Comparative evaluation of commercial Douchi by different molds:biogenic amines,non-volatile and volatile compounds

To provide new insights into the development and utilization of Douchi artificial starters,three common strains(Aspergillus oryzae,Mucor racemosus,and Rhizopus oligosporus)were used to study their influence on the fermentation of Douchi.The results showed that the biogenic amine contents of the three types of Douchi were all within the safe range and far lower than those of traditional fermented Douchi.Aspergillus-type Douchi produced more free amino acids than the other two types of Douchi,and its umami taste was more prominent in sensory evaluation(P<0.01),while Mucor-type and Rhizopus-type Douchi produced more esters and pyrazines,making the aroma,sauce,and Douchi flavor more abundant.According to the Pearson and PLS analyses results,sweetness was significantly negatively correlated with phenylalanine,cysteine,and acetic acid(P<0.05),bitterness was significantly negatively correlated with malic acid(P<0.05),the sour taste was significantly positively correlated with citric acid and most free amino acids(P<0.05),while astringency was significantly negatively correlated with glucose(P<0.001).Thirteen volatile compounds such as furfuryl alcohol,phenethyl alcohol,and benzaldehyde caused the flavor difference of three types of Douchi.This study provides theoretical basis for the selection of starting strains for commercial Douchi production.

Correlation of gut microorganisms and non-volatile flavor substances provides new insights for breeding Scylla paramamosain

The farming of Scylla paramamosain with specific flavors has a higher commercial value,and the flavors are related to the integrated farming environment and non-volatile flavor substances,while the survival environment is one of the important ways to source gut microorganisms in the organism.In this study,the levels of dominant taxa in the gut flora of S.paramamosain from Mong Cai,Vietnam(VN),Taishan City,Guangdong Province(TS)of China,and Ninghai County,Ningbo City(NB)Zhejiang Province of China converged with those of S.paramamosain from Sanmen County,Ningbo City(CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3)at 28 d of domestication.The top 15 genera with the highest abundance of VN,TS,and NB gut flora were the same as CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,but with different percentages,and gradually converged to CK 1,CK 2,and CK 3,respectively,at 28 d of domestication.Correlation between intestinal flora and non-volatile flavor substances in the hepatopancreas at the percentage level of relative abundance of bacterial genera found that above 28 d of domestication,Muribaculaceae,Psychrilyobacter,Clostridia_vadinBB 60_group,Halarcobacter Carboxylicivirga,Sediminispirochaeta may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of VN.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Psychrilyobacter,and Pseudomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of NB.Sediminispirochaeta,Carboxylicivirga,Halarcobacter,Photobacterium,ZOR 0006,Vibrio,and Sphingomonas may be the most important genera affecting flavor amino acids of TS.These results show that the intestinal flora structure of crabs from different areas were domesticated in the same area for at least 28 d before they converged to that of the domesticated crab,and the most important genera affecting the flavor amino acids of TS,VN,and NB were also identified.The results of this study provide a reference and basis for the technique of directional cultivation of the flavor quality of the crab.

Correlation between dominant bacterial community and non-volatile organic compounds during the fermentation of shrimp sauces

Shrimp sauce,one of the traditional salt-fermented food in China,has a unique flavor that is influenced by the resident microflora.The quality of salt-fermented shrimp sauce was evaluated in this work by determining the total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N),the amino acid nitrogen(AAN),organic acid,5’-nucleotide and free amino acids(FAA).Moreover,the dynamics of microbial diversity during processing was investigated by using high-throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that the AAN,TVB-N,organic acid,5’-nucleotide and FAA content were in range of 0.93-1.42 g/100 mL,49.91-236.27 mg/100 mL,6.65-20.68 mg/mL,3.51-6.56 mg/mL and 81.27-102.90 mg/mL.Among the microbial diversity found in the shrimp sauce,Tetragenococcus,Flavobacterium,Polaribacter,Haematospirillum and Staphylococcus were the predominant genera.Correlation analysis indicated that the bacteria Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were important in the formation of non-volatile compounds.Tetragenococcus positively correlated with a variety of FAAs;Staphylococcus positively correlated with 5’-nucleotides.The analysis indicated that Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were the core genera affecting non-volatile components.These findings indicate the dynamics of the bacterial community and non-volatile components inter-relationships during shrimp sauce fermentation and provide a theoretical basis for improving the fermentation process of shrimp sauce.

A Low-Power,Single-Poly,Non-Volatile Memory for Passive RFID Tags

Single-poly,576bit non-volatile memory is designed and implemented in an SMIC 0.18μm standard CMOS process for the purpose of reducing the cost and power of passive RFID tag chips. The memory bit cell is designed with conventional single-poly pMOS transistors, based on the bi-directional Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effect, and the typical program/erase time is 10ms for every 16bits. A new ,single-ended sense amplifier is proposed to reduce the power dissipation in the current sensing scheme. The average current consumption of the whole memory chip is 0.8μA for the power supply voltage of 1.2V at a reading rate of 640kHz.

Overview of one transistor type of hybrid organic ferroelectric non-volatile memory

Organic ferroelectric memory devices based on field effect transistors that can be configured between two stable states of on and off have been widely researched as the next generation data storage media in recent years.This emerging type of memory devices can lead to a new instrument system as a potential alternative to previous non-volatile memory building blocks in future processing units because of their numerous merits such as cost-effective process,simple structure and freedom in substrate choices.This bi-stable non-volatile memory device of information storage has been investigated using several organic or inorganic semiconductors with organic ferroelectric polymer materials.Recent progresses in this ferroelectric memory field,hybrid system have attracted a lot of attention due to their excellent device performance in comparison with that of all organic systems.In this paper,a general review of this type of ferroelectric non-volatile memory is provided,which include the device structure,organic ferroelectric materials,electrical characteristics and working principles.We also present some snapshots of our previous study on hybrid ferroelectric memories including our recent work based on zinc oxide nanowire channels.

The Electric-Field Controllable Non-Volatile 35° Rotation of Magnetic Easy Axis in Magnetoelectric CoFeB/(001)-Cut Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_3-25%PbTiO_3 Heterostructure

Using in situ electric-field-modulated anisotropic magnetoresistance measurement, a large reversible and non- volatile in-plane rotation of magnetic easy axis of -35° between the positive and negative electrical poling states is demonstrated in C040Fe40B20//（001）-cut Pb（Mgl/3Nb2/3）O3-25PbTiO3 （PMN-PT）. The specific magneto- electric coupling mechanism therein is experimentally verified to be related to the synchronous in-plane strain rotation induced by 109° ferroelastic domain switching in the （001）-cut PMN-PT substrate.

Formation of high density TiN nanocrystals and its application in non-volatile memories

Non-volatile memory based on TiN nanocrystal （TiN-NC） charge storage nodes embedded in SiO2 has been fabricated and its electrical properties have been measured. It was found that the density and size distribution of TiN-NCs can be controlled by annealing temperature. The formation of well separated crystalline TiN nano-dots with an average size of 5 nm is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the existence of a transition layer of TiNxOy/SiON oxide between TiN-NC and SiO2, which reduces the barrier height of tunnel oxide and thereby enhances programming/erasing speed. The memory device shows a memory window of 2.5V and an endurance cycle throughout 10^5. Its charging mechanism, which is interpreted from the analysis of programming speed （dVth/dt） and the gate leakage versus voltage characteristics （Ig vs Vg）, has been explained by direct tunnelling for tunnel oxide and Fowler Nordheim tunnelling for control oxide at programming voltages lower than 9V, and by Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling for both the oxides at programming voltages higher than 9V.

An Overview of Non-Volatile Flip-Flops Based on Emerging Memory Technologies(Invited paper)

Low power consumption is a major issue in nowadays electronics systems. This trend is pushed by the development of data center related to cloud services and soon to the Internet of Things （IoT） deployment. Memories are one of the major contributors to power consumption. However, the development of emerging memory technologies paves the way to low-power design, through the partial replacement of the dynamic random access memory （DRAM） with the non-volatile stand-alone memory in servers or with the embedded or distributed emerging non-volatile memory in IoT objects. In the latter case, non-volatile flip-flops （NVFFs） seem a promising candidate to replace the retention latch. Indeed, IoT objects present long sleep time and NVFFs offer to save data in registers with zero power when the application is idle. This paper gives an overview of NVFF architecture flavors for various emerging memory technologies.

Molecular dynamics simulations on the wet/dry self-latching and electric fields triggered wet/dry transitions between nanosheets:A non-volatile memory nanostructure

We design a nanostructure composing of two nanoscale graphene sheets parallelly immersed in water.Using molecular dynamics simulations,we demonstrate that the wet/dry state between the graphene sheets can be self-latched;moreover,the wet→dry/dry→wet transition takes place when applying an external electric field perpendicular/parallel to the graphene sheets(E;/E;).This structure works like a flash memory device(a non-volatile memory):the stored information(wet and dry states)of the system can be kept spontaneously,and can also be rewritten by external electric fields.On the one hand,when the distance between the two nanosheets is close to a certain distance,the free energy barriers for the transitions dry→wet and wet→dry can be quite large.As a result,the wet and dry states are self-latched.On the other hand,an E;and an E;will respectively increase and decrease the free energy of the water located in-between the two nanosheets.Consequently,the wet→dry and dry→wet transitions are observed.Our results may be useful for designing novel information memory devices.

Design of an Electrically Written and Optically Read Non-volatile Memory Device Employing BiFeO3/Au Heterostructures with Strong Absorption Resonance

Exploiting new concepts for dense, fast, and nonvolatile random access memory with reduced energy consump- tion is a significant issue for information technology. Here we design an ＇electrically written and optically read＇ information storage device employing BiFeO3/A u heterostruetures with strong absorption resonance. The electro- optic effect is the basis for the device design, which arises from the strong absorption resonance in BiFeO3/Au heterostructures and the electrically tunable significant birefringence of the BiFeO3 film. We first construct a sim- ulation calculation of the BiFeO3/Au structure spectrum and identify absorption resonance and electro-optical modulation characteristics. Following a micro scale partition, the surface reflected light intensity of different polarization units is calculated. The results depend on electric polarization states of the BiFeO3 film, thus BiFeO3/Au heterostructures can essentially be designed as a type of electrically written and optically read infor- mation storage device by utilizing the scanning near-field optical microscopy technology based on the conductive silicon cantilever tip with nanofabricated aperture. This work will shed light on information storage technology.

A Low Power Non-Volatile LR-WPAN Baseband Processor with Wake-Up Identification Receiver

The paper proposes a low power non-volatile baseband processor with wake-up identification(WUI) receiver for LR-WPAN transceiver.It consists of WUI receiver,main receiver,transmitter,non-volatile memory(NVM) and power management module.The main receiver adopts a unified simplified synchronization method and channel codec with proactive Reed-Solomon Bypass technique,which increases the robustness and energy efficiency of receiver.The WUI receiver specifies the communication node and wakes up the transceiver to reduce average power consumption of the transceiver.The embedded NVM can backup/restore the states information of processor that avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and reduces the unnecessary power of repetitive computation when the processor is waked up from power down mode.The baseband processor is designed and verified on a FPGA board.The simulated power consumption of processor is 5.1uW for transmitting and 28.2μW for receiving.The WUI receiver technique reduces the average power consumption of transceiver remarkably.If the transceiver operates 30 seconds in every 15 minutes,the average power consumption of the transceiver can be reduced by two orders of magnitude.The NVM avoids the loss of the state information caused by power failure and energy waste caused by repetitive computation.

Rapid characterization of non-volatile phenolic compounds reveals the reliable chemical markers for authentication of traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru among confusing Elsholtzia species

The aerial parts of Mosla chinensis Maxim.and Mosla chinensis cv.'Jiangxiangru'(MCJ)are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),known collectively as Xiang-ru.However,due to clinical effectiveness concerns and frequent misidentification,the original plants have increasingly been substituted by various species within the genera Elsholtzia and Mosla.The challenge in distinguishing between these genera arises from their similar morphological and metabolic profiles.To address this issue,our study introduced a rapid method for metabolic characterization,employing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics.Through detailed biosynthetic and chemometric analyses,we pinpointed five phenolic compounds—salviaflaside,cynaroside,scutellarein-7-O-D-glucoside,rutin,and vicenin-2—among 203 identified compounds,as reliable chemical markers for distinguishing Xiang-ru from closely related Elsholtzia species.This methodology holds promise for broad application in the analysis of plant aerial parts,especially in verifying the authenticity of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.Our findings underscore the importance of non-volatile compounds as dependable chemical markers in the authentication process of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.

Approximate Similarity-Aware Compression for Non-Volatile Main Memory

Image bitmaps,i.e.,data containing pixels and visual perception,have been widely used in emerging applica-tions for pixel operations while consuming lots of memory space and energy.Compared with legacy DRAM(dynamic ran-dom access memory),non-volatile memories(NVMs)are suitable for bitmap storage due to the salient features of high density and intrinsic durability.However,writing NVMs suffers from higher energy consumption and latency compared with read accesses.Existing precise or approximate compression schemes in NVM controllers show limited performance for bitmaps due to the irregular data patterns and variance in bitmaps.We observe the pixel-level similarity when writing bitmaps due to the analogous contents in adjacent pixels.By exploiting the pixel-level similarity,we propose SimCom,an approximate similarity-aware compression scheme in the NVM module controller,to efficiently compress data for each write access on-the-fly.The idea behind SimCom is to compress continuous similar words into the pairs of base words with runs.The storage costs for small runs are further mitigated by reusing the least significant bits of base words.SimCom adaptively selects an appropriate compression mode for various bitmap formats,thus achieving an efficient trade-off be-tween quality and memory performance.We implement SimCom on GEM5/zsim with NVMain and evaluate the perfor-mance with real-world image/video workloads.Our results demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our SimCom with an efficient quality-performance trade-off.

Anti-inflammatory mechanism of the non-volatile ingredients performance liquid chromatography-heated electron spray ionization-high resolution mass spectroscope and cell metabolomics

OBJECTIVE:To explore the anti-inflammatory components and mechanism of the non-volatile ingredients of patchouli.METHODS:High performance liquid chromatographyheated electron spray ionization-high resolution mass spectroscope(HPLC-HESI-HRMS)was used to analyze the chemical constituents of the non-volatile ingredients of patchouli.The anti-inflammatory activity of ingredients was evaluated using lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced RAW264.7 cell inflammation model,and the antiinflammatory mechanism was investigated using multivariate statistical analysis of cell metabolomics.RESULTS:The non-volatile ingredients of patchouli were characterized by HPLC-HESI-HRMS,and 36 flavonoids and 18 other components were identified.These ingredients of patchouli not only had a good protective effect on the LPS-induced inflammation model of RAW264.7 cells,but also regulated the expression levels of arginine,L-leucine,cholesterol,fructose and sorbitol by down-regulating arginine metabolism,aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis,polyol/sorbitol pathway,so as to reduce inflammation and reduce cell damage.CONCLUSION:The non-volatile ingredients of patchouli had good anti-inflammatory effect and exerted its curative effect by regulating endogenous metabolic pathway to reduce inflammatory response.

A Survey of Non-Volatile Main Memory File Systems

Non-volatile memories(NVMs)provide lower latency and higher bandwidth than block devices.Besides,NVMs are byte-addressable and provide persistence that can be used as memory-level storage devices(non-volatile main memory,NVMM).These features change storage hierarchy and allow CPU to access persistent data using load/store instructions.Thus,we can directly build a file system on NVMM.However,traditional file systems are designed based on slow block devices.They use a deep and complex software stack to optimize file system performance.This design results in software overhead being the dominant factor affecting NVMM file systems.Besides,scalability,crash consistency,data protection,and cross-media storage should be reconsidered in NVMM file systems.We survey existing work on optimizing NVMM file systems.First,we analyze the problems when directly using traditional file systems on NVMM,including heavy software overhead,limited scalability,inappropriate consistency guarantee techniques,etc.Second,we summarize the technique of 30 typical NVMM file systems and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.Finally,we provide a few suggestions for designing a high-performance NVMM file system based on real hardware Optane DC persistent memory module.Specifically,we suggest applying various techniques to reduce software overheads,improving the scalability of virtual file system(VFS),adopting highly-concurrent data structures(e.g.,lock and index),using memory protection keys(MPK)for data protection,and carefully designing data placement/migration for cross-media file system.

NEHASH:high-concurrency extendible hashing for non-volatile memory

Extendible hashing is an effective way to manage increasingly large file system metadata,but it suffers from low concurrency and lack of optimization for non-volatile memory(NVM).In this paper,a multilevel hash directory based on lazy expansion is designed to improve the concurrency and efficiency of extendible hashing,and a hash bucket management algorithm based on groups is presented to improve the efficiency of hash key management by reducing the size of the hash bucket,thereby improving the performance of extendible hashing.Meanwhile,a hierarchical storage strategy of extendible hashing for NVM is given to take advantage of dynamic random access memory(DRAM)and NVM.Furthermore,on the basis of the device driver for Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory,the prototype of high-concurrency extendible hashing named NEHASH is implemented.Yahoo cloud serving benchmark(YCSB)is used to test and compare with CCEH,level hashing,and cuckoo hashing.The results show that NEHASH can improve read throughput by up to 16.5%and write throughput by 19.3%.

A Survey of Non-Volatile Main Memory Technologies:State-of-the-Arts,Practices,and Future Directions

Non-Volatile Main Memories (NVMMs) have recently emerged as a promising technology for future memory systems. Generally, NVMMs have many desirable properties such as high density, byte-addressability, non-volatility, low cost, and energy efficiency, at the expense of high write latency, high write power consumption, and limited write endurance. NVMMs have become a competitive alternative of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), and will fundamentally change the landscape of memory systems. They bring many research opportunities as well as challenges on system architectural designs, memory management in operating systems (OSes), and programming models for hybrid memory systems. In this article, we revisit the landscape of emerging NVMM technologies, and then survey the state-of-the-art studies of NVMM technologies. We classify those studies with a taxonomy according to different dimensions such as memory architectures, data persistence, performance improvement, energy saving, and wear leveling. Second, to demonstrate the best practices in building NVMM systems, we introduce our recent work of hybrid memory system designs from the dimensions of architectures, systems, and applications. At last, we present our vision of future research directions of NVMMs and shed some light on design challenges and opportunities.

Non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus: A review

Chimonanthus plants widely distributed in southern area of China, which have a long history of edibles and medicine. Phytochemical investigations have shown that Chimonanthus produced 143 non-volatile constituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and others, which exhibit significant anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and other biological activities. On the basis of systematic reviewing of literatures, this article overviews the non-volatile constituents and pharmacology of Chimonanthus from domestic and foreign over the last 30 years(until June 2018), and may provide a useful reference for the further development of Chimonanthus.

A selective control of volatile and non-volatile superconductivity in an insulating copper oxide via ionic liquid gating

Manipulating the superconducting states of high transition temperature(high-Tc)cuprate superconductors in an efficient and reliable way is of great importance for their applications in next-generation electronics.Here,employing ionic liquid gating,a selective control of volatile and non-volatile superconductivity is achieved in pristine insulating Pr2CuO4±δ(PCO)films,based on two distinct mechanisms.Firstly,with positive electric fields,the film can be reversibly switched between superconducting and non-superconducting states,attributed to the carrier doping effect.Secondly,the film becomes more resistive by applying negative bias voltage up to-4V,but strikingly,a non-volatile superconductivity is achieved once the gate voltage is removed.Such phenomenon represents a distinctive route of manipulating superconductivity in PCO,resulting from the doping healing of oxygen vacancies in copper-oxygen planes as unravelled by high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope and in situ X-ray diffraction experiments.The effective manipulation of volatile/non-volatile superconductivity in the same parent cuprate brings more functionalities to superconducting electronics,as well as supplies flexible samples for investigating the nature of quantum phase transitions in high-Tcsuperconductors.

Extending SSD Lifespan with Comprehensive Non-Volatile Memory-Based Write Buffers

New non-volatile memory (NVM)technologies are expected to replace main memory DRAM (dynamic random access memory)in the near future.NAND flash technological breakthroughs have enabled wide adoption of solid state drives (SSDs)in storage systems.However,flash-based SSDs,by nature,cannot avoid low endurance problems because each cell only allows a limited number of erasures.This can give rise to critical SSD reliability issues.Since many SSD write operations eventually cause many SSD erase operations,reducing SSD write traffic plays a crucial role in SSD reliability. This paper proposes two NVM-based buffer cache policies which can work together in different layers to maximally reduce SSD write traffic:a main memory buffer cache design named Hierarchical Adaptive Replacement Cache (H-ARC)and an internal SSD write buffer design named Write Traffic Reduction Buffer (WRB).H-ARC considers four factors (dirty,clean, recency,and frequency)to reduce write traffic and improve cache hit ratios in the host.WRB reduces block erasures and write traffic further inside an SSD by effectively exploiting temporal and spatial localities.These two comprehensive schemes significantly reduce total SSD write traffic at each different layer (i.e.,host and SSD)by up to 3x.Consequently,they help extend SSD lifespan without system performance degradation.