Performance Analysis and Optimization of Energy Harvesting Modulation for Multi-User Integrated Data and Energy Transfer

Integrated data and energy transfer(IDET)enables the electromagnetic waves to transmit wireless energy at the same time of data delivery for lowpower devices.In this paper,an energy harvesting modulation(EHM)assisted multi-user IDET system is studied,where all the received signals at the users are exploited for energy harvesting without the degradation of wireless data transfer(WDT)performance.The joint IDET performance is then analysed theoretically by conceiving a practical time-dependent wireless channel.With the aid of the AO based algorithm,the average effective data rate among users are maximized by ensuring the BER and the wireless energy transfer(WET)performance.Simulation results validate and evaluate the IDET performance of the EHM assisted system,which also demonstrates that the optimal number of user clusters and IDET time slots should be allocated,in order to improve the WET and WDT performance.

Efficient energy transfer from self-trapped excitons to Mn^(2+) dopants in CsCdCl_(3):Mn^(2+) perovskite nanocrystals

Mn^(2+)doping has been adopted as an efficient approach to regulating the luminescence properties of halide perovskite nano-crystals(NCs).However,it is still difficult to understand the interplay of Mn^(2+)luminescence and the matrix self-trapped exciton(STE)emission therein.In this study,Mn^(2+)-doped CsCdCl_(3) NCs are prepared by hot injection,in which CsCdCl_(3) is selected because of its unique crystal structure suitable for STE emission.The blue emission at 441 nm of undoped CsCdCl_(3) NCs originates from the defect states in the NCs.Mn^(2+)doping promotes lattice distortion of CsCdCl_(3) and generates bright orange-red light emission at 656 nm.The en-ergy transfer from the STEs of CsCdCl_(3) to the excited levels of the Mn^(2+)ion is confirmed to be a significant factor in achieving efficient luminescence in CsCdCl_(3):Mn^(2+)NCs.This work highlights the crucial role of energy transfer from STEs to Mn^(2+)dopants in Mn^(2+)-doped halide NCs and lays the groundwork for modifying the luminescence of other metal halide perovskite NCs.

Numerical optimisation of a classical stochastic system for targeted energy transfer

The paper studies stochastic dynamics of a two-degree-of-freedom system,where a primary linear system is connected to a nonlinear energy sink with cubic stiffness nonlinearity and viscous damping.While the primary mass is subjected to a zero-mean Gaussian white noise excitation,the main objective of this study is to maximise the efficiency of the targeted energy transfer in the system.A surrogate optimisation algorithm is proposed for this purpose and adopted for the stochastic framework.The optimisations are conducted separately for the nonlinear stiffness coefficient alone as well as for both the nonlinear stiffness and damping coefficients together.Three different optimisation cost functions,based on either energy of the system’s components or the dissipated energy,are considered.The results demonstrate some clear trends in values of the nonlinear energy sink coefficients and show the effect of different cost functions on the optimal values of the nonlinear system’s coefficients.

Nonreciprocity of energy transfer in a nonlinear asymmetric oscillator system with various vibration states

The nonreciprocity of energy transfer is constructed in a nonlinear asymmetric oscillator system that comprises two nonlinear oscillators with different parameters placed between two identical linear oscillators.The slow-flow equation of the system is derived by the complexification-averaging method.The semi-analytical solutions to this equation are obtained by the least squares method,which are compared with the numerical solutions obtained by the Runge-Kutta method.The distribution of the average energy in the system is studied under periodic and chaotic vibration states,and the energy transfer along two opposite directions is compared.The effect of the excitation amplitude on the nonreciprocity of the system producing the periodic responses is analyzed,where a three-stage energy transfer phenomenon is observed.In the first stage,the energy transfer along the two opposite directions is approximately equal,whereas in the second stage,the asymmetric energy transfer is observed.The energy transfer is also asymmetric in the third stage,but the direction is reversed compared with the second stage.Moreover,the excitation amplitude for exciting the bifurcation also shows an asymmetric characteristic.Chaotic vibrations are generated around the resonant frequency,irrespective of which linear oscillator is excited.The excitation threshold of these chaotic vibrations is dependent on the linear oscillator that is being excited.In addition,the difference between the energy transfer in the two opposite directions is used to further analyze the nonreciprocity in the system.The results show that the nonreciprocity significantly depends on the excitation frequency and the excitation amplitude.

Multi-Sinusoidal Waveform Shaping for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer in Aging Channels

Integrated data and energy transfer(IDET)is capable of simultaneously delivering on-demand data and energy to low-power Internet of Everything(Io E)devices.We propose a multi-carrier IDET transceiver relying on superposition waveforms consisting of multi-sinusoidal signals for wireless energy transfer(WET)and orthogonal-frequency-divisionmultiplexing(OFDM)signals for wireless data transfer(WDT).The outdated channel state information(CSI)in aging channels is employed by the transmitter to shape IDET waveforms.With the constraints of transmission power and WDT requirement,the amplitudes and phases of the IDET waveform at the transmitter and the power splitter at the receiver are jointly optimised for maximising the average directcurrent(DC)among a limited number of transmission frames with the existence of carrier-frequencyoffset(CFO).For the amplitude optimisation,the original non-convex problem can be transformed into a reversed geometric programming problem,then it can be effectively solved with existing tools.As for the phase optimisation,the artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm is invoked in order to deal with the nonconvexity.Iteration between the amplitude optimisation and phase optimisation yields our joint design.Numerical results demonstrate the advantage of our joint design for the IDET waveform shaping with the existence of the CFO and the outdated CSI.

Monitoring the in vivo siRNA release from lipid nanoparticles based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer principle

The siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to its significant gene silencing effect and successful marketization.However,the in vivo distribution and release of siRNA still cannot be effectively monitored.In this study,based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)principle,a fluorescence dye Cy5-modified survivin siRNA was conjugated to nanogolds(Au-DR-siRNA),which were then wrapped with lipid nanoparticles(LNPs)for monitoring the release behaviour of siRNA in vivo.The results showed that once Au-DR-siRNA was released from the LNPs and cleaved by the Dicer enzyme to produce free siRNA in cells,the fluorescence of Cy5 would change from quenched state to activated state,showing the location and time of siRNA release.Besides,the LNPs showed a significant antitumor effect by silencing the survivin gene and a CT imaging function superior to iohexol by nanogolds.Therefore,this work provided not only an effective method for monitoring the pharmacokinetic behaviour of LNP-based siRNA,but also a siRNA delivery system for treating and diagnosing tumors.

Direct fabrication of flexible tensile sensors enabled by polariton energy transfer based on graphene nanosheet films

A fundamental problem in the direct manufacturing of flexible devices is the low melting temperature of flexible substrates,which hinders the development of flexible electronics.Proposed here is an electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering system that can batch-fabricate devices directly on flexible substrates under a low temperature by virtue of the polariton energy transfer between the plasma and the material.Flexible graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon(F-GNEC)films are manufactured directly on polyimide,polyethylene terephthalate,and polydimethylsiloxane,and how the substrate bias(electron energy),microwave power(plasma flux and energy),and magnetic field(electron flux)affect the nanostructure of the F-GNEC films is investigated,indicating that electron energy and flux contribute to the formation of standing graphene nanosheets in the film.The films have good uniformity of distribution in a large size(17 mm×17 mm),and tensile and angle sensors with a high gauge factor(0.92)and fast response(50 ms)for a machine hand are obtained by virtue of the unique nanostructure of the F-GNEC film.This work sheds light on the quantum manufacturing of carbon sensors and its applications for intelligent machine hands and virtual-reality technology.

Recent developments of quantum dot based micro-LED based on non-radiative energy transfer mechanism

With regard to micro-light-emitting diodes(micro-LEDs),their excellent brightness,low energy consumption,and ultrahigh resolution are significant advantages.However,the large size of traditional inorganic phosphors and the number of side defects have restricted the practical applications of small sized micro-LEDs.Recently,quantum dot(QD)and nonradiative energy transfer(NRET)have been proposed to solve existing problems.QDs possess nanoscale dimensions and high luminous efficiency,and they are suitable for NRET because they are able to nearly contact the micro-LED chip.The NRET between QDs and micro-LED chip further improves the color conversion efficiency(CCE)and effective quantum yield(EQY)of full-color micro-LED devices.In this review,we discuss the NRET mechanism for QD micro-LED devices,and then nano-pillar LED,nano-hole LED,and nano-ring LED are introduced in detail.These structures are beneficial to the NRET between QD and micro-LED,especially nano-ring LED.Finally,the challenges and future envisions have also been described.

Tunable Emission and Energy Transfer of the Novel KY_(1-x)(MoO_(4))_(2-y)(WO_(4))y:xLn^(3+)(Ln^(3+)=Dy^(3+),Eu^(3+),and Tm^(3+))Single-phase White Luminescence Phosphor for White LEDs

The phosphors of KY_(1-x)(MoO_(4))_(2-y)(WO_(4))y:xLn^(3+)(Ln^(3+)=Tm^(3+),Dy^(3+),Eu^(3+))were synthesized by using a sol-gel method.Then,the crystal structure,luminescence properties,energy transfer,and white emission of the prepared materials were researched.The molar ratio of the anion group on the photoluminescence(PL)emission and excitation intensity were investigated,revealing that the optimum intensity could be obtained by using=3:1.The optimal Dy^(3+) doping concentration of KY(MoO_(4))1.5(WO4)0.5was obtained.In addition,the color-tunable emissions of Dy^(3+)/Eu^(3+)-codoped KY(MoO_(4))1.5(WO4)0.5phosphors were observed because of the effective energy transfer(ET)from Dy^(3+)to Eu^(3+)ions.Finally,by doping appropriate concentrations of Tm^(3+),Dy^(3+),and Eu^(3+)and different concentrations of(WO_(4))^(2-),white light emitting phosphors KY_(0.92)(WO_(4))2:0.01Tm^(3+),0.06Dy^(3+),0.01Eu^(3+)with excellent color-rending properties were obtained.The chromaticity coordinate was calculated as(x=0.3238,y=0.3173),closing to the artificial daylight(D65,x=0.313,y=0.329)illuminant,and which indicates the potential application of near ultraviolet White light-emitting diodes(WLEDs).

Energy Transfer Dynamics between Carbon Quantum Dots and Molybdenum Disulfide Revealed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Zero-dimensional environmentally friendly carbon quantum dots(CQDs)combined with two-di-mensional materials have a wide range of applications in optoelec-tronic devices.We combined steady-state and transient absorp-tion spectroscopies to study the energy transfer dynamics between CQDs and molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2)).Transient absorption plots showed photoinduced absorption and stimulated emission features,which involved the intrinsic and defect states of CQDs.Adding MoS_(2)to CQDs solution,the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of CQDs transferred energy to MoS_(2),which quenched the intrinsic emission at 390 nm.With addition of MoS_(2),CQD-MoS_(2)composites quenched defect emission at 490 nm and upward absorption,which originated from another energy transfer from the defect state.Two energy transfer paths between CQDs and MoS_(2)were efficiently manipulated by changing the concentration of MoS_(2),which laid a foundation for improving device performance.

Glass-compatible and self-powered temperature alarm system by temperature-responsive organic manganese halides via backward energy transfer process

A pioneering glass-compatible transparent temperature alarm system self-powered by luminescent solar concentrators(LSCs) is reported.Single green-emitted organic manganese halides(OMHs) of PEA_(2)MnBr_(2)I_(2),which has a unique temperature-dependent backward energy transfer process from selftrapped state to^(4)T_(1)energy level of Mn,is used for triggering the temperature alarm.The LSC with redemitted CsPbI_(3)perovskite-polymer composite films on the glass substrate is used for power supply.The spectrally separated nature between the green-emitted OMHs for temperature alarm and red-emitted CsPbI3in LSC for power supply allows for probing the signal light of temperature-responsive OMHs without the interference of LSCs,making it possible to calibrate the temperature visually just by a self-powered brightness detection circuit with LED indicators.Taking advantage of LSC without hot spot effects plaguing the solar cells,as-prepared temperature alarm system can operate well on both sunny and cloudy day.

The Influence of Energy Transfer on the Color Temperature Change in Color-Tunable Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Interface Exciplex

The color-tunable white organic light-emitting diode (CT-WOLED) with wide correlation color temperature (CCT) has many advantages in optimizing the artificial light source to adapt to the human physiological cycle. The research on the change trend of CCT and the law of extending the change range of CCT will help to further improve the performance of this kind of device. The present work fabricated a series of CT-WOLED devices with a simple structure, which are all composed of two ultra-thin phosphor layers (PO-01 and Flrpic) and a spacer interlayer. The yellow interface exciplex (TCTA/PO-T2T) formed between the spacer layer (PO-T2T) and transmission material (TCTA) in EML will decrease the CCT value at low voltage. The relationship between the energy transfer in EML and CCT change trend is investigated by adjusting the interface exciplexes and the thickness of the interlayer or the phosphor layer in devices A, B and C, respectively. The results demonstrate that a simple OLED device with an interlayer inserted between two ultra-thin phosphor layers can achieve a wider CCT span from 3359 K to 6451 K at voltage increases from 2.75 V to 8.25 V. .

Tiêu Equation Experimentation of Understanding by Energy Transfer Quantum Mechanics

Background: The Tiêu equation has a ground roots approach to the process of Quantum Biology and goes deeper through the incorporation of Quantum Mechanics. The process can be measured in plant, animal, and human usage through a variety of experimental or testing forms. Animal studies were conducted for which, in the first day of the study all the animals consistently gained dramatic weight, even as a toxic substance was introduced as described in the introduction of the paper to harm animal subjects which induced weight loss through toxicity. Tests can be made by incorporating blood report results. Human patients were also observed to show improvement to their health as administration of the substance was introduced to the biological mechanism and plants were initially exposed to the substance to observe results. This is consistent with the Tiêu equation which provides that wave function is created as the introduction of the substance to the biological mechanism which supports Quantum Mechanics. The Tiêu equation demonstrates that Quantum Mechanics moves a particle by temperature producing energy thru the blood-brain barrier for example. Methods: The methods for the Tiêu equation incorporate animal studies to include the substance administered through laboratory standards using Good Laboratory Practices under Title 40 C.F.R. § 158. Human patients were treated with the substance by medical professionals who are experts in their field and have knowledge to the response of patients. Plant applications were acquired for observation and guidance of ongoing experiments of animals’ representative for the biologics mechanism. Results: The animal studies along with patient blood testing results have been an impressive line that has followed the Tiêu equation to consistently show improvement in the introduction of the innovation to biologic mechanisms. The mechanism responds to the substance by producing energy to the mechanism with efficient effect. For plant observations, plant organisms responded, and were seen as showing improvement thru visual observation.

Effects of projectile parameters on the momentum transfer and projectile melting during hypervelocity impact

The effects of projectile/target impedance matching and projectile shape on energy,momentum transfer and projectile melting during collisions are investigated by numerical simulation.By comparing the computation results with the experimental results,the correctness of the calculation and the statistical method of momentum transfer coefficient is verified.Different shapes of aluminum,copper and heavy tungsten alloy projectiles striking aluminum,basalt,and pumice target for impacts up to 10 km/s are simulated.The influence mechanism of the shape of the projectile and projectile/target density on the momentum transfer was obtained.With an increase in projectile density and length-diameter ratio,the energy transfer time between the projectile and targets is prolonged.The projectile decelerates slowly,resulting in a larger cratering depth.The energy consumed by the projectile in the excavation stage increased,resulting in lower mass-velocity of ejecta and momentum transfer coefficient.The numerical simulation results demonstrated that for different projectile/target combinations,the higher the wave impedance of the projectile,the higher the initial phase transition velocity and the smaller the mass of phase transition.The results can provide theoretical guidance for kinetic impactor design and material selection.

Balancing electron transfer and intermediate adsorption ability of metallic Ni-Fe-RE-P bifunctional catalysts via 4f-2p-3d electron interaction for enhanced water splitting

Balancing electron transfer and intermediate adsorption ability of bifunctional catalysts via tailoring electronic structures is crucial for green hydrogen production,while it still remains challenging due to lacking efficient strategies.Herein,one efficient and universal strategy is developed to greatly regulate electronic structures of the metallic Ni-Fe-P catalysts via in-situ introducing the rare earth(RE)atoms(Ni-Fe-RE-P,RE=La,Ce,Pr,and Nd).Accordingly,the as-prepared optimal Ni-Fe-Ce-P/CC self-supported bifunctional electrodes exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity and excellent stability with the low overpotentials of 247 and 331 mV at 100 mA cm^(-2) for HER and OER,respectively.In the assembled electrolyzer,the Ni-Fe-Ce-P/CC as bifunctional electrodes displayed low operation potential of 1.49 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),and the catalytic performance can be maintained for 100 h.Experimental results combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculation reveal that Ce doping leads to electron decentralization and crystal structure distortion,which can tailor the band structures and d-band center of Ni-Fe-P,further increasing conductivity and optimizing intermediate adsorption energy.Our work not only proposes a valuable strategy to regulate the electron transfer and intermediate adsorption of electrocatalysts via RE atoms doping,but also provides a deep under-standing of regulation mechanism of metallic electrocatalysts for enhanced water splitting.

Near-zero-adhesion-enabled intact wafer-scale resist-transfer printing for high-fidelity nanofabrication on arbitrary substrates

There is an urgent need for novel processes that can integrate different functional nanostructures onto specific substrates,so as to meet the fast-growing need for broad applications in nanoelectronics,nanophotonics,and fexible optoelectronics.Existing direct-lithography methods are difficult to use on fexible,nonplanar,and biocompatible surfaces.Therefore,this fabrication is usually accomplished by nanotransfer printing.However,large-scale integration of multiscale nanostructures with unconventional substrates remains challenging because fabrication yields and quality are often limited by the resolution,uniformity,adhesivity,and integrity of the nanostructures formed by direct transfer.Here,we proposed a resist-based transfer strategy enabled by near-zero adhesion,which was achieved by molecular modification to attain a critical surface energy interval.This approach enabled the intact transfer of wafer-scale,ultrathin-resist nanofilms onto arbitrary substrates with mitigated cracking and wrinkling,thereby facilitating the in situ fabrication of nanostructures for functional devices.Applying this approach,fabrication of three-dimensional-stacked multilayer structures with enhanced functionalities,nanoplasmonic structures with~10 nm resolution,and MoS2-based devices with excellent performance was demonstrated on specific substrates.These results collectively demonstrated the high stability,reliability,and throughput of our strategy for optical and electronic device applications.

A mini review and hypothesis for coronavirus detection using photonics: surface enhanced Raman scattering and fluorescence resonance energy transfer

COVID-19 has devastated numerous nations around the world and has overburdened numerous healthcare systems,which has also caused the loss of livelihoods due to prolonged shutdowns and further led to a cascading effect on the global economy.COVID-19 infections have an incubation period of 2–7 days,but 40 to 45%of cases are asymptomatic or show mild to moderate respiratory symptoms after the period due to subclinical lung abnormalities,making it more likely to spread the pandemic disease.To restrict the spread of the virus,on-site diagnosis methods that are quicker,more precise,and easily accessible are required.Rapid Antigen Detection Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests are currently the primary methods used to determine the presence of COVID-19 viruses.These tests are typically time-consuming,not accurate,and,more importantly,not available to everyone.Hence,in this review and hypothesis,we proposed equipment that employs the properties of photonics to improve the detection of COVID-19 viruses by taking the advantage of typical binding of coronavirus with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors.This hypothetical model would combine Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS)and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)to provide great flexibility,high sensitivities,and enhanced accessibility.

Optimal control of wireless energy transfer system via decreasing frequency

In order to solve the multiple power extreme value point problem caused by system frequency splitting during wireless energy transmission at short distances a transmission model of the system is established.With the comprehensive consideration of the resonance frequency load parameters and the coupling between coils the internal factors of frequency splitting and boundary conditions are discussed.The results show that under the condition of the fixed load the higher the natural resonance frequency the easier the frequency splitting. As the frequency splitting occurs the frequency of the maximum power transfer is no longer with the natural resonance frequency which can make the system unstable and the transfer power more difficult to control. Therefore a decreasing-frequency method is proposed to avoid the system frequency splitting. And decreasing the system resonance frequency can make the system successfully withdraw the frequency splitting area at a short-distance range.Under the fixed load condition the transmission power of the system can be increased by 400% and the transmission efficiency is reduced by only 14% which greatly improves the transmission performance of the system.

Energy Transfer Probability Between Host and Guest in Doped Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices

An expression for energy transfer probability （η） between host （TPD） and guest （Ir（ppy）3） phosphorescent systems is proposed,and the energy transfer process in doped organic electrophosphorescent （EP） devices is discussed. The results show that （1） The rate of the triplet energy transfer （KHG and KGH） exponentially increases with the host-guest molecular distance （R）, and KHG decreases quickly as the intermolecular distance of the guest （RGG） increases. In addition,the KHG/KGH ratio of the dopant system increases when R or RGG is reduced; （2） The energy transfer probability approximately linearly decreases as R increases from 0.8 to 1.2nm,and the variation of RGG can be neglected when R〈1.1nm. For 1. 1nm〈R〈l. 2nm, RGG （〈1.6nm） plays an increasingly important role when 71 drops with the latter＇ （3） η increases when the Forster energy transfer rate increases or Gibb＇s energy declines.

A Four-Level Theory on Energy Transfer of the Light-Harvesting Complex Ⅱ in PS Ⅱ in Higher Plants

With reference to the recent achivements about the structure, spectra and kinetics of light_harvesting complex (LHCⅡ) in PSⅡ of higher plants, a four_level model was provided to simulate the energy transfer process from LHC Ⅱ to the reaction center. On the basis of this model, a set of rate equation was established. Analysis of its algebra solution led to a general picture of energy transfer process in LHC Ⅱ of higher plants and the strong interaction among pigment molecules in this process. Based on the spectra, kinetics and biological structural data providing some information of energy transfer path and energy dissipation mechanism, it has been found that energy transfer mainly happened between the pigments whose energy level was most closely adjacent, the loss of energy had a close relation to the process of energy transfer and tended to increase with the decrease of energy level. The protective mechanism of antenna system was also discussed.