并快速回弹的过程,形成“深V型”曲线,这主要得益于各类复工复产和援企稳岗等政策的有效实施。多个行业的企业岗位供应能力在2020年内稳步恢复至2019年年中水平,随后呈现差别化走势,到2023年初,各行业企业发布的新岗位数量相对于观察初期均收缩明显。民营企业是各行业最大的岗位供应主体,而大型城市劳动力需求则呈现不同程度下降,各行业对求职者的最低学历要求也呈现出提高趋势。宏观经济形势、企业面临的要素供应链和市场需求约束、劳动力需求主体的构成以及人力资本的重要性等因素,都是影响劳动力需求整体走势特征的深层理论机制。建议当前和未来一段时间内,促进各类政策举措协调配合,把有利于稳预期、稳增长和稳就业作为制定政策的优先考量,在供给端和需求端同时发力,畅通供应链,做强产业链,扩大有效需求,切实回应民营企业诉求,支持其稳定向优发展,促进企业的岗位创造潜力转变为现实的就业机会。

易迁移民就业机会、人力资本变动及其影响因素——基于对少数民族地区的考察

基于怒江傈僳族自治州易地扶贫搬迁移民家庭的三个阶段动态调查数据,建立多元线性回归模型和Logistic回归模型,分析易地扶贫搬迁移民人力资本改善和就业机会转化的影响因素。研究发现:第一,易地扶贫搬迁使少数民族移民人力资本显著增加;第二,易地扶贫搬迁明显提升了少数民族移民的就业机会;第三,家庭人口、社会资本、政策感知、社会适应、公共设施、民族文化等因素对易地搬迁移民的人力资本有显著影响;第四,家庭人口、社会资本、政策感知、民族文化对易地扶贫搬迁移民的就业机会有显著影响;第五,易地扶贫搬迁对少数民族移民的人力资本与就业机会有持续性正向影响。基于此,少数民族脱贫移民后期扶持需从发展县域产业、搭建就业平台、强化就业能力、扩宽就业渠道、促进多元化就业和多业态就业、建设民族多维互嵌型社区共同体等入手。

宜居宜业和美乡村:谁在谈?谈什么?

宜居宜业和美乡村研究现存政策、理论与实践三种取向。主流政策派聚焦于宜居宜业和美乡村的顶层设计,围绕其历史必然性、提出必要性、实施机制、规避误区展开论述。学术理论派重点关注宜居宜业和美乡村的理论内涵与立论基础,围绕宜居宜业和美乡村的内涵意蕴,形成整体与内部二维视角解构,提出中国式现代化论、百年乡建承继论、城乡融合发展论、外部风险应对论与“和”文化继承论等立论基础,并瞄准农民村庄复合向度探讨其内生动能。基层实践派主要关注宜居宜业和美乡村的实施保障,认为应以县乡村三级干部、企业和社会组织为实践主体,根据其各自定位承担不同职责,实现优势互补。然而,作为宜居宜业和美乡村主体的农民却被排除在话语体系外,导致政策、理论和实践之间的联系断裂。此种断裂与理论阐发、现实关涉、国际对话缺位等共同构成了宜居宜业和美乡村理论深化与实践效能提升的制约因素。因此,未来研究应聚焦农民、理论、现实、对外和整体视角,提升研究实效性、学理性、针对性、包容性及系统性,推动宜居宜业和美乡村“实践—理论—政策”大循环。

人工智能时代下的就业机遇及挑战

通过分析2022—2023年8月的就业市场数据发现人工智能领域的就业机遇和挑战。研究结果显示,随着人工智能技术的快速发展,特别是在智能驾驶系统工程师、算法工程师及图像识别/计算机视觉等专业领域的就业平台广阔、岗位需求旺盛、人才需求量大、就业市场前景广阔。同时,人工智能的普及也带来了就业环境、社会需求和技能需求的变化,如银行出纳员及相关文员、邮政服务文员、收银员和票务员等岗位将会消失或发生根本性变化。这些发现不仅揭示了人工智能时代就业市场的动态变化,也强调了个人和教育体系需要不断适应新技术发展需求,以培养出能够满足未来需求的技能型人才,充分把握就业机遇并应对挑战。

AIGC技术与大学生就业:机遇、挑战与应对

随着AIGC技术的迅猛发展,全球已步入人工智能新纪元,这一变革深刻地重塑了社会经济格局并对劳动市场产生深远影响,当代大学生正处在机遇与挑战交织的就业新形势中。AIGC技术应用在人才需求、岗位设置、工作性质和工作效率方面为大学生就业带来机遇,但大学生同样面临AIGC技术带来的职业替代、供需匹配、岗位竞争和就业公平等问题。为实现高质量就业,当代大学生需要强化专业认同,努力提升专业素养,密切关注行业趋势,尽早明晰职业生涯规划,培养自身跨界能力,丰富学科知识体系,注重构建创新思维,树立终身学习意识。

高水平运动员就业指导与就业机会发掘的关系研究

该研究旨在探讨高水平运动员就业指导与就业机会发掘之间的关系,并分析其对运动员就业转型和职业发展的影响。首先,通过文献综述,概述了高水平运动员的就业现状和就业指导的重要性。其次,深入分析了就业机会发掘对运动员就业范围的扩展和就业质量的提升效果。最后,提出了促进高水平运动员就业转型和职业发展的建议和对策,包括加强就业指导机构建设、拓展就业机会发掘渠道、完善就业政策支持和建立职业网络和资源等。该研究旨在为高水平运动员的就业指导和就业机会发掘提供理论支持和实践指导,促进运动员的就业转型和职业发展。

农村经济发展与大学生就业机会探讨

农村经济发展对于实现全面小康社会和乡村振兴具有重要的推动作用,同时也是缓解城市就业压力、提升国民经济整体水平的必要途径。该文通过探讨农村经济发展的重要性及其在乡村振兴战略中的关键作用,分析农村经济发展过程中农业现代化、新农村建设以及农村产业结构升级所带来的新兴岗位,指出当前大学生在农村就业存在的挑战,如就业观念、生活环境、薪资待遇等。最后提出促进大学生到农村就业的建议,进而推动农村经济发展与大学生就业双向促进的良性循环。

新质生产力视角下大学生就业机遇与挑战的探析

信息技术的飞速跃进与全球一体化的持续加深,使得社会生产力的格局发生了显著的演变。新质生产力作为一种新兴的生产力形式,正在深刻地改变着各行各业的运行方式和发展模式,推动了生产效率的飞跃式提升,激发了新兴产业的萌芽与新型职业岗位的诞生,为经济体系注入了蓬勃的发展活力。在此背景下,本文深入剖析大学生所面临的就业机遇和挑战,并据此提出一系列针对性的应对思路与建议,以期为他们的职业生涯发展提供参考与指引。

农民工就业与就业促进问题实证研究——以北京市为例

随着中国城市化进程的加快,大量的农民从农村来到城市,从事着各种各样的劳动。在中国的产业大军中,农民工数量在迅速增长,农民工日益成为不可或缺的重要力量。由于户籍等原因,作为就业弱势群体的农民工比城镇劳动力面临着更大的失业风险和保障缺失。他们的就业状况究竟如何、他们参加失业保险以及受到就业培训的状况如何,如何促进农民工的就业是值得全社会高度关注的重大问题。本文以北京市为例,就农民工的就业与就业促进问题进行一些分析和探讨。

日本促进女性就业的经验对我国的借鉴

女性就业,不仅是一个经济问题,更是一个社会问题。日本促进女性就业的经验值得我们借鉴。建立完善的法律和政策能使女性拥有公平的就业起点;调整产业结构,促使经济稳定发展,是保证女性就业的基础和前提;实行弹性工作制,能够使更多的女性实现就业;加强就业指导和培训,推进社会环境建设,有助于失业女性自我谋业和自主创业。

人力资本和社会资本能提高失地农民就业水平吗——基于北京地区连续跟踪的调查数据

本文以北京地区失地农民为研究对象,基于2008年和2015年两次失地农民社会调查数据,通过失地农民的就业机制分析,构建Logistic回归模型并进行"稀有事件偏差"检验,分析在城镇化进程中,人力资本和社会资本对失地农民就业机会、职务晋升和就业行业的影响。研究发现,在失地农民获得非农就业机会方面,2008年人力资本和社会资本对其有着显著的正向影响,2015年人力资本和政治面貌的影响不显著,不过求职途径和户籍的影响显著;在职务晋升方面,两次调查结果基本一致,政治面貌、受教育程度和职业培训对其有着显著的正向影响,求职途径、户籍的影响不显著;在就业行业方面,随着时间的推进,2015年失地农民的就业行业选择出现了新的变化,有4.4%的失地农民开始到公共部门就业,2008年人力资本、政治面貌和求职途径变量对其进入传统行业就业无显著影响,2015年开始凸显,特别是对其进入公共部门就业有着显著正向影响,而户籍对进入传统行业有着正向影响,对进入公共部门无影响。

劳动力流迁决策中的迁移网络

基于广东省深圳市宝安区的外来劳动力调研资料表明 ,工资差距、就业机会以及迁移网络都在劳动力流迁决策中发挥着决定性作用。同时 ,这三变量互动影响的整合机理对于解释劳动力流迁的特征和发展趋势。

农民工地域歧视与就业机会研究

本文利用2010年第六次全国人口普查昆山市经济开发区样本检验了户籍类型、外地户籍以及出生地的不同对劳动力进入一级市场以及周工作小时数的影响,结果发现:农业户籍劳动力进入一级市场的概率显著低于非农户籍劳动力,前者的周工作小时数明显更长;户籍登记地和出生地的不同对于劳动力能否获得一级市场的就业机会有显著影响,但是出生地的不同要比户籍登记地的不同所产生的影响更明显,这表明对于农民工进入一级市场的地域歧视主要由出生地不同导致的。并且,户籍登记地和出生地的不同在一级和二级市场上对不同类型劳动力的周工作小时数的影响也有所不同。