南美北部前陆盆地重油成藏特征及勘探前景

在分析南美北部前陆盆地重油成藏特征的基础上，总结各盆地重油成藏的主控因素，探讨其勘探前景。南美北部前陆盆地重油的烃源岩为上白垩统浅海相泥岩，储层为白垩系和第三系浅海三角洲相砂岩。重油成藏具有平面上呈带状分布、生烃条件优越、主要储层单一、埋藏较浅、运移距离长、以非构造油藏为主和稠变作用强的特征。重油成藏在宏观上受烃源岩、构造背景和稠变作用的控制。各盆地的主控因素又稍有不同：EV盆地的成藏主控因素为运移通道和中新统砂岩的分布；LB盆地为渐新统砂岩和局部盖层的分布；POM盆地为上白垩统砂岩和区域性盖层的分布。研究认为，南美北部前陆盆地的重油成藏条件有利、资源丰富、勘探潜力巨大。对于未来的重油勘探，以LB盆地的勘探潜力最大，EV和POM盆地次之；以第三系为主要勘探层系；以前陆斜坡带深度范围为61～2 667 m的构造地层圈闭为主要勘探目标。

Antimicrobial Effectiveness on Selected Bacterial Species and Alkaloid and Saponin Content of <i>Rosa nutkana</i>C. Presl (Nootka Rose) and <i>Urtica dioica</i>L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts

Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana C. Presl) and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) have been traditionally used in the treatment of skin infection by Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The main objective of this study was to examine the antibacterial efficacy of extracts of Nootka rose and stinging nettle against the common pathogenic skin bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Indigenous science and standard methods of analysis. The Indigenous science method of plant extraction by steeping as advised by the Traditional Knowledge keeper was performed to examine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) by serial dilution and bacterial population counts. Soxhlet extractions and Kirby Bauer disc sensitivity testing showed that Nootka rose extracts possessed antibacterial effectiveness against all three bacterial species while stinging nettle extracts were effective against M. luteus. Results for MIC and MBC indicated antibacterial activity against M. luteus and S. aureus for the Nootka rose when using full-strength solutions;all three bacterial species exhibited growth when undiluted stinging nettle treatments were used. When considering bacterial population counts for S. aureus, results indicated that only the Nootka rose treatment offered effective inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that alkaloid percentage was greater in the stinging nettle (0.17%) than Nootka rose (0.07%), while saponin percentage was greater in the Nootka rose (0.87%) than stinging nettle (0.17%). Overall, Nootka rose showed a greater level of antibacterial effectiveness than stinging nettle by Indigenous and Western scientific methods of plant extract preparation.

《旧金山对日和约》的签订及其影响

二战结束以后,随着国际形势的变化,美国的对日政策也发生了重大调整,由限制日本发展成为扶植日本,力图使其成为美国在亚洲的代言人。正是出于这一目的,在美国的一手策划下,美日等国签订了片面媾和条约——《旧金山对日和约》。它严重地损害了中国的利益,并对历史观、北方四岛以及战后日本国际地位的提高等问题产生了不良影响。

重商主义与美国立国之关系浅析

美国的独立是北美殖民地重商主义经济发展的必然结果。北美殖民地经济的发展在一定程度上对母国的经济产生了威胁,由此导致了七年战争后英国对殖民地经济与政治政策的转变,而这一转变又直接导致殖民地上层人士对英国的不满,而英国政府政策的失误则直接导致了北美殖民地与母国的分道扬镳。

三清山种子植物东亚-北美地理成分比较研究

在野外调查和分类处理的基础上,对三清山种子植物的东亚-北美地理成分进行区系分析,并与中国七大地理区的山地进行比较研究。结果表明：三清山种子植物的东亚-北美间断分布有75属,隶属于43科,含157种（含种下等级）,分别占三清山种子植物总数的9.28%、26.71%、8.55%;占中国种子植物该分布类型总属数的61.98%。区系组成丰富,以少种属（含1~5种）为优势,占总属数90.67%。木本植物主要集中分布于东亚,草本植物北美稍多。垂直梯度变化上呈现＂上下低,中间高＂的分布式样。与华东、华中山地植物区系亲缘关系最密切,与西北山地植物区系最疏远。该成分分布主要集中于南岭以北,秦岭以南,大巴山（或巫山、雪峰山）以东,三清山是中国东亚-北美间断分布中心之一。

美国与北约东扩

北约是美国主导的西方最主要的政治军事组织。冷战结束后,北约非但没有消失,而且不断对其战略、结构和任务进行调整。不仅如此,为了实现其长远的战略目标,北约先后两次进行东扩。在这个过程中,美国始终扮演着极其重要的角色。北约东扩不但使自身的势力范围得以扩大,同时也使美国的势力获得极大拓展,这为美国实现其全球战略提供了重要条件。

美国与北爱和平进程的历史考察

北爱问题实际上与美国关系密切,通过对爱裔美国移民和美国政府两个层面的考察,着重分析克林顿政府以来美国对北爱政策的转变过程及其产生的深刻影响,试为理解纷繁复杂的北爱问题提供一个新的视角。

漂泊心灵——北美华文女作家笔下的漂泊性及其殊异

漂泊一直是文学源源不绝的题材。古往今来传世的作品,全是探讨心灵、漂泊与依归的问题。百年中国现代化,是革新与传统的拉锯与涵化,知识界先留学日本,后赴欧美俄。台港澳之中的菁英花果飘零。特别是女作家的漂流情怀,为了家中的男性———父夫子而迁徙流离。不论对文学生命的助益或斫伤,实无逃于漂泊经验。交通通讯网络和翻译的一日千里,让世界缩小,各洲解除距离,联系及外移与日俱增,表面休戚与共之全球化已渐成型,除了政教和族群边缘化等因素待解外,文学的漂泊性可渐消失。

北美地区沥青混合料离析问题研究概述

主要介绍了北美地区沥青混合料离析的一些研究成果,详细叙述了离析对沥青混合料性能的影响,重点分析了路面离析的各种无损检测方法的适用范围和优缺点,并指出各地区应根据这些优缺点选择合适的检测方法,有效地检测沥青混合料离析现象,从而提高沥青混凝土路面质量。

北美地区页岩储层特征分析

页岩本身既是生油层又是储层。本文对美国几个著名页岩气产区的页岩进行了对比分析,对页岩岩性特征(岩性、矿物组成、化石种类含量、碳含量)、储集空间特征、物性特征方面做了简要介绍。并简要介绍了国外此类研究所采用的先进技术,简要分析了当前中国国内勘探页岩气的现状,希望能在今后中国勘探页岩气的道路上给予一定的参考。

城市设计教育:北美经验解析及中国的路径选择

北美城市设计无论在理论、实践还是教育方面对中国城市设计的兴起与发展都影响巨大。本文回顾了北美高校城市设计硕士培养的缘起与现状,以典型的城市设计教育案例为样本,分析了建筑学背景下不同培养模式的现状,并以加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学为例比较分析了新出现的"分散型"培养模式。最后,论文基于对中国城市设计若干问题的理解,提出中国城市设计教育的路径选择。

无边的迁徙——论《一代飞鸿》的写作主题

《一代飞鸿》的出版,意味着北美中国大陆新移民作家集体亮相。该集共收录了短篇小说44篇,大致分为五类主题:生存困境、异族交往、同胞互看、故国回望和子女教育。这些作品记录了新移民生活,同时也折射出这群作家迁居他乡过程中五味杂陈的复杂心态。梳理《一代飞鸿》的写作主题,有助于了解北美新移民作家的创作特点和趋向。

A stratigraphical-geochemical study on the Chaco Paraná continental rift basin—An approach study based on regional sedimentology and drill-hole core analyses, South América

This paper is focused on a geologic “regional rift basin system pattern” and its stratigraphical-geochemical relationship. This is mainly based on the littoral shallow marine sedimentary succession paleogeography and deposits. These successions characterize the large extensional intracratonic Chaco Paraná Basin rift system. The basin is located in South America west of the Brazilian Shield. The analyzed rift basin system evolved from the Upper Cretaceous (Late Campanian-Senonian-Maastrichtian-Early Paleocene) to Quaternary time. The siliciclastic littoral shallow marine successions were deposited from Early Senonian-Maastrichtian to Late Miocene during three main successive littoral shallow marine transgressions of continental extension.; These transgressions happened over the wide pediplanized terrains of South America. These lands exist west of the more positive areas, between the Brazilian Shield and the foreland massifs that were settled in the more westernwards areas. Later, these regional foreland massifs were coupled and raised to the Andean Orogen Belt during the last 5 million years.; The extensive intracratonic pediplanized low topographic relief areas were the reservoirs of siliciclastic littoral shallow marine succession deposits during the three successive widespread vast continental littoral shallow marine transgressions.; The first transgression began at the Latest Campanian-Senonian and/or Early Maastrichtian time. After this episode, the sedimentary depositional systems continued during the Cenozoic until the Latest Miocene. These successions constitute a major allostratigraphic unit. The limit with underlying units is the regional unconformity between the regional volcanic event (Jurassic-Cretacic and interleaved eolianite sandstones) at the base and the undifferentiated Quaternary sediments (called as the Pampeano and Post-Pampeano Formations sensu lato). Based on many facies analyses there had been checked out different levels in the eustatic sea level variations within the allostratigraphic unit.; Three major stages of extensional climax were recognized and related to the stages of conspicuous eustatical sea-level variations. They happened during the Latest Senonian-Paleocene, Eocene and Miocene.; The first transgression occurred during the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene although the sedimentary deposits related to this event are scarce, which are only a few meters in thickness. However, the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene succession is very well recognized in the actual pre-Andean zone in the north-west of Argentina and Bolivia (the Sierras Subandinas and the meridional imbricated fault systems just joint to the actual orogen, i.e., Quebrada de Humahuaca outcrops).; During the Eocene and Middle to Latest Miocene occurred the second and third extensive regional littoral shallow marine transgressions. They are present either in well log registers as in most widespread outcrops on the entire Southamerican continent.; The regional analysis led to the deduction of long periods of tectonic quiescence, at least three of them. They may be inferred and synchronously related with eustatic highstand sea level variations that occurred during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene, Latest Eocene-Early to Mid Oligocene and Middle-to-Late Oligocene-Early Miocene.; The structural style is related with major extensional N-S strike faultings (regional tilted and faulting blocks). On the other hand, quite a number of strike-slip faults (mainly of regional characteristic) are present crossing the area. They have a clear influence on the accommodation and transfer zones of the rift basin system. The strike is north-west to south-east on the border of the basin, to the west, in the contact with the Pampean Ridges and the narrow-meridionally-extense Sub-Andean folded trend (mainly Paleozoic units belonging to the so-called Sierras Subandinas geological province). Also, at the western edge of thestudied area, there exist many large shear zones and upthrust faults. The strike-slip regional faults dislocated the Pampean and Sub-Andean blocks due to the interaction of crossing regional tilted and fault blocks. For this reason, an en echelon regional block model is characteristic. Incipient contaminated igneous activities were associated with this cortical weak zones.; Domes, needles and necks of volcanic and sub-volcanic origin appear as the landscape of the region. A part of the igneous activity was dated on Latest Pliocene although mainly corresponding to Pleistocene and Holocene. This deduction is obvious because their morphological constitution was never eroded. The volcanic aparatous are morphologically unmodified from their extrusion to present days.; All the studied successions seem to resemble a long persisting erosive, transportation and deposition episode. This phenomenon is linked to a large regional (continental) unconformity dated at Late Cretaceous. The entire analyzed sedimentary succession deposits and their siliciclastic facies associations correspond clearly to a “heterolithic facies succession” which is very common within persisting tide-dominated depositional systems (passive margins). In fact, this is what happened during Cenozoic times (Torra, 1998b, 2001a). The heterolithic Miocene facies deposits constitute one of the best continental exposed examples.; Paleogeographical evidence showed that the Paranense and Amazonic Sea transgressions had been a littoral shallow marine connection during long time from Middle to Late Miocene. During the Late Cretaceous and Eocene periods marine connections were also active in the region. This fact is strongly supported by the tectonic and geomorphological framework of the proto-Southamerican continent, fossil remains and similar sedimentary deposits.; The geochemical results showed an outstanding similarity among the three sandy-muddy successions herein studied. Both major and trace elements always show the same geochemical patterns. Specially mentioned are the elements gallium, cesium, chromium, barium, vanadium, thorium, zirconium, rubidium and strontium because they present very constant values through all successions.; The Paranense and Amazonic epicontinental seas had been connected to the Pacific Ocean during the three marine episodes. The connections were formed by narrow inter-mountain valleys, present in the pre-Andean foreland massifs. These events occurred prior to the main orogenesis elevation of the Andean orogen belt in the last 5 to 1 Ma (Pliocene-Latest Pleistocene).; This paper shows, for the first time, a synthetic stratigraphical-geochemical “regional model” for the Chaco Paraná Basin rift system which should be largely improved in later studies. The Chaco Paraná Basin carries many unexamined-unexplored natural resources which need more regional and local studies for their evaluation. This is in spite of the area that has the problem of a significative vegetation coberture and scarce good outcrops. The development of modern techniques of data acquisition will help to overcome these difficulties.

德雷克海峡打开与构造古海洋古气候演变

德雷克海峡的打开受到南美南部和南极半岛北部板块运动与构造演化影响,并导致南极绕极流和现今大洋环流模式最终形成,是理解新生代全球变化的关键因素之一。前人通过古大陆重建与古海洋学相关方法研究德雷克海峡打开与南极绕极流形成过程,本文总结了前人研究成果,并综合南极半岛北部与南美南部新生代构造演化和全球大洋底栖有孔虫δ^(18) O、δ^(13) C、全球深海溶解氧含量、大气CO_(2)浓度、全球大洋生产力变化等数据,提出40~35、30~25和20~18 Ma 3期德雷克海峡打开与南极绕极流加强的关键阶段。这3期事件发生于南极半岛北部与南美南部的关键构造演化阶段,其中后两个阶段发生在大西洋经向翻转流形成之后,对应全球大洋底栖有孔虫δ^(13) C低值、大气CO_(2)浓度低值、深海溶解氧低值、南大洋高生产力和赤道海区低生产力阶段。据此,我们提出南极半岛北部与南美南部相关构造事件导致南极绕极流增强,并主导了这些时期的古海洋与古气候变化,这一认识有助于厘清德雷克海峡演化的重要阶段及其对全球变化的影响。

北美医学生临床经历的现状和启示

此研究主要基于《21世纪初医学教育概况——来自北美130所院校报告》中临床经历（Clinicalexperience）部分进行分析，同时结合文献资料，介绍了北美主流医学教育的总体概况。最后联系同内临床实习教学的情况，提出对我闰医学教育的思考和启发。

冬季全球大气季节内振荡的特征分析

利用欧洲中期数值天气预报中心的ERA-40逐日再分析资料,计算得到350 K等熵面上45年冬季气候平均位势高度场,再利用Butterworth滤波器得到等熵面上位势高度30～60 d低频波.应用经验正交分解(EOF)对冬季350 K等熵面上的低频位势高度场进行时空分析,结果表明:在第1主分量场上,空间分布特征最明显的是南极涛动(AAO)、北极涛动(AO)、北美-太平洋涛动(PNA)以及经向偶极型低频变化.这种空间分布形式说明在350 K等熵面上南北半球间通过太平洋地区的经向低频波列传播,使得AAO与AO相互影响,相互作用.第2主分量场上,空间分布特征则表现出全球经向和纬向上的低频波列特征,以及南北半球在大西洋地区的相互作用.将EOF分解得到的前2个主分量场的时间系数投影到1957—2002年冬季的时间序列中,发现冬季全球大气低频振荡在20世纪70年代末80年代初发生了明显的年代际突变,并在80年代末以后逐渐加强.说明在80年代末以后冬季南北半球的低频变化相互作用有所加强,也说明太平洋,大西洋上的经向传播特征更为明显.

俄国“大北方探险”的帝国叙事

“大北方探险”是俄罗斯帝国历史上规模最大、历时最长、最具雄心的一次探险活动。探险队横跨欧亚美三洲,取得三项主要成果:加强对西伯利亚的认识和开发,一定程度上完成了从征服到统治的转折;发现日本,为扩大经略远东、建立太平洋基地准备了前提;发现阿拉斯加,为殖民美洲打下基础。贸易与征服、地图的绘制与保密、科学知识的生产、移民迁徙是大北方探险作用于俄帝国的四种主要进路,一定程度上有助于俄国摆脱地缘政治和经济困境。通过探险,俄国巩固了欧亚大陆一体化,初步实现了太平洋世界一体化,在此基础上强化了陆海权复合帝国的特性。大北方探险是俄国利益和目标不断更新和叠加而对帝国地缘战略提出更高更新要求的产物,也正是探险造就的丰富遗产助力俄国建立起强大的帝国网络。