Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

Towards green asphalt materials with lower emission of volatile organic compounds: A review on the release characteristics and its emission reduction additives

Recently, researchers in the road field are focusing on the development of green asphalt materials with loweremission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The characterization methodology of asphalt VOCs and theinfluencing factors on VOCs release have always been the basic issue of asphalt VOCs emission reduction research.Researchers have proposed a variety of asphalt VOCs characterization methodologies, which also have mutuallyirreplaceable characteristics. Asphalt VOCs volatilization is affected by many factors. In this study, asphalt VOCscharacterization methodologies were summarized, including their advantages, disadvantages, characteristics andapplicable requirements. Subsequently, the influencing factors of VOCs release, such as asphalt types and environment conditions, are summarized to provide theoretical support for the emission reduction research. Theclassification and mechanism of newly-development asphalt VOCs emission reduction materials are reviewed. Thereduction efficiencies are also compared to select better materials and put forward the improvement objective ofnew materials and new processes. In addition, the prospects about development of VOCs release mechanism ofasphalt materials during the full life cycle and feasibility research of high-efficiency composite emission reductionmaterials in the future were put forward.

Green‑Solvent Processed Blade‑Coating Organic Solar Cells with an Efficiency Approaching 19%Enabled by Alkyl‑Tailored Acceptors

Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.

Co-incorporating green manure and crop straw increases crop productivity and improves soil quality with low greenhouse-gas emissions in a crop rotation

In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combination of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield,soil aggregate stability,and soil microbial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer,without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity.

Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

Review on the Pollution-free,Green and Organic Vegetables

This article reviews the concepts, origin and development of pollution-free, green and organic vegetables; then discusses the certification methods, production standard and development orientation of them, which has greatly directive significance for vegetable production and consumption.

Application of New Slope Greening Technology——Reinforced Organic-Material and Plant Seeds Spraying

The research introduced the flowchart of organic-material and plant seeds spraying and a case of ＆quot;Dasi＆quot; Highway, the highway from Daxing to Sinan in Guizhou Province, a part of a National Highway from Hangzhou to Ruili, cal ed Hangrui Highway, slope protection. The flowchart included slope cleaning, net preparation, anchor fixation, adding vegetation-growth plate, spraying organic materi-als, coverage of non-woven fabrics, and maintenance. The technique is proved much efficient in protecting and greening road sideslopes consisting of weathered rocks or hard rocks, which provides a solution for abrupt slope greening technology.

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.

Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: ricerice-milk vetch(RRV), rice-rice-rape(RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass(RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow(RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.

2D organic semiconductors, the future of green nanotechnology

The discovery of 2D organic semiconductors of atomically thin structures has attracted great attention due to their emerging optical, electronic, optoelectronic and mechatronic properties. Recent progress in such organic nanostructures has opened new opportunities for engineering material properties in many ways, such as, 0D/1D/2D nanoparticles hybridization, strain engineering, atomic doping etc. Moreover, 2D organic nanostructures exhibit a unique feature of bio–functionality and are highly sensitive to bio-analytes. Such peculiar behavior in 2D organics can be utilized to design highly-efficient bio-sensors. Also, a bio-molecular integrated electronic/optoelectronic device with enhanced performance can be attained. Furthermore, the bio-degradable, biocompatible, biometabolizable, non-toxic behaviour and natural origin of organic nanomaterials can address the current ecological concerns of increasing inorganic material based electronic waste. This review highlights the benefits of 2D organic semiconductors. Considering the importance of strategic techniques for growing thin 2D organic layers,this review summarizes progress towards this direction. The possible challenges for long-time stability and future research directions in 2D organic nano electronics/optoelectronics are also discussed. We believe that this review article provides immense research interests in organic 2D nanotechnology for exploiting green technologies in the future.

Evaluation of Organic Acid-Based Sanitizers for Reduction of <i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 during Flume-Washing of Organic Leafy Greens

Antimicrobial efficacy of three novel organic sanitizers, CHICO WashTM, C8C10 and CG100, was evaluated for the reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during flume-washing of organic leafy greens. Organic formulations at various concentrations: CHICO (C3H8I0C3O7) WashTM (1:20 ratio) and C8C10 and CG100 (0.2 and 0.4%), along with the controls: hydrogen-peroxide and water, were used for washing organic baby and mature spinach and romaine and iceberg lettuce. Leafy greens were inoculated with a 2-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 (6 logs CFU/mL) and washed in each treatment for 1 or 2 minutes. The treated leafy greens were stored at 4°C and surviving pathogen populations determined on days 0, 1, and 3 of storage. Organic sanitizers, for both treatment times, significantly (P E. coli O157:H7 on all the leafy greens during storage. Highest reduction (3.4 logs CFU/g) was observed after treatment with CG100 (0.4%) in romaine lettuce, while CHICO WashTM showed greater than 2 logs CFU/g reduction on all the leafy greens, by day 3. This study demonstrates the potential application of organic sanitizers in flume-washing of organic leafy greens for the reduction of E. coli O157:H7.

Impact of Plant-Based Antimicrobial Washes on Sensory Properties of Organic Leafy Greens

The objective was to study the sensory attributes of organic leafy greens treated with plant antimicrobials and identify treatments most accepted by panelists. Organic leafy greens were washed with antimicrobials and stored at 4°C for 24 h prior to serving panelists. Antimicrobials evaluated include: 0.1% clove bud, lemongrass, oregano, or cinnamon essential oils;0.1% carvacrol or citral;3% grapeseed, apple, or 10%/7% olive extract;combination of essential oils with extracts;3% hydrogen peroxide;and untreated control. A randomized block design with an affective test was used and 60 panelists were asked to evaluate samples for preference liking based on a 9-point hedonic scale and for sensory attributes based on a 5-point hedonic scale. Changes in texture and color of leafy greens were measured using a Texture analyzer and a Chroma Meter, respectively. On the basis of preference liking, overall acceptability of spinach and lettuce treated with 0.1% cinnamon oil was ranked the highest (7.5 ± 1.4 and 7.1 ± 1.7, moderately liked), respectively. For texture analysis, washing iceberg lettuce with 0.1% oregano oil + 10% olive extract and spinach with 0.1% lemongrass oil + 1% apple extract yielded the highest firmness values of F = 783.1 ± 53.8 Newtons and 939.30 ± 35.2 Newtons, respectively. Based on the International Commission on Illumination CIE LAB color schemes, treatment with 0.1% oregano oil + 10% olive extract had the greatest impact on color of iceberg lettuce with the lowest L value* (44.5 ± 6.2) indicating the darkest color. These results will help identify plant antimicrobials that have the least impact on sensory properties of organic leafy greens and are preferred by consumers.

High-Efficiency Green Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diode Based on Simplified Device Structures

A high-efficiency green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with a simplified structure is achieved that is free of a hole transport layer. The design of this kind of device structure not only saves the consumption of organic materials but also greatly reduces the structural heterogeneities and effectively facilitates the charge injection into the emissive layer. The resulting green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes （PHOLEDs） exhibit higher electroluminescent efficiency. The maximum external quantum efficiency and current efficiency reach 23.7% and 88 cd/A, respectively. Moreover the device demonstrates satisfactory stability, keeping 23.7% and 88cd/A, 22% and 82cd/A, respectively, at a luminance of 100 and 1000cd/m2. The working mechanism for achieving high efficiency based on such a simple device structure is discussed correspondingly. The improved charge carrier injection and transport balance are proved to prominently contribute to achieve the high efficiency and great stability at high luminance in the green PHOLEDs.

A Mixed Host Emitting Interlayer Based on CBP:TPBi in Green Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

A series of green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on bipolar-transporting material 4,4Lbis- （carbazol-9-yl） biphenyl （CBP） are prepared. We insert a mixed host emitting interlayer （CBPx： electron- transporting material 1,3,＆tris （N-phenylbenzimidazole-2yl） （TPBi）1-X） in the middle of the emitting layer, and the best performance appears when x is 2/3. The position of this interlayer can also affect the performanee of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. When this interlayer is close to the side of the electron transporting layer, the maximum value of luminance, the current efficiency and the power efficiency are 34090cd/m2 at 12 V, 60. 6 cd/A and 56.6 lm/W, respectively.

Green Light-Emitting Organic Electroluminescent Device with a New Fluorescent Dye Dispersed in Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) Emitter Layer

Double-layer organic electroluminescent devices have been constructed. A new fluorescent dye, 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracence, was chosen as the dopant which was molecularly dispersed in the polymer film, and green light was observed from the device with luminance of 130cd/m(2) at 17V.

“双碳”目标下老旧小区绿色改造的有机更新策略研究——以广州为例

老旧小区绿色改造作为实现城市低碳化的重要途径,对我国实现“双碳”目标及高质量发展具有重要意义。随着城市化进程的加快,老旧小区存在既有建筑能耗过高、碳排放量超标等现实问题,对老旧小区进行绿色改造成为政府开展城市更新时需重点关注的内容。在总结广州老旧小区绿色改造现状及国内外相关实践经验的基础上,按照有机更新的思路,从顶层设计、人文建设、生态建设、建筑绿色更新、新技术新能源以及成本经济等方面提出对老旧小区绿色改造的策略建议。

数字化转型、跨界搜寻与绿色创新——组织环境文化的调节作用

数字化转型与绿色创新是实现经济社会高质量发展的重要路径,探究数字化转型如何驱动绿色创新具有重要价值。构建数字化转型对绿色创新影响的理论模型,实证分析数字化转型对绿色创新的影响,并探究跨界搜寻的中介作用及组织环境文化的调节作用,揭示数字化转型影响绿色创新的路径及边界。基于335份问卷调查数据实证研究发现:数字化转型对技术知识跨界搜寻、市场知识跨界搜寻、绿色工艺创新与绿色产品创新均有正向影响;技术知识跨界搜寻、市场知识跨界搜寻对绿色工艺创新与绿色产品创新均有正向影响;技术知识跨界搜寻、市场知识跨界搜寻在数字化转型与绿色工艺创新及数字化转型与绿色产品创新间均发挥部分中介作用;组织环境文化在数字化转型与绿色工艺创新及数字化转型与绿色产品创新间起正向调节作用。结论可深化数字化转型与绿色创新研究,也为驱动绿色创新提供思路借鉴。

神丹6号绿壳蛋鸡部分消化器官生长发育规律研究

为探究神丹6号绿壳蛋鸡部分消化器官的生长发育规律,本试验通过测定1~60周龄肌胃和腺胃的重量,应用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy模型对肌胃和腺胃重量进行拟合。结果表明:肌胃的最适模型为Logistic,模型拟合度R2为0.969,对应的拐点重量、拐点周龄和最大周增重分别为8.85 g、6.86周和1.99 g;腺胃的最适模型为Von Bertalanffy,模型拟合度R2为0.949,对应的拐点重量、拐点周龄和最大周增重分别为1.69 g、5.19周和0.25 g,体重和肌胃、腺胃间的相关系数分别为0.813(P<0.01)和0.868(P<0.01)。神丹6号绿壳蛋鸡肌胃腺胃的生长发育早于体重,体重变化规律可适当反映肌胃和腺胃的变化规律。

三次发酵技术提升工业化四川泡青菜风味的研究

目前工业化四川泡青菜大多采用两次发酵工艺结合脱盐、巴氏杀菌生产商品化酸菜的技术,以解决芥菜季节性收获和酸菜常年销售的问题。文章立足于工业化四川泡青菜的加工过程,研究了两次发酵后的半成品泡青菜经过脱盐后的风味损失,并设计了三次发酵进行风味优化。GC-MS与HPLC测定结果表明,脱盐后的泡青菜特征香味物质种类减少,相对含量降低,有机酸含量显著降低。经第3次发酵后,新增了酸类物质,赋予其草本香及酸香,并产生具有发酵果香和花香的己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯,同时异硫氰酸酯类物质的相对含量降低,泡青菜的特征香味得到提升,自然发酵香味突出;有机酸总量提高12.69%,酸味更加柔和与醇厚;乳酸菌含量从234×10^(2)CFU/g提高到298×10^(3)CFU/g。该研究为工业化泡青菜自然发酵风味的提升提供了数据与工艺参考。

Wittig反应实验的绿色化改进

传统的有机化学实验教学中,大多侧重实验技能的训练,设置实验内容时对实验安全性、经典性和可重复性等因素考虑较多,而对反应的绿色化、新方法和新技能等重视程度不够。为此,经典的有机反应也需要不断改进,本文将需要在大量有机溶剂中进行的传统Wittig反应改进为无溶剂的固相研磨反应,使得合成方法更加简单、绿色、安全和高效。设计合成了3个不同推拉型(D-π-A)二苯乙烯结构分子,优化了反应条件,测定了它们的光谱性质,并对其进行比较,讨论其构性关系,不仅引入绿色化学理念,而且对知识进行扩展,增加了实验的新颖性、探索性和趣味性,提升了学生创新能力。