Status Quo and Application of North American Wisteria in Shijiazhuang

The introduction and planting of three cultivars of North American wisteria in Shijiazhuang were observed.By comparing the inflorescences of Chinese wisteria,Japanese wisteria and North American wisteria,it is concluded that North American wisteria has compact inflorescence,rich color and late flowering period,and can prolong the ornamental time of wisteria when collocating with Chinese wisteria and Japanese wisteria in landscape application.The application of North American wisteria in Chinese gardens can not only enrich the species diversity of the region,but also have positive significance for improving the landscape effect of the whole city.

Possible Impact of the Boreal Spring Antarctic Oscillation on the North American Summer Monsoon

This study examined the relationship between the boreal spring(April?May) Antarctic Oscillation(AAO) and the North American summer monsoon(NASM)(July?September) for the period of 1979?2008.The results show that these two systems are closely related.When the spring AAO was stronger than normal,the NASM tended to be weaker,and there was less rainfall over the monsoon region.The opposite NASM situation corresponded to a weaker spring AAO.Further analysis explored the possible mechanism for the delayed impact of the boreal spring AAO on the NASM.It was found that the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) plays an important role in the connection between the two phenomena.The variability of the boreal spring AAO can produce anomalous SSTs over the tropical Atlantic.These SST anomalies can persist from spring to summer and can influence the Bermuda High,affecting water vapor transportation to the monsoon region.Through these processes,the boreal spring AAO exerts a significantly delayed impact on the amount of NASM precipitation.Thus,information about the boreal spring AAO is valuable for the prediction of the NASM.

Construction and Characterization of a cDNA Expression Library for the North American Ginseng Root Tissues

The root of Panax ginseng plant undergoes a specific developmental process to become a biosynthesis and accumulation tissue for ginsenosides. To identify and analyze genes involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenoside, we constructed and characterized a full-length cDNA library for 6-year-old North American ginseng. The titer of primary cDNA library is 1.2 × 10^6 pfu/mL, the titer of amplified library is 2. 6 × 10^10 pfu/mL and the rate of recombinant is above 86%. The insert size ranges from 0. 3 to 2.0 kb. Sequencing results show that 18 of 58 genes are high homologous to the genes （GBRS, GBR3 and GBR1 ） known in GenBank, which are involved in biosynthesis of ginsenoside in North American ginseng plant; 16 of 58 genes are novel genes. The full-length cDNA library of North American ginseng root tissues is essential for the cloning of genes known and it is also an initial key for the screening and cloning of new genes.

Geologic field evidence for non-lithostatic overpressure recorded in the North American Cordillera hinterland,northeast Nevada

There is a long-standing discrepancy for numerous North American Cordillera metamorphic core complexes between geobarometric pressures recorded in the exhumed rocks and their apparent burial depths based on palinspastic reconstructions from geologic field data.In particular,metamorphic core complexes in eastern Nevada are comprised of well-documented~12-15 km thick Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic stratigraphy of Laurentia’s western passive margin,which allows for critical characterization of field relationships.In this contribution we focus on the Ruby Mountain-East Humboldt Range-Wood Hills-Pequop Mountains(REWP)metamorphic core complex of northeast Nevada to explore reported peak pressure estimates versus geologic field relationships that appear to prohibit deep burial.Relatively high pressure estimates of 6-8 kbar(23-30 km depth,if lithostatic)from the lower section of the Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic passive margin sequence require burial and or repetition of the passive margin sequence by 2-3×stratigraphic depths.Our observations from the least migmatized and/or mylonitized parts of this complex,including field observations,a transect of peak-temperature(T_(p))estimates,and critical evaluation of proposed thickening/burial mechanisms cannot account for such deep burial.From Neoproterozoic-Cambrian(€)rocks part of a continuous stratigraphic section that transitions~8 km upsection to unmetamorphosed Permian strata that were not buried,we obtained new quartz-in-garnet barometry via Raman analysis that suggest pressures of~7 kbar(~26 km).A T_(p)traverse starting at the same basal€rocks reveals a smooth but hot geothermal gradient of≥40℃/km that is inconsistent with deep burial.This observation is clearly at odds with thermal gradients implied by high P-T estimates that are all≤25℃/km.Remarkably similar discrepancies between pressure estimates and field observations have been discussed for the northern Snake Range metamorphic core complex,~200 km to the southeast.We argue that a possible reconciliation of longestablished field observations versus pressures estimated from a variety of barometry techniques is that the rocks experienced non-lithostatic tectonic overpressure.We illustrate how proposed mechanisms to structurally bury the rocks,as have been invoked to justify published high pressure estimates,are entirely atypical of the Cordillera hinterland and unlike structures interpreted from other analogous orogenic plateau hinterlands.Proposed overpressure mechanisms are relevant in the REWP,including impacts from deviatoric/differential stress considerations,tectonic mode switching,and the autoclave effect driven by dehydration melting.Simple mechanical arguments demonstrate how this overpressure could have been achieved.This study highlights that detailed field and structural restorations of the least strained rocks in an orogen are critical to evaluate the tectonic history of more deformed rocks.

Associations between the Autumn Arctic Sea Ice and North American Winter Precipitation

Associations between the autumn Arctic sea ice concentrations (SICs) and North American winter precipitation were examined using singular value decomposition. The results show that a reduced SIC in the majority of the Arctic is accompanied by dry conditions over the Great Plains, the southern United States, Mexico, eastern Alaska, and southeastern Greenland, and by wet conditions over the majority of Canada, the northeastern United States, and the majority of Greenland. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with the SIC variability show a wave train structure that is persistent from autumn to winter and is responsible for the covariability between the autumn Arctic SICs and North American winter precipitation. This relationship suggests a potential long-term outlook for the North American winter precipitation.

Technological Choice and Challenge in North AmericanGinseng Production

in recent years, there have been draniatic increases in the production of NorthAmerican ginseng around the tvorld. These increases and the expectation of their continuation havegiven rise to a need to critically evaluate all aspects of North American ginseng (Panar quinquefoliumL.) production. Employing a system approach, the production of North American ginseng can be di-vided into its principal components that include seed preparation and planting, growing environmentcreation and maintenance, plant health maintenance, harvest and post-harvest activities, and productprocessing. As competitive industry forces are beginning to result in increased global competition, itis prudent to carefully assess both the strengths and weaknesses of the North American ginseng pro-duction system. It is clear that the utilization of appropriate technology will be a key to future industrysuccesses and the continuity of successful economic development that is associated with the industry.It is recognized that careful technological choices and changes will be required to successfully facethe challenges of an ever increasingly competitive global ginseng marketplace.

Influence of the North American Dipole on ENSO onset as simulated by a coupled ocean-Atmosphere model

The North American Dipole(NAD)is a north-south seesaw pattern of sea level pressure anomalies over the western tropical North Atlantic and northeastern North America.Previous observational studies have demonstrated that the NAD can affect the outbreak of El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events.The present study analyzed the NAD-ENSO relationship as simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere model-namely,the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model,gridpoint version 2(FGOALS-g2).Results indicated that the model can replicate a distinct dipole comprised of a low over northeastern North America and a high over the western tropical North Atlantic,which is the signature feature of the NAD.Further analysis verified that the winter NAD can initiate the central equatorial Pacific warming in the subsequent winter by effectively forcing an anticyclonic flow and sea surface temperature(SST)warming over the northeastern subtropical Pacific(NESP)during late winter or early spring.In addition,the probability of an El Niño event was increased by a factor of 1.8 in the assimilation experiment with the NAD.By comparison,the winter Northern Atlantic Oscillation had no significant impact on the occurrence of ENSO a year later owing to its failure to induce the SST and surface wind anomalies over the NESP.

North American Association Put Manufacturers and Representatives Together

For more than half a centurymanufacturers in search of independentrepresentatives to sell their products innew markets and to establishrelationships with prospective customershave relied upon the services of theManufacturers’ Agents NationalAssociation (MANA).

Evaluation of summer drought ensemble prediction over the Yellow River basin

Accurately predicting drought a few months in advance is important for drought mitigation and agricultural and water resources management,especially for a river basin like that of the Yellow River in North China.However,summer drought predictability over the Yellow River basin is limited because of the low influence from ENSO and the large interannual variations of the East Asian summer monsoon.To explore the drought predictability from an ensemble prediction perspective,29-year seasonal hindcasts of soil moisture drought,taken directly from several North American multimodel ensemble(NMME)models with different ensemble sizes,were compared with those produced by combining bias-corrected NMME model predictions and variable infiltration capacity(VIC)land surface hydrological model simulations.It was found that the NMME/VIC approach reduced the root-mean-square error from the best NMME raw products by 48%for summer soil moisture drought prediction at the lead-1 season,and increased the correlation significantly.Within the NMME/VIC framework,the multimodel ensemble mean further reduced the error from the best single model by 6%.Compared with the NMME raw forecasts,NMME/VIC had a higher probabilistic drought forecasting skill in terms of a higher Brier skill score and better reliability and resolution of the ensemble.However,the performance of the multimodel grand ensemble was not necessarily better than any single model ensemble,suggesting the need to optimize the ensemble for a more skillful probabilistic drought forecast.

Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Fly Fire,an Elite Variety of Malus micromalus

Fly fire is an elite variety of North American Begonia（ Malus micromalus）,which is characterized with dark red flowers,red young leaves,red peel,red bark,large flower amount,long flowering period and long fruit bearing period. It is propagated mainly through grafting,and is suitable for popularization and application in the landscape of the Yangtze River basin and north of the Yangtze River.

North American Free Trade Area and World Economic Regional Integration

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Selection and quality assessment of Landsat data for the North American forest dynamics forest history maps of the US

Using the NASA Earth Exchange platform,the North American Forest Dynamics(NAFD)project mapped forest history wall-to-wall,annually for the contiguous US(1986–2010)using the Vegetation Change Tracker algorithm.As with any effort to identify real changes in remotely sensed time-series,data gaps,shifts in seasonality,misregistration,inconsistent radiometry and cloud contamination can be sources of error.We discuss the NAFD image selection and processing stream(NISPS)that was designed to minimize these sources of error.The NISPS image quality assessments highlighted issues with the Landsat archive and metadata including inadequate georegistration,unreliability of the pre-2009 L5 cloud cover assessments algorithm,missing growing-season imagery and paucity of clear views.Assessment maps of Landsat 5–7 image quantities and qualities are presented that offer novel perspectives on the growing-season archive considered for this study.Over 150,000+Landsat images were considered for the NAFD project.Optimally,one high quality cloud-free image in each year or a total of 12,152 images would be used.However,to accommodate data gaps and cloud/shadow contamination 23,338 images were needed.In 220 specific path-row image years no acceptable images were found resulting in data gaps in the annual national map products.