CONCAVE BIOLOGICAL SURFACES FOR STRONG WET ADHESION

Plant leaves, insects and geckos are masters of adhesion or anti-adhesion by smartly designed refined surface structures with micro- and nano- ＇technologies＇. Understanding the basic principles in the design of the unique surface structures is of great importance in the manufacture or synthesis of micro- and nano- devices in MEMS or NEMS. This study is right inspired by this effort, focusing on the mechanics of wet adhesion between fibers having concave tips and a flat substrate via capillary forces. We show that the concave surface can effectively enhance the wet adhesion by reducing the effective contact angle of the fiber, firmly pinning the liquid bridge at its circumferential edge. A critical contact angle is identified below which the adhesion strength can achieve its maximum, being insensitive to the contact angle between the fiber and liquid. The analytical expression for the critical angle is derived. Then a tentative design for the profile of concave surfaces is proposed, considering the effects of chamfering size, deformation and buckling, etc. The effect of liquid volume on the wet adhesion of multiple-fiber system is also discussed.

Influence of depth-thickness ratio of mining on the stability of a bedding slope with its sliding surface in concave deformation

In order to study the influence of depth-thickness ratio on bedding slope stability, whose sliding surface is flexural concave in shape under mining conditions, this paper aims to study the characteristics ofdeformarion and damage of bedding sliding with depth-thickness ratios of 200：1,150：1,120：1,100：1 and 50：1 by adopting numerical simulation analysis software combined with laboratory-made ＂under the influence of mining variable sliding surface slope similar simulation test bed＂, and to propose identification methods for slope stability under the infuence of mining. The results show that mining activities under the slope reduce slope stability. With a decrease in the mining depth ratio, the influence of mining on the slope increases gradually, and the damage to the slope gradually expands, the stability of the slope grad- ually reduces, fracture occurs on the slope toe and the central fissure gradually develops to the surface, and reaches slide threshold when the depth-thickness ratio is 50：1.

Boundary Layer Development on a Concave Surface： Flow Visualization and Hot Wire Velocity Measurements

Gortler vortices are key issues in the design of gas turbine blades. The present study deals with flow visualization over concave surface for gas turbine applications. The aim is to comprehend qualitatively the flow trends, particularly the Gortler vortices formation and development. Gortler vortices have the shape of mushroom-like vortices regularly spaced at 25 mm. These vortices grow and increase in strength more rapidly along the surface in the case of the same grid of turbulence applied to the measuring section. The curvature radius of the studied blade is 0.5 m and the stream turbulence intensity level is 2.6%. The velocity field is measured by hot wire anemometer in the streamwise direction. The velocity profile is found to be highly distorted by the momentum transfer associated with Gortler vortices. The results are compared to Blasius flow and to literature data for a blade with curvature radius equal to 2 m.

Design Principles of the Non-smooth Surface of Bionic Plow Moldboard

The diverse non-smooth body surfaces to reduce soil adhesion are the evolutional results for the soil animals to fit the adhesive and wet environment and can be used as a biological basis for the design of bionic plow moldboard. The model surfaces for bionic simulation should be taken from soil animal digging organs, on which the soil motion is similar to what is on the surface of moldboard. By analyzing the distribution of non-smooth units on the body surface of the ground beetle jaw and the soil moving stresses, the design principles of the bionic moldboard for the local and the whole moldboard were presented respectively. As well, the effect of soil moving speed on reducing adhesion, the dimensions relationship between soil particles and non-smooth convexes, the relationship between the enveloping surface of non-smooth convexes and the initial smooth surface of the plow body, and the convex types of the sphere coronal and the pangolin scales,etc.were discussed.

Non-Smooth Morphologies of Typical Plant Leaf Surfaces and Their Anti-Adhesion Effects

The micromorphologies of surfaces of several typical plant leaves were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Different non-smooth surface characteristics were described and classified. The hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion of non-smooth leaf surfaces were quantitatively measured. Results show that the morphology of epidermal cells and the morphology and distribution density of epicuticular wax directly affect the hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion. The surface with uniformly distributed convex units shows the best anti-adhesion, and the surface with regularly arranged trellis units displays better anti-adhesion. In contrast, the surface with randomly distributed hair units performs relatively bad anti-adheslon. The hydrophobic models of papilla-ciliary and fold-setal non-smooth surfaces were set up to determine the impacts of geometric parameters on the hydrophobicity. This study may provide an insight into surface machine molding and apparent morphology design for biomimetics engineering.

Effects of Methanol on Wettability of the Non-Smooth Surface on Butterfly Wing

The contact angles of distilled water and methanol solution on the wings of butterflies were determined by a visual contact angle measuring system. The scale structures of the wings were observed using scanning electron microscopy, The influence of the scale micro- and ultra-structure on the wettability was investigated. Results show that the contact angle of distilled water on the wing surfaces varies from 134.0° to 159.2°. High hydrophobicity is found in six species with contact angles greater than 150°. The wing surfaces of some species are not only hydrophobic but also resist the wetting by methanol solution with 55% concentration. Only two species in Parnassius can not resist the wetting because the micro-structure （spindle-like shape） and ultra-structure （pinnule-like shape） of the wing scales are remarkably different from that of other species. The concentration of methanol solution for the occurrence of spreading/wetting on the wing surfaces of different species varies from 70% to 95%. After wetting by methanol solution for 10 min, the distilled water contact angle on the wing surface increases by 0.8°-2.1°, showing the promotion of capacity against wetting by distilled water.

The Mechanism of Drag Reduction around Bodies of Revolution Using Bionic Non-Smooth Surfaces

Bionic non-smooth surfaces （BNSS） can reduce drag. Much attention has been paid to the mechanism of shear stress reduction by riblets. The mechanism of pressure force reduction by bionic non-smooth surfaces on bodies of revolution has not been well investigated. In this work CFD simulation has revealed the mechanism of drag reduction by BNSS, which may work in three ways. First, BNSS on bodies of revolution may lower the surface velocity of the medium, which prevents the sudden speed up of air on the cross section. So the bottom pressure of the model would not be disturbed sharply, resulting in less energy loss and drag reduction. Second, the magnitude of vorticity induced by the bionic model becomes smaller because, due to the sculpturing, the growth of tiny air bubbles is avoided. Thus the large moment of inertia induced by large air bubble is reduced. The reduction of the vorticity could reduce the dissipation of the eddy. So the pressure force could also be reduced. Third, the thickness of the momentum layer on the model becomes less which, according to the relationship between the drag coefficient and the momentum thickness, reduces drag.

Friction and Wear Study on Friction Pairs with a Biomimetic Non-smooth Surface of 316L Relative to CF/PEEK under a Seawater Lubricated Condition

Current studies of a seawater axial piston pump mainly solve the problems of corrosion and wear in a slipper pair by selecting materials with corrosion resistance, self-lubrication, and wear resistance. In addition, an appropriate biomimetic non-smooth surface design for the slipper pair can further improve the tribological behavior. In this paper, 316 L stainless steel and CF/PEEK were selected to process the upper and bottom specimens, and the biomimetic non-smooth surface was introduced into the interface between the friction pair. The friction and wear tests were performed on a MMD-5 A tester at a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and load of 200 N under seawater lubricated condition. The results indicate that the main friction form of the smooth surface friction pair corresponds to abrasive wear and adhesive wear and that it exhibits a friction coe cient of 0.05–0.07, a specimen temperature of 56 ℃, a high wear rate, and surface roughness. Pits on the non-smooth surface friction pairs produced hydrodynamic lubrication and reduced abrasive wear, and thus the plowing e ect is their main friction form. The non-smooth surface friction pairs exhibit a friction coe cient of 0.03–0.04, a specimen temperature of 48 ℃, a low wear rate, and surface roughness. The study has important theoretical significance for enriching the lubrication, friction, and wear theory of a seawater axial piston pump, and economic significance and military significance for promoting the marine development and the national defense military.

Influence of Non-smooth Surface on Tribological Properties of Glass Fiber-epoxy Resin Composite Sliding against Stainless Steel under Natural Seawater Lubrication

With the development of bionics, the bionic non-smooth surfaces are introduced to the field of tribology. Although non-smooth surface has been studied widely, the studies of non-smooth surface under the natural seawater lubrication are still very fewer, especially experimental research. The influences of smooth and non-smooth surface on the frictional properties of the glass fiber-epoxy resin composite（GF/EPR） coupled with stainless steel 316 L are investigated under natural seawater lubrication in this paper. The tested non-smooth surfaces include the surfaces with semi-spherical pits, the conical pits, the cone-cylinder combined pits, the cylindrical pits and through holes. The friction and wear tests are performed using a ring-on-disc test rig under 60 N load and 1000 r/min rotational speed. The tests results show that GF/EPR with bionic non-smooth surface has quite lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance than GF/EPR with smooth surface without pits. The average friction coefficient of GF/EPR with semi-spherical pits is 0.088, which shows the largest reduction is approximately 63.18% of GF/EPR with smooth surface. In addition, the wear debris on the worn surfaces of GF/EPR are observed by a confocal scanning laser microscope. It is shown that the primary wear mechanism is the abrasive wear. The research results provide some design parameters for non-smooth surface, and the experiment results can serve as a beneficial supplement to non-smooth surface study.

Numerical simulation of effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth surface on tire anti-hydroplaning

Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydroplaning performance was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The physical model of the object(model of V-riblet surface distribution, hydroplaning model) and SST k-ω turbulence model were established for numerical analysis of tire hydroplaning. With the help of a orthogonal table L16(45), the parameters of V-riblet structure design compared to the smooth structure were analyzed, and obtained the priority level of the experimental factors as well as the best combination within the scope of the experiment. The simulation results show that V-riblet structure can reduce water flow resistance by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers. Then, the preferred type of V-riblet non-smooth structure was arranged on the bottom of tire grooves for hydroplaning performance analysis. The results show that bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure can effectively increase hydroplaning velocity and improve tire anti-hydroplaning performance. Bionic design of tire tread pattern grooves is a good way to promote anti-hydroplaning performance without increasing additional groove space, so that tire grip performance and roll noise are avoided due to grooves space enlargement.

Computer simulation of rolling wear on bionic non-smooth convex surfaces

The study of bionics has found that the skins of many burrow animals which live in soil and stone conditions have an anti wear function, and which is related to their body surfaces’non-smooth morphology. In the present study, bionic non-smooth surfaces are used in roll surface design, and roll models with convex non-smooth surfaces are developed. The rolling wear of non-smooth roll in steel rolling is simulated by the FEM software-ANSYS. The equivalent stress, the node friction stress, and the node contact pressure between the roll and the rolling piece are calculated; and the anti-wear mechanism is analyzed.

Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Grooved Surface Applied to Film Cooling

In order to improve the efficiency of film cooling, numerical investigation was carried out to study the effects of different film-cooled plates on surface heat transfer. Both grooved and non-grooved surfaces were concerned. The modeling was per- formed using Fluent software with the adoption of Shear-Stress Transport （SST） k-ωmodel as the turbulence closure. The coolant was supplied by a single film cooling hole with an inclination angle of 30°. The Mach numbers for the coolant flow and the mainstream flow were fixed at 0 and 0.6, respectively. At three blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, the aerodynamic behaviour of the mixing process as well as the heat transfer performance of the film cooling were presented. The numerical results were validated using experimental data extracted from a benchmark test. Good agreements between numerical results and the ex- perimental data were observed. For the film cooling efficiency, it shows that both local and laterally averaged cooling effectiveness can be improved by the non-smooth surface at different blowing ratios. Using the grooved surface, the turbulence intensity upon the plate can be reduced notably, and the mixing between the two flows is weakened due to the reduced turbu lence level. The results indicate that the cooling effectiveness of film cooling can be enhanced by applying the grooved surface.

Effect of Shape of the Absorber Surface on the Performance of Stepped Type Solar Still

In this work, we have selected three number of stepped type solar stills of the same overall dimensions 620 mm (W) × 808 mm (L) but with different absorber surface areas due to the variation in the shape of the basin surface. The other design parameters like depth of water, thickness of glass cover, insulation thickness, type of condensing cover, absorbing material provided over the basin, and angle of inclination of the still were kept constant to study the effect of shape of the absorber surface over the distillate yield obtained. The shape of the absorber surface provided in the basins of solar stills A, E and F was flat, convex and concave respectively. When the convex and concave type stepped solar stills are used, the average daily water production has been found to be 56.60% and 29.24% higher than that of flat type stepped solar still respectively. Also an economic analysis was made. The payback period of flat type, convex type and concave type stepped solar still is 823 days, 525 days and 637 days respectively. Thus, the convex type solar still gives the returns within the least possible time as compared to other two types of stepped solar stills. The laboratory tests were conducted to test the quality of water after distillation. The tests indicate that the quality of water in terms of pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, TDS, Alkalinity, Nitrates etc. is well within the desirable limits as prescribed by WHO for Indian specific conditions.

磁流变抛光流场对光学元件凹面的压力形成机制研究

压力场的大小受到光学元件的凹面形状及面积大小的影响。为了研究凹面的压力场形成,首先建立抛光的光学元件模型,对凹面的压力进行计算分析;其次通过改变光学元件凹面的曲率半径大小、改变抛光轮的转速、改变相同曲率半径的光学元件浸入磁流变液中的角度,进行凹面压力计算。分析发现,曲率半径对凹面的压力影响不大,不同曲率半径的凹面在磁流变抛光流场中的压力分布类型相似;凹面的压力变化趋势先平缓减小,然后迅速减小,最后趋于平缓。改变抛光轮的转速对凹面压力的影响仅是凹面最大压力的改变,抛光轮的转速与凹面最大压力成正比,压力变化趋势在前段区域先是平缓,中间区域减速较快,后段区域压力趋于平缓。改变凹面浸入抛光液的角度,压力的变化较为显著,在凹面的前半区域压力急剧减小,然后趋于平缓,凹面的后段区域压力几乎不变。

考虑安装误差的弧齿锥齿轮凹凸齿面印痕修正

弧齿锥齿轮作为重型燃气轮机中关键的动力传动部件,其双向传动的运行特点对齿轮凹凸齿面的接触印痕提出了更高的质量要求。为了满足实际需求,通过建立齿面啮合模型,利用考虑安装误差的齿轮接触分析(error tooth contact analysis, ETCA)技术研究了一对弧齿锥齿轮凹面和凸面均为工作面时,接触印痕随安装误差变化的数值规律。同时,以齿面印痕的中点位置、长轴倾角和面积作为印痕参数化处理后的特征值,优化齿轮安装误差调整值,修正印痕的不合理之处,实现凹凸齿面印痕的一致性和重叠性。滚检实验验证了模拟印痕的准确性,该修正规律可以为弧齿锥齿轮副的安装调整提供理论依据。

偏转激光切向修整凹形面金刚石倒角砂轮的研究

为了减小凹形面金刚石砂轮的激光修整误差,建立激光遮蔽效应和激光斜面分散效应误差模型,分析了激光切向修整凹形面金刚石砂轮的误差来源,提出了偏转激光修整凹形面成形砂轮法,并通过理论分析和实验验证,探索了修整参数对凹形面砂轮轮廓精度和圆弧半径的影响。结果表明,在1°~1.5°的偏转角范围内,斜边轮廓修整精度为8μm;在合适的偏转角度下,圆弧半径误差小于10μm;在修整凹弧半径为0.2 mm和0.5 mm、补偿半径分别为0.03 mm和0.06 mm时,凹弧半径误差分别缩小0.02 mm和0.03 mm。偏转激光修整法有效地提高了修整精度,减小了修整误差,为凹形面金刚石修整提供了新思路。

联排凹曲面屋盖的风荷载特性试验研究

为了探究凹曲面屋盖的风荷载特性并为实际工程提供抗风设计参考,对3种联排凹曲面屋盖进行刚性模型风洞测压试验,系统分析联排数及风向角对凹曲面屋盖升力系数、平均风压系数和极值风压系数的影响.结果表明:屋盖整体升力系数随着联排数的增加不断降低,各屋盖的升力系数受风向角影响较大.在不同联排数及风向角下,屋盖整体承受向上的风吸力,屋盖的平均风压系数表现出复杂的波动性;在迎风屋盖边缘处的气流分离现象明显,导致该处存在较大风吸力;越远离迎风侧的屋盖,平均风压系数的波动越小,稳定于-0.1.联排数对极值风压系数的影响不可忽略,尤其是极小值负压系数,边缘屋盖分区极小值负压系数的最小值为-5.1,中间屋盖分区极小值负压系数的最小值为-3.3.基于试验结果,总结给出不同联排凹曲面屋盖分区的平均风压系数和极值风压系数.

乌珠穆沁沙地聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障地表蚀积特征

沙障的蚀积特征对其发挥防护作用具有重要影响。为探究聚乳酸纤维(polylactic acid fiber,PLA)沙袋沙障对乌珠穆沁沙地沙化治理的效果,设置0.5 m×0.5 m、1.0 m×1.0 m、2.0 m×2.0 m和3.0 m×3.0 m共4种规格的聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障,采用悬测法测量障格内部凹曲面形态,并分析不同规格沙障内部凹曲面的形态特征、蚀积效应。结果表明,沙障凹曲面中心风蚀深度随沙障规格的增大由5.17 cm增加到21.23 cm,而堆积强度随沙障规格的增大由3.86 g·cm^(-3)降至0.42 g·cm^(-3),障格内由堆积变为风蚀;蚀积系数稳定在1/9~1/8,随沙障规格的增大蚀积系数逐渐减小;障格内风蚀最深点随主风向偏移,障格内与主风向一致的方位风蚀量更大,剖面曲线开口更大;坡顶处凹曲面拟合效果大于坡中和坡底。综上所述,在乌珠穆沁沙地内,风蚀多发生在西北-东南和西-东方向上,且坡顶处形成的凹曲面较稳定,该地区适合布设2.0 m×2.0 m规格PLA沙障,研究结果为PLA沙障在乌珠穆沁沙地防沙工程中的合理应用提供了科学参考。

双曲面球型减隔震支座震后自复位性能研究

为研究桥梁双曲面球型减隔震支座的震后自复位性能并评价现有表征方法,采用公式推导、试验和有限元计算方法,综合对比分析支座的静态残余位移和震后残余位移。基于支座结构推导静态残余位移理论公式,并以竖向设计承载力5000 kN支座为例,进行支座自复位性能的拟静力试验验证;进行双曲面球型减隔震支座模拟地震振动台试验,分析静态残余位移和震后残余位移的差别;以32 m跨典型铁路混凝土简支箱梁为背景,建立MIDAS Civil有限元模型,通过非线性时程分析方法,分析单次和连续2次地震波输入工况下支座的震后残余位移和自复位能力。结果表明:支座静态残余位移为支座等效曲率半径与支座等效摩擦系数的乘积,支座自复位性能的静态残余位移与理论值较为符合,二者偏差为4.92%;振动台试验和非线性时程分析下的支座震后残余位移平均值均为2 mm左右,均低于静态残余位移的5%;双曲面球型减隔震支座支承下的桥梁减隔震体系可以避免产生累积性的震后残余位移,具有强复位能力,而目前用静态残余位移来评价双曲面球型减隔震支座的震后自复位性能较为不妥。

关于试验容器及试验油量对家用便携式凹面电磁灶输入功率影响的探讨

检测人员在依据现行国家标准GB 4706.29-2008《家用和类似用途电器的安全便携式电磁灶的特殊要求》第10章输入功率和电流对家用便携式凹面电磁灶进行输入功率试验时,对同一凹面电磁灶使用不同尺寸的试验容器及不同容量的油量进行输入功率试验,检测结果存在一定差异,从而影响符合性判定。经过对电磁灶的相关标准研究发现,对带有非平面灶面的电磁灶,试验容器采用企业提供的配锅,但试验油量正在考虑中。本文通过研究不同尺寸的试验容器及不同容量的油量对同一家用便携式凹面电磁灶输入功率试验结果的影响,旨在找到输入功率与试验容器及试验油量的关联性,为家用便携式凹面电磁灶输入功率试验中标准试验油量的确定提供参考。