Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating land-scape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tip-ping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time （MIT） from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.

Simulation of the Accumulation Process of Biogenic Gas Hydrates in the Shenhu Area of Northern South China Sea

Previous work has largely discussed the relations between sediment structures and accumulation of gas hydrates in the Shenhu area of South China Sea, but has not documented why the gas hydrates occurred at the seafloor topographic highs. Many gas hydrate exploration examples abroad also indicate that the saturation of gas hydrates was higher at seafloor topographic highs. This work aims to understand why gas hydrates accumulated at topographic highs and why their saturation is higher.

Brief Study on Application of New Indoor Lawn in Northern Areas of China

At present,the development and function research of lawn has become diversified,and the application of lawn has been extended from outdoor to indoor environment. The indoor lawn has functions of absorbing toxic and harmful gases,releasing oxygen,increasing air humidity and regulating temperature. It can effectively improve the indoor air quality of northern areas,purify and beautify the home environment.This paper elaborated the purpose and significance of the application of new indoor lawn,the establishment methods of the indoor lawn,and the application design of the indoor lawn landscape.

The Relationship between Tectonic Subsidence and BSR of Upper Neogene in the Deep-Water Area of the Northern Continental Slope, South China Sea

BSR （Bottom Simulating Reflector） occurs widely in the strata since the late Miocene in the deep-water area of the northern continental slope of South China Sea （SCS）. It is an important seismic reference mark which identifies the gas hydrate and its distribution influenced by the tectonic movements. Single-point basin modeling was conducted using 473 points in the study area. To discuss the relationships between the tectonic subsidence and BSR, the volume and rate of tectonic subsidence in each geological time have been simulated. The results show that there are three tectonic accelerate subsidence processes in the study area since the late Miocene, especially since 1.8Ma the tectonic subsidence accelerates more apparently. Since the Late Miocene to Pleistocene, the rate of tectonic subsidence in deep-water underwent a transformation from weak to strong. The ratio of tectonic subsidence to the total subsidence was relatively high （65-70%）. Through the superposition of the BSR developed areas and the contours of tectonic subsidence in this area, it was discovered that more than 80% of BSR tend to be distributed at the slope break or depression-uplift structural transfer zone and the average tectonic subsidence rate ranges from 70 m/Ma to 125 m/Ma.

Types,Characteristics and Significances of Migrating Pathways of Gas-bearing Fluids in the Shenhu Area,Northern Continental Slope of the South China Sea

The first marine gas hydrate expedition in China has been conducted by Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey in the Shenhu Area, northern continental slope of the South China Sea. Previous study has analyzed the P-T conditions, geophysical anomalies and saturation calculations of these gas hydrates, but has not documented in detail the migration of gas-bearing fluids in the study area. Based on the interpretations of 2D/3D seismic data, this work identified two types of migration pathways for gas-bearing fluids in the Shenhu area, i.e., vertical and lateral pathways. The vertical pathways（largescale faults, gas chimneys and mud diapirs） presented as steep seismic reflection anomalies, which could be traced downward to the Eocene source rocks and may penetrate into the Late Miocene strata. The deeper gases/fluids might be allowed migrating into the shallower strata through these vertical conduits. However, the distributions showed distinct differences between these pathways. Large-scale faults developed only in the north and northeast of the Shenhu area, while in the drilling area gas chimneys were the sole vertical migration pathways. Since the Pliocene, normal faults, detachment faults and favorable sediments have constituted the lateral pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area. Although these lateral pathways were connected with gas chimneys, they exerted different effects on hydrate formation and accumulation. Gas-bearing fluids migrated upward along gas chimneys might further migrate laterally because of the normal faults, thereby enlarging the range of the chimneys. Linking gas chimneys with the seafloor, the detachment faults might act as conduits for escaping gases/fluids. Re-deposited sediments developed at the early stage of the Quaternary were located within the gas hydrate stability zone, so hydrates would be enriched in these favorable sediments. Compared with the migration pathways（large-scale faults and mud diapirs） in the LW3-1 deep-sea oil/gas field, the migration efficiency of the vertical pathways（composed of gas chimneys） in the gas hydrate drilling area might be relatively low. Description and qualitative discrimination of migration pathways in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area are helpful to further understand the relationship between good-quality deep source rocks and shallow, mainly biogenicallyproduced, hydrates. As the main source rocks of the Baiyun sag, lacustrine mudstones in the Wenchang and Enping Formations may provide thermogenic methane. Gas chimneys with relatively low migration efficiency created the vertical pathways. Caused by the Dongsha tectonic movement, the release of overpressured fluids might reduce the vertical migration rates of the thermogenic methane. The thick bathyal/abyssal fine-grained sediments since the Late Miocene provided migration media with low permeability. These preconditions may cause carbon isotopic fractionation ofthermogenic methane during long-distance vertical migrations. Therefore, although geochemical analyses indicate that the methane forming gas hydrate in the Shenhu area was mainly produced biogenically, or was mixed methane primarily of microbial origin, thermogenic methane still contribute significantly.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

Petroleum geology controlled by extensive detachment thinning of continental margin crust: A case study of Baiyun sag in the deep-water area of northern South China Sea

The relationships between crustal stretching and thinning,basin structure and petroleum geology in Baiyun deep-water area were analyzed using large area 3D seismic,gravity,magnetic,ocean bottom seismic(OBS),deep-water exploration wells and integrated ocean drilling program(IODP).During the early syn-rifting period,deep-water area was a half-graben controlled by high angle faults influenced by the brittle extension of upper crust.In the mid syn-rifting period,this area was a broad-deep fault depression controlled by detachment faults undergone brittle-ductile deformation and differentiated extension in the crust.In the late syn-rifting period,this area experienced fault-sag transition due to saucer-shaped rheology change dominated by crustal ductile deformation.A broad-deep fault depression controlled by the large detachment faults penetrating through the crust is an important feature of deep-water basin.The study suggests that the broad-deep Baiyun sag provides great accommodation space for the development of massive deltaic-lacustrine deposition system and hydrocarbon source rocks.The differentiated lithospheric thinning also resulted in the different thermal subsidence during post-rifting period,and then controlled the development of continental shelf break and deep-water reservoir sedimentary environment.The high heat flow background caused by the strong thinning of lithosphere and the rise of mantle source resulted in particularities in the reservoir diagenesis,hydrocarbon generation process and accumulation of deep-water area in northern South China Sea.

中国北方草地生态系统服务评估

北方草地是我国天然草地主体部分,其生态功能对提升生态系统稳定性、保障国家生态安全具有重要的作用。在北方草地生态功能分区基础上,开展2011—2015年不同功能区内防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态功能评估,探明其现状和空间格局,为北方草地生态功能分区研究提供评估数据,也为推进草地生态系统保护与修复工作提供科技支撑。结果表明:(1)北方草地防风固沙能力为32.44 t hm^(-2) a^(-1),防风固沙量为89.22亿t/a。半干旱草原区防风固沙能力和固沙量最大,分别为68.76 t hm^(-2) a^(-1)和29.16亿t/a,其固沙量占北方草地固沙总量的32.68%。(2)北方草地土壤保持能力为124.5 t hm^(-2) a^(-1),土壤保持量为243.59亿t/a。土壤保持功能的空间异质性较大,暖性灌草丛区土壤保持能力最大,为431.52 t hm^(-2) a^(-1);高寒草甸区土壤保持量最多,为105.36亿t/a,占北方草地土壤保持总量的43.19%。(3)北方草地水源涵养能力为93.03 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1),水源涵养量为288.98亿m^(3)/a。高寒草甸区和高寒草原区水源涵养能力较大,分别为211.09 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1)和118.04 m^(3) hm^(-2) a^(-1)。两个区域的水源涵养量也较多,分别为125.36亿m^(3)/a和72.13亿m^(3)/a,合占北方草地水源涵养总量的68.34%。整体上,北方半干旱草原区、暖性灌草丛区、高寒草甸区和高寒草原区对发挥我国草地防风固沙、土壤保持、水源涵养等生态多功能效益、提升生态系统服务和稳定性具有极其重要的作用。

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探新认识及攻关方向

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区已成为我国海洋油气勘探增储上产的重要领域,但由于构造演化史复杂,该区不同凹陷的沉积—构造特征、烃源岩生烃—储层成岩演化和成藏模式均存在明显差异。为准确认识该区油气勘探潜力和方向,基于前人研究成果和勘探实践,在综合分析烃源岩、储层、差异成藏等地质条件的基础上,剖析了南海北部陆缘盆地深水区成藏特征、油气勘探作业面临的挑战,并指出了下一步油气攻关研究方向。研究结果表明:①受地壳拆离作用及强烈薄化影响,该区地层沉积特征特殊,岩石地球物理性质多样;②软流圈差异抬升形成深水区独特的高热流背景,促使区域性湖相、煤型及叠合型等3类烃源灶快速、高强度生烃,生烃门限变浅;③深水盆地群的演化和成盆规模差异大,构造演化控制了盆地几何形态和储集体时空展布,深水区独特的板块构造位置、复杂的构造演化史、温压变化剧烈的地质特征等控制了油气成藏模式。结论认为:①该区油气勘探面临地震资料解析度低、规模有效储层预测困难、勘探成本高等技术与经济的双重挑战;②需要创新形成高地温背景下优质储层差异化分布规律的研究思路;③亟需提升勘探设备能力建设,攻关高效地震采集、“重磁电震”地球物理一体化采集处理、双井架钻探作业、多井段“一趟钻”等勘探关键技术,为我国海洋深水油气勘探开发的高质量发展做好理论和技术支撑。

深水中大型气田滚动勘探技术体系与成效——以琼东南盆地中央峡谷A边际气田为例

为了促进琼东南盆地中央峡谷深水A边际气田开发,引入目标搜索研究、目标评价研究、目标钻探研究等完整气田滚动勘探技术体系。A边际气田目标搜索除利用传统的区带油气潜力目标搜索技术外,提出评价过程目标搜索技术,共搜索了5个油气潜力区块,并优选A4构造进行油气目标评价。从圈闭解释与落实、圈闭烃类检测两方面对A4构造油气成藏主控因素开展研究。A4构造中部预测优势含气区具有强振幅属性、低密度、低速度、低纵波阻抗、低纵横波速度比等有利含气信息特征,总体为Ⅲ类AVO异常,且能够升级HL_0气组控制天然气地质储量,部署滚动探井A4-1井实施钻探,在黄流组钻遇气层超20 m,莺歌海组二段钻遇可疑气层近10 m,获得天然气探明地质储量近30亿立方米,钻探效果好。滚动勘探研究在深水A边际气田的应用,不仅有效地促进了A边际气田后续滚动勘探活动,而且证实了滚动勘探同样适用于深水油气勘探。

14种园林绿化植物的叶面积测量及经验模型构建

【目的】本文旨在探索快速且准确测定植物叶面积的有效方法。【方法】本试验以中国北方常用的14种园林绿化植物为材料,采用5种不同方法测定其叶面积,并将叶长、叶宽等叶片参数与叶面积进行回归分析,确定系数回归法中叶面积换算的最佳叶片参数,以期为生产和科研提供参考依据和方法。【结果】叶面积仪法、方格计数法、复印纸称重法和数字图像法所获得的叶面积数据之间均存在显著的线性相关关系(P <0.01),数字图像法是叶面积测量中最稳定的一种方法。14种植物的叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶宽、叶长/叶宽差异均较显著(P <0.01)。14种植物的平均叶面积、叶周长、叶长、叶宽、叶长/叶宽分别为1.11~20.62 cm2、4.43~22.33 cm、1.47~7.90cm、1.02~4.76 cm、1.11~2.89。【结论】叶长和叶宽的乘积与叶面积拟合的线性关系(A=0.72L·W+0.37)和幂指数关系(A=0.78(L·W)^(0.97))最好,均达到显著相关性(P <0.01),在实践中这两个方程均可作为测算14个树种叶面积的回归方程。

Analysis on Peasants' Diet Condition and Food Safety Awareness in Northern Jiangsu——From the Perspective of Economics

Taking three counties in northern Jiangsu (Suining,Ganyu and Sihong) as the respondents,the economic principles of food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu are described from three aspects which are information asymmetry,food supply and food safety issue and food consumption and food safety issue.From the two aspects-adverse selection of consumers and opportunistic behavior of producers,the paper introduces the influence of food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu.Based on the above analysis,economic theories for solving food safety issues of rural areas in northern Jiangsu are put forward:First,improve consumers' knowledge of food safety;Second,normalize the behavior of main bodies of production and management;Third,improve the current situation of information asymmetry of food safety;Fourth,accelerate economic construction of rural areas in northern Jiangsu,practically increase peasant income and living standard.

北方旱寒区甘蓝型冬油菜产量、品质及抗倒性的分析评价

2018—2019年,以34个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为试验材料,对其产量、品质及抗倒性进行分析和评价,挖掘优异种质资源。结果表明:不同材料间的产量、品质及抗倒性存在较大差异,单株产量变异范围为6.50~36.67 g,平均产量为21.08 g,17NPZ240-1的产量最高;相关分析表明全株角果数(r=0.897**)和每角粒数(r=0.534**)与单株产量极显著正相关。各材料倒伏系数介于153.74~359.61,17NDL20-7的倒伏系数最低,抗倒性最强;相关分析表明抗折力(r=-0.501**)、重心高度(r=502**)、茎粗(r=-0.816**)、分枝部位(r=0.472**)和主花序长度(r=-0.679**)与倒伏系数呈极显著相关关系。品质性状中,含油量介于33.40%~49.54%,平均含量为43.32%,17DNL32-3的含量最高;蛋白质含量介于16.87%~27.24%,平均含量为21.18%,16NTS309-4的含量最高;油酸含量介于23.62%~68.81%,平均含量为45.92%,17NPZ242-1的含量最高;亚油酸含量介于10.62%~18.48%,平均含量为14.87%,亚麻酸含量介于5.41%~8.97%,平均含量为7.60%,芥酸含量介于0.15%~27.51%,平均含量为10.80%,17NPZ52-3的亚油酸、亚麻酸含量最高,芥酸含量最低;硫代葡萄糖苷含量介于18.47~70.35μmol·g^(-1),平均含量为34.41μmol·g^(-1),16NTS309-7的含量最低;相关分析表明油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸含量间存在显著相关关系(0.421≤r≤0.913)。9个性状的综合隶属函数值F介于0.25~0.77,相差0.52,品系间差异较大。聚类分析将34份甘蓝型冬油菜材料划分为3大类群,第Ⅰ类群包含17份材料,综合表现最好,但平均含油量最低;第Ⅱ类群包含4份材料,综合表现较弱,倒伏系数均值最高,其他8个性状的平均值都处于中等水平;第Ⅲ类群包含13份材料,综合表现最弱,但平均含油量最高,倒伏系数均值处于中等水平,其他7个性状的均值都处于最低水平。

内蒙古罕山华北落叶松径向生长特征及水热环境响应

[目的]以内蒙古罕山保护区为例,系统探讨我国北方半干旱区华北落叶松树干径向生长的变化规律及与环境因素(温度、降水等)的关系,为进一步认识半干旱区树木生长对气候变化的响应提供理论基础。[方法]在通辽市扎鲁特旗罕山国家级自然保护区,运用点触式树木径向生长测量仪对4株样树的径向生长开展了高分辨率的连续监测,并同步监测温度、降雨、土壤水分等环境因子,分析树木径向生长动态特征及影响因素。[结果]研究表明:华北落叶松径向生长具有白天收缩、夜间膨胀的日变化特征。在5—6月的树干收缩膨胀现象较7—9月更明显,且夜间膨胀量大于日间收缩量;在整个生长季尺度,华北落叶松的径向生长始终受到土壤温度的显著影响,但在不同生长阶段,土壤含水量是影响树干径向生长的重要因子。在极端丰水年(2021年)的生长季中的降雨高峰期之前(5月初—6月中),径向生长已达全年生长量的45%以上,说明土壤水分对径向生长的影响更直接,夏季降水量的直接影响较小,而冬季积雪在春季融化后的土壤水分供应则是决定径向生长的关键因子。[结论]在内蒙古半干旱地区,当年降水量对华北落叶松径向生长的直接贡献相对较小,主要是通过转化成土壤水的形式间接影响树木生长;土壤温度和土壤水分是影响径向生长的重要因子,在土壤水分未得到降雨有效补充的生长季初期,树木径向生长主要依靠土壤水的前期存量。

通过种植制度改革实现黄淮海北部地区玉米机械籽粒直收

【目的】机械粒收是玉米收获技术发展的方向。在“冬小麦-夏玉米”一年两季轮作种植制度下,黄淮海北部地区热量资源不足,玉米生长季节有限,收获时籽粒含水率高,难以进行机械粒收,是世界上玉米机械粒收技术应用难度最大的区域,探索玉米机械粒收的可行性对推动区域玉米生产全程机械化和玉米产业提质增效、提升竞争力具有重要意义。【方法】2016—2017年在新乡、2018年在北京分别对郑单958、先玉335、迪卡517、京农科728和丰垦139等不同熟期品种的籽粒脱水积温需求进行系统观测;利用黄淮海北部地区近10年气象数据,以冬前预留500℃·d积温为小麦适宜播期,按玉米生长季节活动积温(≥0℃)100℃为梯度,将其划分为7个积温带;将区域热量资源条件和不同品种籽粒脱水积温需求进行定量匹配分析。【结果】在玉米正常夏播条件下,随着品种熟期提早,各供试品种在黄淮海北部地区达到生理成熟并且可以实现粒收的区域逐渐向北扩展,一般比小麦适宜播期推迟5—10 d,但是区域内北端和西端的积温带Ⅰ—Ⅲ(1900—2800℃·d)的热量资源仍无法满足熟期较早的京农科728和丰垦139籽粒含水率下降至25%甚至是达到生理成熟的积温需求。将冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟改为夏玉米-春玉米-冬小麦两年三熟制后,玉米春播和夏播各供试品种籽粒含水率都能下降至25%以下实现机械粒收,如果选择熟期较早的品种,在冬小麦或春玉米播种前还可以通过田间站秆脱水延迟收获,使籽粒含水率进一步降至20%以下,提高粒收质量,降低烘干成本。【结论】通过种植制度改革可以有效解决黄淮海北部地区玉米生长季节热量不足、收获时期含水率过高导致的玉米成熟度差、容重低、易霉变和机械粒收难度大的问题,实现提质增效。

基于GGE双标图的北方旱寒区冬油菜适应性分析

为评判白菜型冬油菜品种(系)的抗寒性以及在北方地区越冬的稳定性和适应性,对北方11个省(区、市)两年25个试点43点次试验的12个白菜型冬油菜品种的越冬率进行了GGE双标图法分析。结果表明,品种效应为55.12%,远远大于环境效应和品种与环境互作效应,为环境效应、品种与环境互作效应的2.5倍,因此,北方旱寒区冬油菜生产关键是选择超强抗寒品种。陇油6号、7号和12号品种抗寒性优良、越冬率稳定、广适性好,以‘陇油6号’和‘陇油7号’为最佳。GGE双标图分析还表明,本试验25个试点除祁县和天水两个试点外,其余试点对白菜型冬油菜品种抗寒性的鉴别力均较好,可作为北方冬油菜抗寒性鉴定的试点,以泾源、临河和靖边为最佳试点。同时将所有试点划分成不同的生态区,并筛选出了适宜不同生态区的特异适应性品种。‘陇油6号’和‘陇油7号’适于在参试的所有试点栽培;‘07皋兰DQW-1-3’和‘07兰州MXW-1-3’适于在拉萨、酒泉、定州、顺义、延边等地栽培;‘06468’适于在天水栽培。本研究表明,品种效应对冬油菜越冬率的影响占主导地位,但环境效应和品种与环境互作效应对冬油菜越冬率的影响也占较大比重,故在北方旱寒区冬油菜生产中,要综合考虑品种、环境及品种与环境互作效应,因地制宜地选择适宜地区以及不同地区的种植品种,才能保证其安全越冬。

2018-2021年华北北部不同播期对玉米生长发育的影响数据集

玉米是我国第一大粮食作物,其高产稳产对于保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。连续多年不同播期玉米全生育期的生理生态观测数据为研究气候变化对玉米生态系统的影响及其适应提供重要数据支撑。河北固城农业气象国家野外科学观测研究站(简称固城站)地处华北平原北部,是唯一以农业气象为特色的国家野外科学观测研究站。本数据集是固城站玉米农业生态系统2018–2021年适应气候变化试验数据集,主要包含同一品种玉米不同播期的生育期、生物量、叶面积指数、光合生理、光谱特征、土壤水分、灌浆速率、产量构成的年际、年内变化数据。本数据集对玉米生态系统适应气候变化研究的相关农业气象业务服务指标的修订、农业气象模拟模型的改进及区域应用、农业气象适用技术的开发等具有重要意义。

阴山东部固阳地区晚石炭世碱性火山岩的发现及其地质意义

在华北克拉通北缘阴山地块东部固阳地区发现了假白榴石粗面玄武岩和钾质粗面岩两种高钾准铝质碱性火山岩。地质年代学数据显示,假白榴石粗面玄武岩的磷灰石U-Pb年龄为322±14Ma,钾质粗面岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为315.6±7.5Ma,说明其形成时代均为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,二者均富Al、Fe,贫Mg;富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba和K),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb和Ti),轻重稀土分异明显,富集轻稀土,相对亏损重稀土,Eu异常不明显;高(87Sr/86Sr)i比值(0.710028~0.714745),低εNd(t)值(-9.0~-17.2),表现出相似的交代岩石圈地幔源区和地壳混染特征。将该碱性火山岩与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩和阴山地块白垩纪中基性火山岩进行岩石类型对比,发现华北克拉通北缘产出的火山岩多为高钾碱性系列,而兴蒙造山带中产出的火山岩则多为钙碱性系列;与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩进行岩石成因对比,发现它们的岩浆源区和混染程度并不相同,即固阳地区碱性火山岩为受到早古生代俯冲沉积物交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中混染华北克拉通TTG片麻岩后喷发的产物,而兴蒙造山带中火山岩的产出则多为亏损地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中轻度混染地壳物质后喷发的结果。在固阳地区发现晚石炭世碱性火山岩,代表着古亚洲洋在该时期的后造山伸展作用范围已延伸至华北克拉通北缘。

早期秦人的农业实践探索——以甘谷毛家坪遗址植物遗存研究为例

毛家坪遗址是一处重要的早期秦文化遗址。本文通过对2012-2013年采集的47份样品进行浮选,从中获得了94478粒炭化植物遗存,包括粟、小麦、大麦、黍、大豆五种农作物遗存,以前四种为主;另外,还有部分禾本科、豆科、藜科、鸢尾科等非农作物遗存。量化分析结果显示,西周至战国时期,毛家坪先民主要从事的是“粟麦并重”的多品种旱作及用农业,大豆在春秋时期才成为先民利用的重要农作物。同时,毛家坪先民还会利用豆科苜蓿属、草木樨、胡枝子、鸢尾科马蔺等饲草资源来喂养家畜。在环境及文化背景的双重影响下,毛家坪遗址的秦人率先接纳了麦类作物并广泛种植,与函谷关以东地区形成鲜明对比;直到东周时期,麦类作物才逐渐在黄河流域得到普遍种植。

张宣幔枝构造与金多金属矿化———进展、规律、问题及找矿方向

地幔热点及幔枝构造在古张宣幔枝构造寻找金多金属成矿系统取得了较大的成果,系统总结了张宣幔枝构造的组成,以及与主要金矿床在空间、时间以及成因联系,总结其产出规律,并指出其存在问题,以及优选的找矿方向。研究表明,张宣幔枝的核部主要是岩浆-变质杂岩,与大中型矿床与其在空间上存在着密切的关系。此外,岩浆-构造热事件对矿床的控制明显,主要表现在:(a)韧性剪切带对矿床展布控制明显;(b)碱性—偏碱性岩浆岩可能为区域金矿床的热源。此外,区域金矿床的成矿具有明显叠加成矿的特征,主要成矿期为:400~350 Ma和150~130 Ma。成矿的动力机制是幔枝构造,其成矿物质来源来自深源,区域金矿床主要赋存在其核部,银多金属矿床多赋存在其外围。结合物化探与找矿标志,葵花村—黄土梁—温泉、金家庄—后沟、中山沟—水泉沟—东坪、水晶屯—小营盘—张全庄、下双台—下两间房等5处找矿潜力巨大。