The Effect of Lateral Offset Distance on the Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy of Vehicle Queues

The vehicle industry is always in search of breakthrough energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.In recent years,vehicle intelligence has progressed considerably,and researchers are currently trying to take advantage of these developments.Here we consider the case of many vehicles forming a queue,i.e.,vehicles traveling at a predetermined speed and distance apart.While the majority of existing studies on this subject have focused on the influence of the longitudinal vehicle spacing,vehicle speed,and the number of vehicles on aerodynamic drag and fuel economy,this study considers the lateral offset distance of the vehicle queue.The group fuel consumption savings rate is calculated and analyzed.As also demonstrated by experimental results,some aerodynamic benefits exist.Moreover,the fuel consumption saving rate of the vehicle queue decreases as the lateral offset distance increases.

Minimum Clearance Offsets for Providing Desired Stopping Sight Distances at Simple Curves with Variable Operating Speeds

Lateral clearance on the inside of horizontal curves is required by all geometric design guidelines in order to provide at least stopping sight distance. There already exist graphical models, analytical models, and design charts for determining minimum clearance offsets to meet the requirement. Some of these models determine the offsets based on constant design sight distance values on the assumption that drivers negotiate horizontal curves at constant speed. Therefore, those models are suitable for sites where there is no difference in speeds between tangent and curved sections. Past studies have reported that there are sites where drivers decelerate on entering horizontal curves and accelerate on departing from the curves. At those sites stopping sight distance for a given driver varies with driver location due to variable speed. This paper presents an analytical model and a chart for determining minimum offsets needed to provide desired sight distances at horizontal curves with variable operating speeds. At those sites the offsets yield roadside clearance boundaries that have transition arcs with performances that are similar to those of elliptical arcs. Therefore, practitioners may choose to use elliptical equations or equations and the chart developed herein. Results of this study will be of value to practitioners in the area of roadside design.

Lubrication characteristics of external return spherical hinge pair of axial piston pump or motor under combined action of inclination and offset distance

External return mechanism is a mechanical structure applied to axial piston pumps.To study its lubrication characteristics,the Reynolds equation applied to an external return spherical hinge pair was deduced based on the vector equation of relative-motion velocity of the external return spherical hinge pair under the influence of external swash plate inclination and offset distance.The results show that the total friction,axial leakage flow,and maximum value of the maximum oil-film pressure increase with increasing pump-shaft speed and decrease with increasing offset distance in one working cycle when the external-swash-plate inclination is constant.However,the varying offset distance has little effect on the axial leakage flow.The maximum value of the maximum oil-film pressure decreases with increasing external-swash-plate inclination and the total leakage flow increases with increasing external-swash-plate inclination in one working cycle when the offset distance is constant.It can be seen that the abovementioned parameters are important factors that affect the lubrication characteristics of external return spherical hinge pairs.Therefore,the complex effects of different coupling parameters should be comprehensively considered in the design of the external return mechanism.

Analytical Determination of Size and Location of Roadside Horizontal Sightline Offsets for Compound Curves

AASHTO’s guideline for geometric design of highways and similar guidelines require that roadside areas on the inside of horizontal curves be cleared of high objects to provide stopping sight distance. The guidelines have analytical models for determining the extent of clearance, known as the horizontal sightline offset or clearance offset, for simple curves. Researchers in the past have developed analytical models for clearance offsets for spiraled and reverse curves. Very few researchers developed analytical models for available sight distances for compound curves. Still missing are models for horizontal sightline offsets and locations of the offsets for compound curves. The objective of this paper is to present development of analytical models and charts for determining horizontal sightline offsets and their locations for compound curves. The paper considers curves whose component arcs are individually shorter than stopping sight distance. The resulting models and the charts have been verified with accurate values determined using graphical methods. The models and the charts will find application in geometric design of highway compound curves.

Suitability of the Euler’s Spiral for Roadside Clearance in Order to Provide Stopping Sight Distances

The AASHTO’s guideline for geometric design, also known as the green book, requires that the inside of horizontal curves be cleared of obstructions to sight lines in order to provide sufficient sight distances. Recently, innovative use of Euler’s spiral for determination of clearance offsets has been proposed. However, suitability of the offsets as minimum criteria has not been evaluated. This paper presents comparison between the proposed offsets and minimum offsets determined with the computational method suggested in the green book. Results of comparison show that offsets determined with innovative use of the Euler’s spiral are always longer than minimum values determined with the computational method. The differences in lengths of the two sets of offsets increase with decrease in curve radii. Therefore, on sites with large radii offsets determined through innovative use of the Euler’s spiral may be implemented in the field since the offsets are only slightly longer than minimum offsets. On sites with short radii some offsets on tangent sections are very long such that they result in extra cleared areas that will not accommodate sightlines. The areas that do not accommodate sightlines may result in unnecessary extra earthwork costs where highways are located in cut zones. Additionally, it has been suggested in this paper that designers also consider other curves, including elliptical arcs, for roadside clearance envelopes. One advantage of elliptical arcs is that they are flexible to align with boundaries of clear zones on tangent sections regardless of sizes of radii of horizontal curves. Besides, most offsets to elliptical arcs are comparable to those determined with the green book’s computation method. An example of design chart has been presented for practitioners to use. The chart is for minimum offsets needed to provide a given sight distance while gradually transitioning clearance from boundaries of clear zones on tangent sections.

偏心药型罩在D型装药中的设计及成型性能研究

为改进整体式多爆炸成型弹丸(Multiple Explosively Formed Projectile,MEFP)战斗部中位于边缘位置处的药型罩口部闭合较差的问题,设计一种沿周向壁厚不同的偏心药型罩。将该药型罩应用于D型装药结构战斗部中,通过理论分析以及数值仿真方法,针对药型罩较厚一侧朝向和偏心距大小对药型罩成型的影响规律进行研究,开展爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectile,EFP)软回收试验。研究结果表明:偏心药型罩较厚侧朝向及偏心距大小对EFP各方向速度基本无影响,对EFP成型效果影响较大;药型罩较厚侧朝向战斗部中心时成型效果最佳;偏心距的大小能够调整药型罩周围微元向中心压合的速度差,改善药型罩口部包合情况;试验中回收到的EFP成型结果与仿真结果吻合度较高;偏心药型罩通过调整药型罩壁厚与爆轰波强度的匹配关系能够改善非对称爆轰下EFP的成型,有效解决D型装药结构MEFP战斗部位于边缘位置处药型罩成型较差的问题,为整体式MEFP战斗部边缘位置处药型罩结构设计提供参考。

不同偏置方式对专用通气排水系统排水特性的影响

排水管道偏置常常应用于商住两用的高层建筑中,但是这类设计会造成排水流态变化,导致管道内出现巨大压力波动,破坏卫生器具水封,污染室内环境。针对偏置距离为1.0 m、1.5 m两个场景开展了试验。试验在60 m高全尺寸实验塔中展开,采用定流量法,通过压力极限值和水封损失值来比较不同偏置距离下系统的最大通水能力。结果表明,这两个偏置距离对建筑排水系统的通水能力均有极大负面影响,通水能力降低50%以上,偏置距离1.5 m较1.0 m的负面影响更大。

顶板冲击荷载作用下锚网支护巷道变形破坏规律研究

为研究顶板冲击荷载作用下锚网支护巷道的变形破坏规律,以华亭煤矿250104运输巷为背景,采用FLAC^(3D)分析了不同冲击荷载波速、角度以及偏轴距条件下锚网支护巷道围岩的应力、变形以及塑性区变化特征。研究结果表明:顶板冲击作用下,巷道顶板及两帮岩体塑性区将向上方及两侧逐渐扩展,且其最大位移呈指数衰减式增长;随顶板冲击荷载波速增大,巷道周边岩体最大位移呈指数递增式增大;随顶板冲击荷载角度增大,巷道顶板及两帮最大位移呈“S”形增长变化,冲击角度为90°时对围岩稳定性最不利;随顶板冲击荷载偏轴距增大,巷道顶板及冲击侧帮部岩体最大位移出现先增后减的变化规律,冲击偏轴距等于5.0 m时对巷道安全威胁最大。

近距离煤层采空区下综放工作面巷道合理位置研究

近距离煤层综放工作面开采空间大,采动强度高,下位煤层回采巷道受上煤层采动影响存在应力集中、巷道支护困难等问题,因此近距离煤层综放工作面巷道合理位置的选取对后期支护控制起到关键性作用。以西露天煤矿2煤层和1煤层1分层为研究对象,综合考虑了上煤层开采时的底板应力降低区域和下煤层开采时的极限平衡区域,确定了下煤层巷道的合理位置应在距离实体煤柱内错22.79 m以上的区域。基于上述理论计算结果,分析了上煤层开采后底板应力分布规律及不同内错距下巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律,结果表明:①距离采空区底板越近,应力最大值与最小值相差越明显;②随着内错距不断增大,围岩应力和应力集中系数呈现急剧降低-缓慢增大-稳定的趋势,在内错距20~25 m内应力及应力集中系数相对较小;③巷道围岩塑性区范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当巷道处于内错20,25 m时巷道围岩破坏相对较小;④巷道变形量随着内错距增大而逐渐减小,当内错距增加至25 m时,巷道围岩移进量基本保持不变;⑤确定巷道合理内错距为20~25 m。工程应用结果表明:巷道采用内错距24 m布置时,巷道围岩松动破坏深度及变形量均在可控范围内,进一步证明了该内错距的合理性。

MCSEM勘探发射电流扰动实验仿真研究与设计

海洋可控源电磁法(MCSEM)勘探中发射电流质量是影响接收信号质量和勘探效率的重要因素。基于COMSOL Multiphysics虚拟仿真平台,研究了MCSEM勘探发射电流强度和形态参数对电场响应强度的影响。结果表明,发射电流强度的不稳定波动会降低接收信号的基波和谐波分量电场响应强度,主要影响中远偏移距电场值;发射电流波形的上升和下降沿的增加对接收信号基波和低次谐波分量影响较小,但会显著降低高次谐波分量的电场响应强度,主要影响中近偏移距电场值。通过仿真分析,MCSEM勘探中发射电流变化对接收信号的影响,可为实际勘探中发射波形异常时振幅随偏移距变化曲线的解释提供帮助。

基于多策略融合的改进RRT路径规划算法

针对传统快速扩展随机树(RRT)及其衍生算法在路径规划时生成路径效率较低、无效探索点较多等问题,提出一种多策略融合的改进RRT算法。首先利用启发式选择策略确定最合适的扩展节点,然后结合基于目标偏置的自适应动态步长策略,使随机树始终向目标点区域扩展,最后通过垂距断点预优化的跳点连线策略去除冗余点,生成一条没有较大转折角的最短安全路径。通过不同复杂程度的仿真实验和现实环境实验对该算法进行测试。结果表明,与RRT、RRT*和Bi-RRT*算法相比,本文算法在时间消耗上分别减少了大约80%、50%和60%,在路径节点数上分别减少了大约65%、40%和35%。机器人依据该算法可以高效生成一条无碰撞,仅包含起始点、目标点和非突兀转折点的最优路径。

膝骨关节炎评分指数与冠状位生物力学的相关性研究

目的本研究通过分析膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)患者西安大略和麦克马斯特大学(the Western Ontario and McMaster universities,WOMAC)关节炎指数与冠状位下肢力线角度及腰椎生物力学因素的相关性,为临床诊治KOA提供新思路。方法选自2022年10月至2023年5月就诊于河北中医药大学第一附属医院骨伤三科门诊且符合入组标准的267例KOA患者,其中男49例,女218例;年龄50~83岁,平均(61.55±8.72)岁。拍摄腰椎联合双下肢全长正位负重位X线片,观察腰骶偏移方向,测量冠状位下肢力线角度:髋膝踝角(hip knee ankle,HKA)、机械轴偏移距离(mechanical axis deviation,MAD)、关节线相交角(joint line convergence angle,JLCA)以及腰椎生物力学因素:腰骶偏移距离(lumbosacral offset distance,LOD)、腰膝偏移距离(waist and knee offset distance,WKOD),并对受试者进行WOMAC评分及基线资料记录,分析其与冠状位力线角度及腰椎生物力学因素的相关性。结果腰骶偏移方向与KOA疼痛严重侧存在相关性(P<0.05,r=0.569),LOD、WKOD、HKA、MAD、JLCA、病程与WOMAC评分均存在相关性(P<0.05,r值分别为:0.585、0.579、-0.156、0.173、0.175、0.189)。结论KOA患者关节疼痛、功能受限与腰椎重心的偏移及下肢力线角度存在相关性,KOA患者关节僵硬程度与病程存在相关性,其腰椎冠状位重心偏移是诱发或加重KOA的危险因素之一。

基于非合作博弈的车道保持共享控制

为了减少共驾过程中的人机冲突,提出基于非合作博弈的人机共驾控制策略.基于线性二自由度汽车模型,采用一阶微分方程对车道保持共享控制问题进行数学描述,利用非合作博弈理论(NCG)描述双驾双控系统中的驾驶控制权分配问题,即通过非合作博弈方法来解决多个决策者共同作用于同一个动力学系统的共享控制问题.设计控制权博弈模型,采用预瞄偏移距离(POD),对驾驶人与智能系统的置信度矩阵进行更新,能够实现驾驶人与智能系统之间驾驶控制权的平稳交接.基于模型预测控制(MPC)框架,采用二次型代价函数及线性不等式约束的形式,将车道保持共享控制的前轮转角决策问题转化成带约束的在线二次规划问题.基于驾驶人在环的CarSim/Simulink集成环境,对该控制策略进行验证.结果表明,该控制策略能够较好地兼顾横向运动控制精度及驾驶人的控制权裕度.

椭圆offset曲线的多项式逼近算法

首先对椭圆进行必要的细分,然后将每一段椭圆弧的offset曲线用一段Bézier曲线逼近,进而得到G1连续的分段Bézier曲线作为椭圆offset曲线的近似.该算法一方面给出了计算Bézier曲线段控制顶点的表达形式,计算简单;另一方面对offset曲线的逼近误差给出了整体估计,并且利用整体误差估计决定细分椭圆的段数,构造了满足给定容差的近似曲线.

Minimum Roadside Clearance Offsets on the Inside of Reverse Curves Based on Flat Spirals

Design guidelines require that high objects on the inside of horizontal curves be cleared so as to provide sufficient sight distance. An example of the guidelines that require such clearance is the AASHTO’s Green Book. The Green Book has an analytical model for determining minimum clearance for a given design sight distance. The model is well suited for middle sections of long curves. Applying such clearance to sections near beginnings and ends of the curves and to sections where there is reverse of curvature will result in over-clearance. Over-clearance implies extra cost of earthwork where highways pass in cut zones. To avoid such extra costs the guideline suggests using the graphical method to determine exact clearance offsets. The graphical method is accurate but it is also tedious and time consuming. This study developed analytical models for efficiently determining clearance offsets that match the offsets determined with the graphical method. The offsets are ordinates from driver paths to flat roadside spirals that make the boundary of the roadside area to clear. Mathematical equations for the spirals comprise of terms related to highway speed (in the form of design sight distance), curve features, and driver locations. In turn, these terms define magnitudes of the offsets to the spirals. Combination of the terms results in many parameters to the extent of making difficult development of design charts for offsets. However, examining suitability of published offset charts for simple curves as estimates of offsets for sites with reverse curves leads to finding that the charts are suitable as long as the reverse curves have common tangents that are at least as long as 25% of design sight distance. For reverse curves with no common tangents, offset charts have been developed and presented in this paper. Practitioners can use these charts or the derived equations to determine clearance offsets for new sites as well as for existing sites that are deficient in design sight distance.

近距离煤层巷道围岩结构力学模型及应力分布规律研究

针对近距离煤层开采下层煤巷道受到上层煤遗留煤柱影响而产生应力集中和矿压显现剧烈的现象,以西铭矿8#煤层和9#煤层近距离煤层为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值计算的方法,构建了近距离煤层巷道围岩结构力学模型,研究了下层煤单侧采动后不同错距对夹层顶板断裂线位置的影响规律,分析了上层煤遗留煤柱下的应力分布特征,得到了不同巷道支护力下外错巷道的合理布置方式。研究结果表明:外错布置条件下,夹层顶板断裂线位置随巷道错距增加从实体煤柱一侧向采空区一侧移动;内错条件下,呈相反规律;采动前,遗留煤柱下左侧工作面外错巷道的合理错距为2 m,内错巷道的合理错距为6 m;采动后,遗留煤柱下右侧工作面巷道外错布置可减小煤柱损失,外错巷道的合理错距为8 m。

低轨卫星物联网星地距离时间同步及多普勒频偏补偿技术

针对低轨卫星(LEO)围绕地球做高速运动造成的传播距离远、多普勒频移大的特点,分析多普勒频移对星地同步和通信质量造成的影响,采用基于星历信息和网络规划等态势预测手段实现多普勒频移计算和预补偿技术,对星地多普勒频移进行粗补偿,并结合物理层波形采用的直接扩频序列特点,通过延迟锁定完成频移跟踪修正,保证卫星链路的高质量可靠连接,确保卫星物联网的高效可靠安全运行。

基于偏移角与欧式距离的声波驱动微粒控制算法

控制算法作为声波驱动微粒技术中的重要环节,极大影响着驱动任务的完成精度与速度.然而,目前的声波驱动微粒控制算法由于难以选择最佳的驱动声波,导致其控制精度较低且速度较慢.为了解决该问题,本文将声波驱动过程中微粒运动的偏移角与欧式距离相结合,设计了一种控制速度快、精度高的声波驱动微粒控制算法.该算法通过偏移角和微粒当前位置与目标位置的欧氏距离来计算驱动度并评估声波驱动效果的优劣,然后选择驱动效果最优的声波来驱动微粒.实验结果表明,本文算法在多种不同驱动任务上均能得到良好的控制速度与精度,尤其在较复杂的多微粒驱动任务上性能提升更为明显.

转炉氧枪射流融合距离的数值研究及工业应用

融合距离是研究多股射流特性的一个重要指标,不仅可以直接反应射流的偏移程度、射流刚性,也可以体现对熔池的搅拌程度。本研究在前人工作的基础上修正了融合距离的计算方法,通过CFD数轴模拟对修正后的融合距离进行了重新计算,确定了260 t转炉用氧枪在不同喷嘴倾角下的融合距离。结果发现:氧枪喷头夹角越大,射流融合距离越大。将融合距离与现场冶炼经验相结合,确定了喷孔夹角为16°的氧枪为最优方案,对应实际吹炼过程的化渣枪位为2.78 m。研究内容对现场吹炼化渣枪位的指导具有实际意义。

利用偏置校正的分数阶正则化水平集分割算法

针对待分割图像中含有强度不均匀性和噪声情况,传统水平集分割方法不能得到理想的分割结果且效率低、抗干扰能力弱等不足。为此,提出一种利用偏置校正的分数阶正则化水平集分割算法。该方法利用分数阶距离正则项惩罚水平集函数(level set function,LSF)与带符号符号距离函数之间的偏差,抑制LSF在平坦区域的急剧反向扩散,保证LSF平稳演化。采用(Grünwald-Letnikov,G-L)分数阶导数,设计了新的分数阶导数及其共轭覆盖模板并采用改进的边缘停止函数和偏置校正,用于驱动LSF演化曲线快速地接近目标边缘。将偏置校正和分数阶距离正则化相结合用水平集函数来定义得到了能量泛函最小化的数值解。实验结果表明,所提方法对图像分割效率和鲁棒性有明显的提升。