Seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in free-ranging male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China

Although seasonal breeding has been documented in many non-human primates, it is not clear whether sexual behaviors show seasonal variation among male individuals. To test this hypothesis, the focal animal sampling method and continuous recording were used to investigate seasonal variation and synchronization of sexual behaviors in five male Tibetan macaques （Macaca thibetana） at Mt. Huangshan from Oct 2005 to Sept 2006. Both copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors （i.e., sexual chase, grimace, and sexual-inspection）, which were significantly higher in the mating season than non-mating season. Furthermore, seasonal variations of sexual behaviors, including copulatory and sexually motivated behaviors, were synchronized among males. The results shed light on sexual competition and tactics for reproductive success of male M. thibetana and other non-human primates with seasonal breeding.

A Comparison of the Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Korean College Students Studying in Korea and in the United States

The number of Korean students enrolling in universities overseas is rapidly growing. However, these populations are underrepresented in sexuality related research, despite the possibility of sexually risky behavior in overseas university students. We examined the sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of university students in Korea and studying in the United States. Data were collected—131 Korean students in Korea and in the US using a web-based self-report questionnaire system. Students in the US showed greater total sexual knowledge than students studied in Korea. There were differences in the sexual knowledge, attitude and behaviors according to general characteristics between both groups. Although students in the USA had a higher level of sexual knowledge, both students in the USA and in Korea had a low level of sexual knowledge overall.

An Appraisal of Sexual Behaviors, STI/HIV Prevalence, and HIV Prevention Programs among Truckers in India: A Critical Literature Review

Background: A systematic review portraying the changing pattern of sexual behaviors, STI and HIV prevalence and key strategies curb HIV and STI among truckers in India is lacking. This paper therefore aims to present a chronological review of literature regarding sexual behaviors, STI/HIV prevalence, and various HIV prevention programs implemented among truckers in India. Methodology: Published and unpublished studies (1990-2011) were identified through electronic databases, and hand searching. Results: Most studies on sexual behaviors and STI/HIV prevalence among truckers focused only on drivers and ignored their helpers. Evidences suggest that consistent condom use by truckers with both paid and non-paid female partners has increased during the past decade. Many recent studies suggest that the HIV prevalence among truckers is about 2% and it has been declining slowly during the past decade. The HIV prevention programs among truckers which started with the aim of raising awareness about HIV during early 1990s, have grown multi-folds to encompass not only the standard strategies like mid-media events, interpersonal counselling and STI care for HIV prevention, but also innovations such as the use of business franchisee models, and integrated research and evidence based planning in the program. The possibilities of using new approaches such as male circumcision and the use of pre-exposure prophylaxes are underway. Conclusion: More studies are needed to explore helpers’ vulnerabilities to HIV. Very few studies have attempted to examine the impact of large-scale prevention programs among truckers. Efforts are required to examine the impact of different components of such programs to guide the HIV prevention efforts among truckers in India.

Effects of Bisphenol A on Testosterone Levels and Sexual Behaviors of Male Mice

Objective: To evaluate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on testosterone levels and sexual behaviors of male mice. Methods: Forty 12-week-old male mice, 22 - 25 g, were randomly allocated into four equal groups (n = 10 per group): the control group and three BPA exposure groups including low concentration group (10 mg/kg), middle concentration group (50 mg/kg) and high concentration group (100 mg/kg). Each mouse received BPA intraperitoneally injected for 21 consecutive days. Sexual behaviors and testosterone levels in serum and interstitial tissue of testis were measured after the last administration of BPA. Furthermore, we also observed the weights of sexual organs of each group, including testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle. Results: The mount latency in the high concentration group, the intromission latency in the middle and the high concentration group were 11.64 ± 2.67 min, 20.28 ± 3.40 min and 20.13 ± 2.06 min respectively. All of them were longer than the control group (all P < 0.05). The mount frequency, intromission frequency and copulatory efficacy in the high concentration group were 0.52 ± 0.15 numbers/min, 0.37 ± 0.12 numbers/min and 0.40 ± 0.03, which were all statistically lower than the control group (all P < 0.05). The average testis weights in the low, middle and high concentration group were 0.198 ± 0.032 g, 0.203 ± 0.037g and 0.183 ± 0.032 g, and the relative testis weight in the high concentration group was 0.637 ± 0.106. All of these data were lower than the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The epididymis weight and the relative epididymis weight, the weight of seminal vesicle and the relative weight of seminal vesicle were 0.069 ± 0.010 g, 0.242 ± 0.040, 0.219 ± 0.042 g and 0.760 ± 0.143, and all of them were lower than the control group (all P < 0.05). The serum testosterone levels in the high concentration group, the intratesticular testosterone levels in the middle and the high concentration group were 7.88 ± 1.62 ng/ml, 75.5 ± 7.18 ng/g and 73.00 ± 9.57 ng/g, which were all lower than the control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: BPA can decline the testosterone levels in mice and inhibit their sexual behaviors.

Changes in sexual activity in young women during pregnancy

Objective:To conduct changes in sexual activity during pregnancy and its related factors in pregnant women.Methods:The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 on pregnant women who referred to the women's clinic of Afzalipour Hospital in the southeast of Iran.Participants were included in the study through convenient sampling.The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of two parts of personal social information of the couple and questions to measure the level of sexual activity and the attitude of the subjects during pregnancy compared to before pregnancy.Results:201 Pregnant women were included.The average age of pregnant women was(27.3±6.1)years and their average gestational age was(24.7±11.8)years.More than 62%of women had decreased sexual activity.There was a significant relationship between the amount of changes in sexual activity and delivery time(P=0.013),abortion history(P=0.001)and premature birth history(P=0.002).Most pregnant women believed that sex during pregnancy caused damage to the fetus(67.7%).A decrease in the intensity of sexual desire was reported in 63%of pregnant women.More than 60%of the subjects did not consult with doctors and midwives with regards to sexual issues(63.5%).The most common reason for not consulting was not feeling the need(32%).Most women experienced back pain during(42.8%)and after(39.8%)intercourse.Conclusions:Changes in sex life during pregnancy are often caused by the lack of sexual knowledge and the increase in misconceptions among couples,which can affect the quality of relationships.The role of education is essential.Therefore,it is suggested that by including sexual counseling along with pregnancy care,wrong beliefs and information among women will be corrected.

Determinants of Sexual Activity among HIV-Infected Adolescents in Cameroon

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of transition to adulthood, including for HIV-infected adolescents (HIA), when sexual problems emerge. Few studies have been carried out on the sexuality of HIA. This study aimed to assess the sexual behavior of HIV-infected adolescents in Cameroon. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three hospitals in the cities of Yaoundé and Douala, from November 2019 to June 2020. All HIA aged 13 to 19 years followed in the study who knew their HIV status were included in the study after obtaining their assent and their parent’s consent. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected, as well as sexual practices and the determinants of their sexual activity. A multivariate analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the different variables studied and the sexual activity of these adolescents. Results: Of 204 HIA enrolled in the study, 64 (31.7%) were sexually active, the mean age at first sexual intercourse was 15.6 ± 2.8 years and the sex ratio was 0.94. Of the adolescents in the study, 75.7% of girls and 61.2% of boys had regular sexual activity, while 21.3% of girls and 35.4% of boys had multiple sexual relationships in the six months preceding the study. Nearly 16 (25.0%) of the sexually active HIA had more than 2 sexual encounters per month, 6 (9.3%) of these encounters had been paid for and 9 (27.2%) of the girls had already had at least one pregnancy. More than 7 out of 10 HIA (79.6%) had used a condom the last time they had sex. Age less than 18 years [OR = 11.1 (95% CI: 3.1 - 39.4), p = 0.001], lack of remuneration [OR = 9.8 (95% CI: 2.0 - 47.4), p = 0.001] and self-care were significantly associated with sexual activity in HIA, while school attendance was a protective factor. Self-funded HIAs were 21 times more likely to be sexually active [OR = 21.6 (95% CI: 2.3 - 179), p = 0.004]. Conclusion: More than a third of HIV-infected adolescents were sexually active and risky sexual practices were not negligible.

A Survey on the Sexual and Contraceptive Behaviors in Chinese Female College Students

To get information in the sexual and contraceptive behaviors in Chinese female college students, a randomized cluster sampling was conducted in colleges and universities in Wuhan Area, China, in terms of types of colleges, subjects （literature, sciences, medicines, art etc）, and grades etc. A total number of 2450 questionnaires were distributed, with 2365 questionnaires returned being valid. The return rate of valid questionnaires was 96.6 %. The questionnaire investigation was conducted on a multiple-choice and anonymous basis. Data were input into computer and SPSS12.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. Among the female students, 1196 had the experiences of hugging and kissing （50.57 %） and 423 （17.89 %） had sexual experiences （sexual intercourse）. The first sexual intercourse took place at the age of 19.23±1.74 y. There were significant differences in the sexual experiences among the majors of different subjects, with the rate of sexual experiences in art majors （43.17 %） and high-grade students （34.31%） being the highest. The causes of the first sexual intercourse included sexual impulse, curiosity, intention to strengthen the relationship or to show loyalty to boyfriend and sometimes violence. While the motives of the sexual intercourse within the past one year before the investigation were to satisfy the sexual needs and to strengthen the relation with their boyfriends. With both first intercourse and sexual experiences within last one year, the partners of the sexual intercourse were mainly their boyfriends （95.7 % and 97.3 % respectively）, but the partners also included acquaintances, ＂one night stand＂ partners and customers of sex trade. Some of them had multiple sexual partners, with the highest number of the sexual partners being 11. In the first sexual intercourse of the subjects, 44.0 % of them did not take any contraceptive measures; only 16.4 % of them used condoms. In the sexual intercourse within the last one year, only 44.6 % took contraceptive measures every time they had sexual intercourse. Among those who took contraceptive measures, 64.4 % used condoms. Among those who had sexual intercourse, 101 persons got pregnant, with a rate of pregnancy being 4.3 %, accounting for 23.9 % of all who had sexual intercourse. Among those who got pregnant, 78 persons got pregnant once; the others became pregnant more than two times, the highest being 5 times. There were 122 persons who had inflammation of reproductive system, mostly vaginitis. Other conditions included venereal warts and herpes genitalis. It is concluded that the rate of sexual behaviors is high in female college students and there exist promiscuity, unexpected pregnancy and transmission of STD in the students.

Protective Sexual Behaviors and Their Motives, in University Students in the Health Area

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy (UP) are becoming a problem that affects significantly the younger segment of the population so, not only in the aspect of health, but in the development of its future life both emotional and school and work. Despite easy access to information, young people still have risky sexual practices. This research highlights protective practices with the aim of developing information and training tools that help them avoid risky behaviors that lead to dangerous situations in health and its future. It was a descriptive study with students who have recently entered of the Faculty of Medicine enrolled in school cycle in 2015 in the bachelor’s degree in Medicine and surgery, Nutrition and dietetics, and Rehabilitation programs who agreed to participate by letter of informed consent to respond to the Instrument for the Evaluation of Psychological Variables and Sexual Risk Behaviors. There were 221 participants, 166 in Medicine and surgery, 28 in Nutrition and dietetics, and 27 in Rehabilitation with an average of 18.6 years, 51% male and 49% female. A protective behavior was not having had sex with penetration (72.3%), due to wanting to have them with whom they are in love and to avoid STIs more frequently in female;another protective behavior was not having had oral sex with occasional partners or unprotected sex workers (15.4%);the reasons were to have wanted to use and that the couple asked him to use it, to avoid sexually transmitted infections because the couple’s sexual history is unknown. Regarding the likelihood of having sexual penetration (SP), participants who have not had it were found that: the men had less possibility to inquire about their partner’s sexual history, to reject the proposal to have SP and to refuse caresses in sensitive areas of the woman’s body;when asked about the likelihood of asking your partner to use a condom in their sexual relations, both men and women agreed that it would be quite likely that they would do so, more frequently in women. It concludes by emphasizing that prevention remains the cheapest, easiest, most reliable and safest tool against STIs and UP.

Sexual Behaviors in Women with Primary and Secondary Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Controlled Study

Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia affects 12% of the general female population and more specifically, 21% of women aged less than 30 years. Primary and secondary vestibulodynia are hypothesized to represent the endpoints of different etiologic pathways, although there is still little research addressing potential distinctions between these two groups, particularly with regard to sexuality. Aims: To compare sexual activity and behavior of women with provoked primary vestibulodynia (PVD1) and secondary vestibulodynia (PVD2) against age-matched controls. Methods: Fifty-seven participants (N = 57), mean age 25.72 (18-41) recruited from a gynecology clinic underwent a gynaecological examination and completed a self-report questionnaire: 20 (N = 20) were diagnosed with primary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD1), 19 (N = 19) with secondary provoked vestibulodynia (PVD2), and 18 (N = 18) were medically confirmed as no-pain controls. Main outcome: To verify any differences in the sexual behavior between primary, secondary vestibulodynias and controls. Results: Mean pain duration differed significantly in participants with PVD1 at 73.8 months against those with PVD2 at 37.4 months (p = 0.003). Frequency of sexual activity also differed significantly between the three groups (p = 0.012): the controls were at 27.8% against 0% in primary and secondary vestibulodynias for once or more a day. No significant difference was observed for the sexual arousal time and masturbation frequency. Vaginal penetration was overrepresented in controls (p 0.001) contrary to fellatio frequency (p = 0.016). Pain digital test was significantly different between the three groups in one finger (3.85 vs 0.08), two fingers (4.39 vs 0.06) or three fingers (5.39 vs 0.56) (PVD1 against controls), lubricated inserted fingers for pain verification (p 0.001). Conclusions: Provoked vestibulodynia generates problems in the sexual response and coital activity, this syndrome reflecting absence of pre-existing sexual problems, notably in the masturbatory activity and oral receptive female sex.

Sexuality of Repartnered Men and Women in France: Sexual Behaviors, Perceptions, Expectations and Sexual Dysfunctions

Introduction. Although many epidemiological studies on sexuality have been published, none have specifically addressed male and female sexuality in repartnered couples. Aim. To investigate men and women’s sexual behaviors, perceptions and expectations, and the frequency of their sexual dysfunctions, with a focus on repartnered couples, i.e, subjects living with a partner in a stable relationship after divorce or widowhood (including both remarried couples and cohabitating unmarried couples). Methods. Analysis of telephone survey data collected from 1,002 French subjects (483 men, 519 women) ≥35years. Of these, 748 were living with their partner as part of a heterosexual couple. For these subjects, the sexuality of 149 repartnered subjects was compared to that of the other 599 subjects. Main Outcome Measures. A 39-item questionnaire assessing subjects' perceptions, expectations, sexual behaviors and dysfunctions. Results. Compared with other subjects, men and women in repartnered couples had more active sexuality and more interest in sexuality (men 93% vs 80%, P < 0.01, women 73% vs 65%, P < 0.05). They were generally more sensitive to feelings and emotions linked to their sexuality, and these feelings seemed to increase steadily with age. Their sexuality was more attuned to their partner’s pleasure (men 79% vs. 59% P < 0.001, women 50% vs. 34% P < 0.01). Concern for the future of the relationship and for sexuality was equally present for both groups, although repartnered couples were more often concerned about potential inadequacy and conflicts between the two partners. Although repartnered men seemed to be less affected by diminished desire, they had slightly higher rates of premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction, and considered their quality of life to be more affected by these problems. Conclusion. The sexuality of repartnered couples remains poorly studied, but seems to differ from that of non-repartnered couples. Our findings open interesting avenues of research on the diagnosis and management of repartnered couples.

Prevalence and Incidence of HIV and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Crack Users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area, El Salvador

Objective: It is in order to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV, the frequency of sexual risk behaviors, and perceptions of available resources to prevent and treat HIV among crack users in the San Salvador Metropolitan Area. Methods: We conducted a survey of 420 crack users by using respondent-driven sampling to measure demographic characteristics, the quantity and frequency of drug use, history of STIs, including HIV, and experiences with organizations which provide prevention and treatment of HIV. Each participant offered a free and voluntary HIV test and was asked permission to share the results of the test with the study. Bernoullian modeling was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HIV among heterosexual males in this population. Results: The estimated prevalence was 7% (95% CI: 2.3% -9.8%) among participants who agreed to take the test and share the results, and 4.9% (95% CI: 2.8% -7.8%) assuming that those who did not take the test or share results were seronegative. Participants reported a high frequency of sexual risk behaviors. In addition, participants were reported to have little knowledge of organizations to prevent or treat HIV/AIDS;58% had never taken an HIV test prior to survey administration. Conclusions: Crack users in San Salvador are at high risk for HIV acquisition. HIV prevention interventions are urgently needed, especially interventions increasing access to HIV testing and prevention.

Peer Pressure Is the Prime Driver of Risky Sexual Behaviors among School Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background: Understanding ecological factors that influence risky sexual behavior of adolescents is vital in designing and implementing sexual risk reduction interventions in specific contexts. Interventions undertaken without understanding the critical factors may not produce the desired results. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with adolescent risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done among randomly selected school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected by an anonymous self administered questionnaire. Risky sexual behavior was assessed by asking question about sexual activity, consistent condom use and faithfulness to a single partner. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors related to sexual behavior using the ecological framework. Result: Overall 377(10.6%) of the 723 sexually active students were involved in risky sexual practices. Risky sexual behavior was significantly and very strongly associated with perception of peers' involvement in sexual intercourse [AOR = 11.68 (95% CI: 8.76 - 15.58)]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that peer pressure is the most important factor associated with risky sexual behavior among school adolescents in Addis Ababa. Interventions aimed at reducing sexual behavior among school adolescents should target adolescents as a group rather than individually.

Relationship between Sexual Risk Behaviors and HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) Uptake among Young People in Nigeria

This study examined the relationship between sexual risk behavior and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that sexual risk behaviors comprised three variables: sex with multiple partners, intergenerational sex (sex with partners 10 years older), and transactional sex. The results of the chi-square test of association between sex with multiple partners and HCT uptake showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between sex with multiple partners and HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years in Nigeria. It was among others recommended that sexually active young people in Nigeria should use protection against HIV infection.

Effects of Intraperitoneal Injection of Polychlorinated Biphenyls During Pregnancy on Sexual Behavior of F1 Rats

50 time-mated pregnant rats were divided into five groups and injected daily from gestational days 7 to 18 with either 2,2＇ ,4,4＇-tetrachlorobiphenyl （PCB 47） at the dosage of 1.00 or 20.00 mg/kg body weight; or 3,3＇ ,4,4＇-tetrachlorobiphenyl （PCB 77） at the dosage of 0.25 or 1.00 mg/kg body weight; or sesame oil （control） to investigate the effects of fetal and lactational PCB exposure on reproductive behavior in male and female laboratory rats. Offspring were then tested for male sexual behavior： mount frequency, MF; mount latency, ML; intromission frequency, IF; intromission latency, IL; ejaculation latency, EL; post ejaculatory interval, PEI; hit rate and female sexual behavior; approach latency, AL; mount return latency, MRL; intromission return latency, IRL; post ejaculatory refractory period, PER; lordosis quotient, LQ. Measures were made at the age of postnatal days 70 to 91, and 97 to 101, respectively. The results showed that exposure to both PCB 77 and PCB 47 significandy reduced the LQ （84.4% for control, 76.0%, 67.8% for PCB 47 groups and 64.4%, 53.3% for PCB 77 groups; P〈0.05） in the female offspring. There were no significant effects on AL, MR, IRL, PER （P〉0.05） of the female offspring, or on MF, ML, IF, IL, EL, PEI and hit rate （P〉0.05） of the male offspring.

High-risk Sexual Behavior among HIV-positive Former Commercial Blood Donors in Rural Eastern and Central China

Objective： To investigate high-risk sexual behavior among HIV-positive former commercial blood donors in rural central and eastern China. Methods： From December 2003 to May 2004, a crosssectional study was conducted to investigate demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, condom use, and knownHIV status among HIV-positive commercial blood donors.A total of 796 subjects were recruited for the study. Results： Of the 796 study subjects, 53.0% （258/487） did not use condoms, 10.9% （53/487） inconsistently usedcondoms, and 36.1% （176/487） consistently used condoms with a steady sex partner in the past threemonths. Age （OR, 0.57; 95% CI： 0.39, 0.82）, years of education （OR, 1.90; 95% Ch 1.27, 2.84） and known HIVstatus （OR, 1.66; 95% CI： 1.12, 2.45） were independently and positively associated with condom use with a steady sex partner. Of those subjects without a steady sexual partner in the past year, 63.6% （14/22） did not use condoms, 9.1% （2/22） inconsistently used condoms, and 27.3% （6/22） consistently used condoms. Conclusion： HIV counseling and education should be focused on HIV-positive blood donors to prevent a secondary spread of HIV through unsafe sexual practices.

Seminal characteristics and sexual behavior in men of different age groups： is there an aging effect？

Aim： To assess the seminal characteristics as well as the sexual behavior of men of various age groups to establish the presence of an aging effect on those characteristics. Methods： Semen samples were collected from men （n = 792） undergoing in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination in cases of female factor infertility only. Samples were collected using a seminal collection device at intercourse and evaluated manually according to World Health Organization （WHO） standards. Men were divided into four groups according to their ages： （i） 20-30, （ii） 31-40, （iii） 41-50 and （iv） 51-60 years, and their seminal characteristics and responses to a sexual behavior questionnaire were compared. Results： The data showed statistically significant differences in the seminal characteristics tested, most notably in the sperm concentration, motility, grade of motility, hypo-osmotic swelling and normal sperm morphology. Furthermore, the decline in normal sperm morphology with age was more pronounced when using strict criteria rather than WHO standards. There were also differences in total sperm count, total motile sperm and total functional sperm fraction （assessed by both WHO and strict criteria）. Significant differences were also observed in the sexual behavior patterns in older men in terms of the number of years they have been trying to conceive, sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction. Conclusion： The data clearly illustrate an aging effect on semen characteristics and sexual behavior in men as they age. It is suggested that the aging effect be taken into consideration when proposing normal standard values for semen characteristics in routine semen analysis as outlined by WHO standards.

Improved sexual behavior in male rats treated with a Chinese herbal extract： hormonal and neuronal implications

Aim： To investigate the influence of an extract obtained from five Chinese medicinal plants on sexual behavior of adult male rats. Methods： The extract was administered at doses of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg by oral gavage, acutely （one time, 45 min before mating test） or subchronically （daily for 10 days） in sexually potent and sexually sluggish/impotent rats. Sexual behavior, serum levels of luteinizing hormone （LH） and testosterone （T） were evaluated in treated rats and compared with controls receiving vehicle. The effect of the extract on central dopaminergic neurotransmission was assessed in the nucleus accumbens using a microdialysis technique. Results： In sexually potent rats, both acute and subchronic treatment with the extract dosed at 30 and 60 mg/kg reduced mount latency and intromission latency. In sluggish/impotent rats, the acutely administered extract at the dose of 60 mg/kg shortened ejaculation latency, whereas subchronically administered at the doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, reduced mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies, increasing also the percentage of mounting and ejaculating rats. The extract dosed at 60 mg/kg significantly increased LH and T following acute and subchronic administration and increased 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the nucleus accumbens, 30 min after the acute administration. Conclusion： The improvement in both appetitive and consummatory components of sexual behavior observed in male rats treated with the extract could be ascribed to increased serum T level in parallel with the activation of the central dopaminergic system.

The Association between Awareness of Sexual Behavior and Cognitive Social Capital among High School Students in Vietnam

Background: Globally, adolescent sexual behavior is a major health concern and the focus of many researches. However, negative attitude towards premarital sex and sense of community belonging have not been examined in relation to adolescent sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these two factors are associated with adolescent sexual behavior. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1672 eleventh grade students from three public high schools in Hanoi, Vietnam. Participants’ sense of community belonging and negative attitude towards premarital sex were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses to examine associations between the cognitive social capital concepts, such as a sense of community belonging. Results: 92.3% of students agreed with a sense of community belonging, but only 14.1% of students accepted premarital sex. A high sense of community belonging was significantly associated with negative attitude towards premarital sex OR (95% CI), male 3.16 (2.3-4.34), female 8.77 (5.38-14.29). After adjusting for a sense of community belonging, the association disappeared between acceptance of premarital sex and sexual experience of peers, proper time to wear a condom, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score. Conclusion: Cognitive social capital, such as sense of community belonging, was associated with negative attitude towards premarital sex. Therefore, cognitive social capital concepts should be included in sexual behavior and health promotions, especially with adolescents.

Teenagers’Sexual Behavior in Sweden, Europe

Objective To investigate the development of sexuality from early to late adolescence, and to compare girls and boys of different ages Methods A cross sectional survey in all schools was performed covering all pupils between 13 and 18 years of age that were in school when the survey was conducted. A validated instrument, Q90, created for use in teenagers was distributed in the class- rooms to 3 216 teenagers. Q90 covers 30 questions about body development and sexual behavior. Non-response was insignificant （n=19; 0.6%）. Results Pubertal development was considered “early” or “late” by about 50% of both boys and girls. Eighty percent of the 13 to 15 years old boys and girls had had a romance and 30% had experience of sexual cuddling （petting）, while significantly more girls than boys had sexual intercourse （18% vs 13%; odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-1.9）. The difference between girls and boys remained in those being 16-18 years old, where 63% of the girls and 53% of the boys （odds ratio 1.5, 95% CIJ.2-1.9） admitted having intercourse. Mean age at first intercourse was 14.9 and 15 years, respectively. At 16-18 years of age, 23% of the sexually active girls, as compared with 25% of the boys estimated that they had had 6 or more sexual partners. About 30% of the adolescents, irrespective of age and gender, did not use contraceptives at their first and latest intercourse. Eight percent of the older girls had been pregnant, and they had an increased history of sexually transmitted infections, as compared with the boys （6.2% vs 2.7%, odds ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-5.0）. Conclusion Exploring sexuality and experimentation is a normal behavior in adolescence. The results of this study, however, indicate that there are substantial groups of teenagers who practice sexual risk-taking. In addition to general sexual education, programs should also be directed to define sexual risks and its consequences.

Effect of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analogue on the Sexual Behavior of Sacalia quadriocellata

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) is known to influence sexual behavior in many vertebrate taxa, but there have been no systematic studies on the role of LHRH in sexual behavior of turtles. We tested the hypotheses that exogenous LHRH analogues would induce sexual behavior of male Four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata. We examined this by challenging males with intramuscular injections of mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue(LHRH-A), human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG), or a combination of the two, and subsequently exposing them to sexually receptive females for behavioral observation. Our data show that the injection of only HCG could not, while that of only LHRH-A could, facilitate sexual behavior along with testicular recrudescence and spermatogenesis in S. quadriocellata. The injection of both LHRH-A and HCG would induce more drastic sexual behavior of the animals than that of LHRH-A alone, indicating HCG enhances the effects of LHRH-A induced sexual behavior. However, different pharmacological dosages of LHRH-A(0.5 μg, 1 μg, 2 μg per 100 g bodyweight) did not correspond to different activity levels. Though the mechanism of LHRH effect was not determined, this study may support that the sexual behavior of S. quadriocellata which occurs at the beginning of the injection despite regression of the gonads. This is the first report on the exogenous LHRH-A induced sexual behavior for this species.