Paleomagnetic data from the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian rocks in eastern Tibet and their implications for tectonic evolution of the northern Qiangtang-Qamdo block

We report paleomagnetic results from the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian strata in eastern Tibet (China), and aim to clarify the tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of the northern Qiangtang-Qamdo block, which is the key to the study of plate boundary between the Gondwanaland and the Eurasia during the late Paleozoic. Two hundred and nineteen samples-including limestone, muddy siltstone, basalt, lava, and tuff-were collected at 24 sites in the Upper Carboniferous and Middle-Upper Permian successions. A systematic study of rock magnetism and paleomagnetism yields three reliable paleomagnetic pole positions. Both hematite and magnetite occurred in the Late Carboniferous limestone samples. The demagnetization curve shows a characteristic double-component, with the remanent magnetization (ChRM) exhibiting a positive polarity (negative inclination). In the Late Permian limestone, tuff, and basalt, magnetic information were recorded primarily in magnetite, although a small fraction of them was found in hematite in basalt. The demagnetization curve illustrates a double or single component, with the ChRM showing a negative polarity (positive inclination), which has passed the classic fold test successfully. The single polarity features of the ChRM directions of the Late Carboniferous and Middle-Late Permian rocks are respectively related to the Kiaman positive and reversed polarities under the stratigraphic coordinates. This, in turn, indicates that both ChRMs directions represent the original remanence directions. By comparison with the previously published paleomagnetic results from the late Paleozoic rocks in the northern Qiangtang Range, we suggest that: (1) Qamdo and northern Qiangtang block were independent of each other during the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian periods. The north Lancangjiang ocean basin between the two blocks may have closed before the Middle Permian and been involved in the continent-continent collision stage in the Late Permian-Early Triassic periods. (2) The northern Qiangtang-Qamdo Block paleogeographically was situated at low to intermediate latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere in the Late Carboniferous-Late Permian periods, and began to displace northward in the Early Triassic, with an amount of more than 5000 km northward transport from its current location.

ANISOTROPIC FEATURE OF QIANGTANG MASSIF TEXTURE

Qiangtang Massif is located in the hinterland of Qinghai—Tibet plateau, which belong to the mid\|east section of Tethys Tectonic Domain.1 Features of the whole texture and structure of Qiangtang massif By synthetic analysis of gravity,magnetic field,MT,seismic surveying,etc. Geophysical data, the massif, lied in the tectonic setting and geodynamic setting mingled by the south,north tectonic belts, have the features of massif,basin and tectonic belt three forming an organic whole,multi\|degree coupling in plane and section with division of region in south\|north trend,division of block\|fault in east\|west trend,division of sphere\|layer in vertical direction. (1) Belting in south\|north trend: Qiangtang massif could be divided into four units from north to south, that is north edge doming zone, west part doming area,Qiangtang Basin and south edge doming zone. Qiangtang Basin also can be divided into four tectonic units—north Qiangtang down\|warping region, middle downing zone, south Qiangtang down\|warping and east part slope region. The near east\|west trend tectonic zones are well developed. There is aero\|magnetic anomaly distributed in belting with east\|west trend but also concentrated in section. Gravity anomaly is high in the south\|west part and low in the northeast part. Inter\|crust low resistance layer alternately distributed with high and low belting of sou th\|north trend in plane.

青海南部二叠纪大地构造背景及其构造演化研究

青海南部所在的羌北—昌都地块处于冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆之间,构造归属仍尚存在不同认识。本文通过二叠系以下几方面论述了羌北—昌都地块的构造背景。虫筳类以及珊瑚、腕足类生物组合的研究表明,青海南部整个二叠纪都为暖水的特提斯型动物群,未见冷温型生物,以及二者交替或混生的现象,与特提斯相始终表现出更多的相似性,具亲扬子性的特点,古生物地理区系归属华夏特提斯区华南亚区。羌北—昌都地块北部边界中的硅质岩地球化学特征揭示出其沉积环境靠近陆块,为被动大陆边缘上形成的陆间洋盆环境,间接地表明羌北—昌都盆地具陆壳结构;二叠纪砂岩、粉砂岩地球化学分析显示出早、中二叠世物源区构造背景为裂谷型,晚二叠世为岛弧型;火山岩具有高Ti和低Ti两种特点,但均具板内碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征,形成于陆块边缘拉张带(初始裂谷),同时高的TiO2含量显示出亲扬子板块的特点。火山岩铅同位素V1、V2值投影点落入扬子铅同位素省区域。综合上述研究表明,羌北—昌都地块在二叠纪时期为具陆壳结构的裂陷盆地,且始终位于特提斯区,属于泛华夏大陆群或扬子板块,构成特提斯多岛洋体系的一部分。晚古生代羌北—昌都地块经历了裂解—扩张—闭合的构造演化阶段。泥盆纪为裂谷作用萌生阶段,石炭纪为裂谷初成阶段,二叠纪为裂谷成熟阶段,早二叠世晚期"泛裂谷化"达到鼎盛期,火山活动强,形成岛海相间的古地理格局,晚二叠世昌都地块进入裂谷闭合回返阶段,乌丽群顶部的角度不整合宣告了本演化阶段的终结。

澜沧江河流沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

为研究澜沧江沉积物的物质来源及相邻地块的地壳生长和演化规律,利用LA-MC-ICP-MS分析技术,对澜沧江河流沉积物碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究。结果表明：锆石U-Pb年龄主要有5个年龄段,分别是〈177 Ma、201-418 Ma、428-544 Ma、581-1 189 Ma和1 406-2 533 Ma,主要峰值为260 Ma、788 Ma、1 827 Ma和2 474 Ma。其年龄分布特征与北羌塘地块的年龄分布非常一致,说明澜沧江沉积物主要来源于北羌塘地块;结合Hf同位素分析结果,能够反映源区北羌塘地块的形成与演化历史。新太古代—中元古代是北羌塘地块从亏损地幔物质增生的地壳持续生长阶段,它们构成现今北羌塘地块全部地壳物质的78%以上,此后直到0.64 Ga,北羌塘地块的地壳增生作用基本结束。

青海南部杂多地区新建扎青组的地层层序及地质意义

在青藏高原北羌塘盆地青海南部,青海省杂多县扎青乡地区的然者涌一带,发现以基性火山熔岩为主夹有中基性火山碎屑岩,具大陆板内裂谷拉斑玄武岩喷发特点的一套火山地层。该地层底部角度不整合接触覆盖在早中二叠世开心岭群诺日巴尕日保组、九十道班组之上,其上被晚三叠世结扎群甲丕拉组角度不整合覆盖。主要岩性为灰绿—灰紫色橄榄玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武粗安岩及流纹岩、中基性火山角砾岩、角砾凝灰岩夹少量流纹岩和紫红色岩屑砂岩及细砾岩,其特征与峨眉山低钛玄武岩相似,具陆相喷发-沉积特征。区域对比在北羌塘地区具有独特地层特征,可与四川峨眉山玄武岩地层进行对比。而区域上该地区晚二叠世主要为一套海陆交互相含煤碎屑岩建造,未发现陆相火山岩出露,本文建立正式地层单位扎青组,以供参考,其时代暂归晚二叠—早三叠世。

北羌塘地块上石炭统瓦垄山组的珊瑚化石

西藏北羌塘地块目前有明确化石记录的石炭系地层为瓦垄山组,瓦垄山组中?类化石已有报道(程立人等,2006,2007;武桂春等,2009),然而对珊瑚化石没有图版报道。本次将简要报道该组的珊瑚化石情况。瓦垄山组建组剖面位于热觉茶卡西侧,剖面起点坐标:N 33°41.540′,E 86°39.181′,海拔高度:5044m。

青藏高原的核心来自南半球冈瓦纳大陆

羌塘与拉萨地块处于青藏高原的核心位置。青藏高原北羌塘及拉萨地块的年代学及古地磁学研究表明,北羌塘地块在距今约3亿年前位于南半球(21.9o±4.7oS)冈瓦纳大陆附近,因而不支持北羌塘地块来自北方劳亚大陆。北羌塘随后开始其持续的北向漂移过程,在约2.1亿年前到达当前纬度位置(34oN),形象地表明其是一只"冈瓦纳大陆的早飞鸟"。拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆裂离后的漂移演化史则与北羌塘地块差别明显。自晚古生代—中生代(石炭纪—三叠纪)拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂离后,其运动学演化过程更显得"犹豫不决"。最新的古地磁研究表明拉萨地块自冈瓦纳大陆裂离后并未显示出明显的快速北向漂移趋势,而是呈现出较为慢速的漂移,直到距今约1.8亿年前(早侏罗世)到达位于南半球赤道附近(3.7o±3.4oS),随后与北面的羌塘地块在晚侏罗世首先从东部发生碰撞,随后于早白垩世时期两个地块完成拼贴。之后的印度次大陆快速向北漂移并在早新生代(距今6 500万年前)发生印度-亚洲大陆碰撞,继而对新生代时期欧亚大陆地形地貌格局产生了深远影响。