Generalized Hardy-type tests for hierarchy of multipartite non-locality

We propose a family of Hardy-type tests for an arbitrary n-partite system, which can detect different degrees of nonlocality ranging from standard to genuine multipartite non-locality. For any non-signaling m-local hidden variable model,the corresponding tests fail, whereas a pass of this type of test indicates that this state is m non-local. We show that any entangled generalized GHZ state exhibits Hardy’s non-locality for each rank of multipartite non-locality. Furthermore, for the detection of m non-localities, a family of Bell-type inequalities based on our test is constructed. Numerical results show that it is more efficient than the inequalities proposed in [Phys. Rev. A 94 022110(2016)].

The relation between Hardy's non-locality and violation of Bell inequality

We give an analytic quantitative relation between Hardy＇s non-locality and Bell operator. We find that Hardy＇s non-locality is a sufficient condition for the violation of Bell inequality, the upper bound of Hardy＇s non-locality allowed by information causality just corresponds to Tsirelson bound of Bell inequality and the upper bound of Hardy＇s non- locality allowed by the principle of no-signaling just corresponds to the algebraic maximum of Bell operator. Then we study the CabeUo＇s argument of Hardy＇s non-locality （a generalization of Hardy＇s argument） and find a similar relation between it and violation of Bell inequality. Finally, we give a simple derivation of the bound of Hardy＇s non-locality under the constraint of information causality with the aid of the above derived relation between Hardy＇s non-locality and Bell operator.

Dynamics of measurement-induced non-locality and geometric discord with initial system-environment correlations

We analyze the dynamics of geometric measure of discord （GMOD） and measurement-induced non-locality （MIN） in the presence of initial system-reservoir correlations without Born and Markov approximation. Although the initial system-environment states have the same reduced density matrices for both the system and environment, the effects of different initial system-environment correlations have been shown to fundamentally alter the time evolution of GMOD and MIN between two quantum systems in both Markovian and non-Markovian regimes. In general, both GMOD and MIN experience a sudden increase for initially quantum-correlated states, and a sudden decrease for classical-correlated states before they reach the same stationary values with initially factorized states.

The “Non-Locality” of Entangled States Is Seeming Phenomenon

EPR raised fundamental problems of non-locality (NL) in the case of entangled states (ES) 82 years ago. These problems were not solved until now. EPR and their followers used and would continue to use calculation methods that were available at that time. However, we can easily explain this observable NL as a trivial result of conservation laws (CL) within modern quantum mechanics (MQM). But application of CL requires materialistic descriptions of reality in a micro world in contrast to so-called quantum measurement theory (QMT), which was created mainly in the times of EPR and is widely accepted until now. We have to use a materialistic description, just as many physicists who actually work with high precision do by default. In this article, practical examples are given for real, precise measurements of wave functions of molecules and crystals, which, of course, were not known to EPR and were not noticed by their followers. We should acknowledge that QMT is merely an unneeded complication of simple relations of MQM. NL is the seeming result of these complications.

Long radial coherence of electron temperature fluctuations in non-local transport in HL-2A plasmas

The dynamics of long-wavelength(kθ<1.4 cm^(-1)),broadband(20 kHz–200 kHz)electron temperature fluctuations(Te/Te)of plasmas in gas-puff experiments are observed for the first time in HL-2A tokamak.In a relatively low density(ne(0)■0.91×10^(19)m^(-3)–1.20×10^(19)m^(-3))scenario,after gas-puffing the core temperature increases and the edge temperature drops.On the contrary,temperature fluctuation drops at the core and increases at the edge.Analyses show the non-local emergence is accompanied with a long radial coherent length of turbulent fluctuations.While in a higher density(ne(0)?1.83×10^(19)m^(-3)–2.02×10^(19)m^(-3))scenario,the phenomena are not observed.Furthermore,compelling evidence indicates that E×B shear serves as a substantial contributor to this extensive radial interaction.This finding offers a direct explanatory link to the intriguing core-heating phenomenon witnessed within the realm of non-local transport.

Fresnel Equations Derived Using a Non-Local Hidden-Variable Particle Theory

Problem: The Fresnel equations describe the proportions of reflected and transmitted light from a surface, and are conventionally derived from wave theory continuum mechanics. Particle-based derivations of the Fresnel equations appear not to exist. Approach: The objective of this work was to derive the basic optical laws from first principles from a particle basis. The particle model used was the Cordus theory, a type of non-local hidden-variable (NLHV) theory that predicts specific substructures to the photon and other particles. Findings: The theory explains the origin of the orthogonal electrostatic and magnetic fields, and re-derives the refraction and reflection laws including Snell’s law and critical angle, and the Fresnel equations for s and p-polarisation. These formulations are identical to those produced by electromagnetic wave theory. Contribution: The work provides a comprehensive derivation and physical explanation of the basic optical laws, which appears not to have previously been shown from a particle basis. Implications: The primary implications are for suggesting routes for the theoretical advancement of fundamental physics. The Cordus NLHV particle theory explains optical phenomena, yet it also explains other physical phenomena including some otherwise only accessible through quantum mechanics (such as the electron spin g-factor) and general relativity (including the Lorentz and relativistic Doppler). It also provides solutions for phenomena of unknown causation, such as asymmetrical baryogenesis, unification of the interactions, and reasons for nuclide stability/instability. Consequently, the implication is that NLHV theories have the potential to represent a deeper physics that may underpin and unify quantum mechanics, general relativity, and wave theory.

基于Non-Local means滤波的雾天降质图像恢复算法

针对目前去雾算法易导致边缘晕环效应、边缘轮廓及景物特征比较模糊问题,提出了一种景深等先验信息未知条件下基于Non-Local means滤波的雾天降质图像恢复算法。首先,根据大气散射模型将经典的场景深度估计转化为大气面纱以及天空亮度估计,避免难求的场景深度图;然后,对雾天降质图像进行雾气平均化预处理,经过预处理图像平均亮度变小;其次,依据大气面纱的边缘跟雾天图像的低频具有大的相似性,采用Non-Localmeans滤波算法估计大气面纱模型;最后,为了使恢复图像的亮度跟色度都更加接近晴天图像,进行防止对比度放大的平滑与色度调整处理。通过与已有实验结果对比表明,提出的算法可以获得更精确的大气面纱,恢复图像不但边缘轮廓及景物特征都比较清楚,而且可有效抑制边缘晕环效应。

Non-Local pH Shifts and Shared Changing Angular Velocity Magnetic Fields: Discrete Energies and the Importance of Point Durations

Macroscopic productions of “non-locality” or “excess correlations” of dynamic changes within media between two spaces could be utilized as alternative communication systems. Previous experiments have shown that injections of a weak acid within one of two volumes of spring water sharing the same patterned circular magnetic fields with changing angular accelerations separated by non-traditional (5 m) distances were associated with opposite (basic) shifts in pH within the non-injected, non-local volume. In the present experiments, employing a different technology, pairs of beakers separated by 1 m containing either 25 cc, 50 cc, or 100 cc of spring water were placed within toroids generating weak (30, 300 nT) changing acceleration magnetic fields with 1 ms, 2 ms, or 3 ms point durations or a field whose point durations changed. When a proton source (weak acid) was injected into one beaker (local) pH shifts in the other (non-local) beaker exhibit increased acidity for the 3 ms point duration but increased alkalinity for the 1 ms duration. Neither intermittent point durations nor variable point durations for the same volumes of water placed between the two magnetic field-coupled beakers exhibited significant changes from baseline. Contingent upon the point duration of the applied field, the pH shift was consistent with a fixed quantity of decreased free protons (increased pH) or increased protons (decreased pH) in the non-local beakers. The opposite directions of the pH shifts at 1 ms and 3 ms that correspond to quantitative cosmological solutions for electrons and protons suggest these results may reflect a fundamental physical process.

Non-Local and Memory Character of Frictional Energy Dissipation on Atomic Scale

The traditional description of atomic-scale friction, as investigated in Friction force microscopy, in terms of mechanical stick-slip instabilities appears so successful that it obscures the actual mechanisms of frictional energy dissipation. More sophisticated theoretical approach, which takes into account damping explicitly, reveals the existence of some hidden, unexplained problems, like the universal nearly-critical damping and unexpectedly high value of the dissipation rate. In this paper, we combine analysis in the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics with simple atomistic modeling to show that the hidden problems of atomic scale friction find their origin in the nontrivial character of energy dissipation that is non-local and dominated by memory effects, which have not been addressed before in the context of dry, atomic-scale friction.

Neither Incomplete nor Non-Local, Just Entangled

Bell-state experiments with pairs of polarization-entangled photons are interpreted without any hinge on non-local mechanisms. The presented model rests on a careful analysis of published experimental findings. These foundations are implemented into a standard quantum mechanical treatment that obeys the purely local nature of each polarization preparation in the course of a measurement process. Polarization entanglement is ascribed to the generation of indiscernible photon pairs while undistorted propagation maintains this interrelation. Thus, the proposed approach assigns the essential characteristics of polarization entanglement to each constituent of an entangled pair. Accordingly, space-time separated polarization preparations lead to consistent probabilities of joint detection events. The obtained results agree with those of previous non-local models and thus reproduce the experimentally required violations of the Bell inequality. Since the presented approach lacks any non-local phenomenon, hidden variables are rendered superfluous, too.

GURTIN-TYPE VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR DYNAMICS OF A NON-LOCAL THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM SATURATED POROUS MEDIUM

Based on the porous media theory and by taking into account the efects of the pore fuid viscidity, energy exchanges due to the additional thermal conduction and convection between solid and fuid phases, a mathematical model for the dynamic-thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling of a non-local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium, in which the two constituents are assumed to be incompressible and immiscible, is established under the assumption of small de- formation of the solid phase, small velocity of the fuid phase and small temperature changes of the two constituents. The mathematical model of a local thermal equilibrium fuid-saturated porous medium can be obtained directly from the above one. Several Gurtin-type variational principles, especially Hu-Washizu type variational principles, for the initial boundary value problems of dy- namic and quasi-static responses are presented. It should be pointed out that these variational principles can be degenerated easily into the case of isothermal incompressible fuid-saturated elastic porous media, which have been discussed previously.

基于non-local先验的贝叶斯变量选择方法及其在高维数据分析中的应用

目的对高维数据进行变量筛选并构建预测模型是组学数据分析的研究热点之一。本研究旨在为结局为二分类变量的高维组学数据筛选自变量并构建预测结局的稀疏统计模型。方法本研究通过模拟研究和实例分析阐释基于non-local先验的贝叶斯变量选择方法--乘积逆矩先验(product inverse moment,piMOM)相较于惩罚类方法ISIS-光滑平切绝对偏差(iterative sure independence screening-smoothly clipped absolute deviation,ISIS-SCAD)和ISIS-最小最大凹惩罚(iterative sure independence screening-minimax concave penalty,ISIS-MCP)在高维数据中变量筛选及其预测效果的性能优劣。结果模拟研究发现:在高维的情况下,经piMOM、ISIS-SCAD和ISIS-MCP方法筛选所得变量的平均真阳性数和受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC,area under curve)基本相等,ISIS-SCAD、ISIS-MCP的平均假阳性数、回归系数均方误差以及预测均方误差明显高于基于non-local先验的贝叶斯变量方法所获得的对应值。piMOM方法分析弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤实例数据共识别5个有意义的基因,AUC为0.996;ISIS-SCAD识别7个基因,AUC为0.975;ISIS-MCP识别7个基因,AUC为0.968。结论在模型选择相合性和预测准确性方面,piMOM方法与ISIS-SCAD和ISIS-MCP相比,具有优势,在一定意义上可有效控制假阳性率。

Surface effect and non-local elasticity in wave propagation of functionally graded piezoelectric nano-rod excited to applied voltage

A non-local solution for a functionally graded piezoelectric nano-rod is pre- sented by accounting the surface effect. This solution is used to evaluate the charac- teristics of the wave propagation in the rod structure. The model is loaded under a two-dimensional （2D） electric potential and an initially applied voltage at the top of the rod. The mechanical and electrical properties are assumed to be variable along the thick- ness direction of the rod according to the power law. The Hamilton principle is used to derive the governing differential equations of the electromechanical system. The effects of some important parameters such as the applied voltage and gradation of the material properties on the wave characteristics of the rod are studied.

Random noise suppression for seismic data using a non-local Bayes algorithm

For random noise suppression of seismic data, we present a non-local Bayes （NL- Bayes） filtering algorithm. The NL-Bayes algorithm uses the Gaussian model instead of the weighted average of all similar patches in the NL-means algorithm to reduce the fuzzy of structural details, thereby improving the denoising performance. In the denoising process of seismic data, the size and the number of patches in the Gaussian model are adaptively calculated according to the standard deviation of noise. The NL-Bayes algorithm requires two iterations to complete seismic data denoising, but the second iteration makes use of denoised seismic data from the first iteration to calculate the better mean and covariance of the patch Gaussian model for improving the similarity of patches and achieving the purpose of denoising. Tests with synthetic and real data sets demonstrate that the NL-Bayes algorithm can effectively improve the SNR and preserve the fidelity of seismic data.

ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A GRIFFITH PERMEABLE CRACK IN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS WITH THE NON-LOCAL THEORY

The dynamic behavior of a Griffith permeable crack under harmonic anti-plane shear waves in the piezoelectric materials is investigated by use of the non-local theory. To overcome the mathematical difficulties, a one-dimensional non-local kernel is used instead of a two-dimensional one for the anti-plane dynamic problem to obtain the stress and the electric displacement near the crack tips. By means of Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with a pair of dual integral equations that the unknown variable is the jump of the displacement across the crack surfaces. These equations are solved with the Schmidt method and numerical examples are provided. Contrary to the previous results, it is found that no stress and electric displacement singularities are present at the crack tip. The finite hoop stress and the electric displacement depend on the crack length, the lattice parameter of the materials and the circle frequency of the incident waves. This enables us to employ the maximum stress hypothesis to deal with fracture problems in a natural way.

NON-LOCAL MODELING ON MACROSCOPIC DOMAIN PATTERNS IN PHASE TRANSFORMATION OF NiTi TUBES

Recent experiments revealed many new phenomena of the macroscopic domain patterns in the stress-induced phase transformation of a superelastic polycrystalline NiTi tube during tensile loading. The new phenomena include deformation instability with the formation of a helical domain, domain topology transition from helix to cylinder, domain-front branching and loading-path dependence of domain patterns. In this paper, we model the polycrystal as an elastic continuum with nonconvex strain energy and adopt the non-local strain gradient energy to account for the energy of the diffusive domain front. We simulate the equilibrium domain patterns and their evolution in the tubes under tensile loading by a non-local Finite Element Method （FEM）. It is revealed that the observed loading-path dependence and topology transition of do- main patterns are due to the thermodynamic metastability of the tube system. The computation also shows that the tube-wall thickness has a significant effect on the domain patterns： with fixed material properties and interfacial energy density, a large tube-wall thickness leads to a long and slim helical domain and a severe branching of the cylindrical-domain front.

Fast Non-Local Means Algorithm Based on Krawtchouk Moments

Non-local means(NLM)method is a state-of-the-art denoising algorithm, which replaces each pixel with a weighted average of all the pixels in the image. However, the huge computational complexity makes it impractical for real applications. Thus, a fast non-local means algorithm based on Krawtchouk moments is proposed to improve the denoising performance and reduce the computing time. Krawtchouk moments of each image patch are calculated and used in the subsequent similarity measure in order to perform a weighted averaging. Instead of computing the Euclidean distance of two image patches, the similarity measure is obtained by low-order Krawtchouk moments, which can reduce a lot of computational complexity. Since Krawtchouk moments can extract local features and have a good antinoise ability, they can classify the useful information out of noise and provide an accurate similarity measure. Detailed experiments demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the original NLM method and other moment-based methods according to a comprehensive consideration on subjective visual quality, method noise, peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), structural similarity(SSIM) index and computing time. Most importantly, the proposed method is around 35 times faster than the original NLM method.

Investigation of the crack problem in non-local piezoelectric materials under combined electromechanical loadings

The present investigation of the crack problem in piezoelectric materials is performed based on the non-local theory. After some manipulations, the impermeable crack, the permeable crack （the crack gap is full of NaCI solution）, and the semi-permeable crack （the crack gap is full of air or silicon oil） are reduced to a uniform formulation by assuming the normal electric displacement on the crack surfaces to be an unknown variable. Thus, a triple integral equation with the unknown normal electric displacement is established. By using the Newton iterative method and solving the triple integral equation, it is found that the normal electric displacement on the crack surfaces is no longer a constant as determined by previous studies, rather, it depends upon the remote combined electromechanical loadings. Numerical results of the stresses and electric displacement fields show that there are no singularities at the crack tips so that the stresses remain finite. It is of great significance that the concrete electric boundary condition on the crack surfaces exerts significant influence on the near-tip fields and in this way plays an important role in evaluating the crack stability in the non-local piezoelectric materials. More specifically, the impermeable crack model always overestimates the finite stresses at the crack tips, whereas the permeable crack model always underestimates them.

Numerical investigation of non-local electron transport in laser-produced plasmas

Non-local electron transport in laser-produced plasmas under inertial confinement fusion （ICF） conditions is studied based on Fokker-Planck （FP） and hydrodynamic simulations. A comparison between the classical Spitzer-Harm （SH） transport model and non-local transport models has been made. The result shows that among those non-local models the Epperlein and Short （ES） model of heat flux is in reasonable agreement with the FP simulation in overdense region. However, the non-local models are invalid in the hot underdense plasmas. Hydrodynamic simulation is performed with the flux limiting model and the non-local model, separately. The simulation results show that in the underdense region of the laser-produced plasmas the temperature given by the flux limiting model is significantly higher than that given with the non-local model.

Improved Non-Local Means Algorithm for Image Denoising

Image denoising technology is one of the forelands in the field of computer graphic and computer vision. Non-local means method is one of the great performing methods which arouse tremendous research. In this paper, an improved weighted non-local means algorithm for image denoising is proposed. The non-local means denoising method replaces each pixel by the weighted average of pixels with the surrounding neighborhoods. The proposed method evaluates on testing images with various levels noise. Experimental results show that the algorithm improves the denoising performance.