This paper focuses on Chinese sources suggested for a narrative medicine(NM)program,called AfterWards.Dr Lauren Small established AfterWards in 2014 and has been coordinating it since out of the Pediatrics Department ...This paper focuses on Chinese sources suggested for a narrative medicine(NM)program,called AfterWards.Dr Lauren Small established AfterWards in 2014 and has been coordinating it since out of the Pediatrics Department at Johns Hopkins Medicine.In early 2019,she started giving a series of lectures and workshops about AfterWards to Chinese medical educators and clinicians in Beijing and Shanghai.She created an AfterWards Facilitator’s Guide based on Western-language sources for workshop participants.She also started to organize with Jiang Yuhong(Peking Union Medical College)a workshop for Chinese colleagues to be held at Johns Hopkins Medicine in October 2019.They invited the author to participate.The idea was hatched then to develop Chinese source materials following the AfterWards structure for an updated Facilitator’s Guide that Dr Small had initially written.A typical one-hour AfterWards session consists of a specific five-part structure:a literary text or artwork,an associated theme,discussion topics,a writing exercise,and shared reflection.While the content of the program always changes from session to session,the basic structure remains the same.This paper summarizes the types of Chinese sources and their related narrative-medicine themes that were originally selected for inclusion in the updated AfterWards Facilitator’s Guide intended for Chinese colleagues.These sources about coping with sick family members,aging,and illness ranged from the textual(classical Chinese poems on aging and diagnostic forms for training students)and visual(premodern Chinese paintings and murals of medical encounters)to the fictive(novels)and performative(contemporary Asian-American film in English and Chinese-language film and documentaries).展开更多
With the fast-pacing of globalization,cross-cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Translation of the literary works,or novels is one of the most popular models of cultural exchange. While the tra...With the fast-pacing of globalization,cross-cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Translation of the literary works,or novels is one of the most popular models of cultural exchange. While the translation of novel titles comes with first importance as successful translation of the titles facilitates a bird's eye view of the whole context. However,the translation of novel titles is no easy without consideration of cultural differences which directly influence people's thoughts and understanding. Therefore,translating novel titles requires an overall analysis of such cultural elements as religion,cultural images,way of thinking,and historical allusions.展开更多
Though novel reading is a common experience to everybody,little has been researched to help average readers to understand a novel.In practice,there are two ways for them to understand a novel:one is to use literary cr...Though novel reading is a common experience to everybody,little has been researched to help average readers to understand a novel.In practice,there are two ways for them to understand a novel:one is to use literary criticism theories and the other is to refer to professional critics'criticism directly.However,the trouble is that the two methods are either time-consuming or far from convincing.In this paper,an experimental reading method is discussed to help average readers enhance reading experience.It aims at reaching the goal of reading without criticism,which,through making clear the aim of reading,putting main focus on the story only,will help readers to have a better understanding of reading.展开更多
Within the structure of globalisation,the field of world culture faces challenges that are manifested in the decline of national culture and the crisis of homogeneity of world culture.In this case,world culture should...Within the structure of globalisation,the field of world culture faces challenges that are manifested in the decline of national culture and the crisis of homogeneity of world culture.In this case,world culture should be promoted as a viable path to prosperity and development if it is done on the basis of adhering to the higher consciousness of national culture,developing intercultural dialogue,with the intention forming a situation of mutual learning and promoting the fusion of horizons.The Chinese Culture,Qilu genetic code and native writing embody Mo Yan’s conscious adherence to national culture,his thorough knowledge of “Seeking Roots” and “Vanguard”,the fusion of national and international characteristics and the integration of his hometown and other countries.These show his enthusiasm and courage in launching intercultural dialogue and reaching towards the fusion of horizons.How to face cultural challenges under this changing world pattern?The successful experience of Mo Yan’s novels provides us with vivid examples.展开更多
As the literary pride from the black land of northeast China,Xiao hong’s works show the unique regional culture of northeast China.With her meticulous brush strokes,she showed us the distinct geographical environment...As the literary pride from the black land of northeast China,Xiao hong’s works show the unique regional culture of northeast China.With her meticulous brush strokes,she showed us the distinct geographical environment of the four seasons in north China,the strong local flavor and people’s sentiment,as well as the servility and ferocity of the people in the northeast.Xiao hong’s criticism of callous and ignorant servile characters and his praise of the consciousness of resistance and the indomitable life form,prompts us to think about the“national character”of northeast China and makes us feel the tragedy of society,the philosophy of life and the spirit of poets.展开更多
Le Clezio takes his novels as art and imbues his novels with elements of music,which abound in his novels.He strikes to present his novels in an artistic way by combining words and the music,thus showing his great con...Le Clezio takes his novels as art and imbues his novels with elements of music,which abound in his novels.He strikes to present his novels in an artistic way by combining words and the music,thus showing his great concern for the soul and well-being of human kind.This thesis probes into how musical elements are used in his novel to construct identity,make language of the novels musical,and offer a narrative structure.展开更多
In Auster’s novels,the racial prejudice occupies a vital part;the whites presently take a majority privileged position in the mainstream culture;both the blacks and Jews become the target of racial prejudice which is...In Auster’s novels,the racial prejudice occupies a vital part;the whites presently take a majority privileged position in the mainstream culture;both the blacks and Jews become the target of racial prejudice which is vividly embodied in City of Glass:The Graphic Novel,Ghosts,Man in the Dark,In the Country of Last Things.展开更多
Names are unique phenomenon in human society. People from different countries all have their only names, which generally consist of the first name and the last name. Not only in reality, but also in literary works, th...Names are unique phenomenon in human society. People from different countries all have their only names, which generally consist of the first name and the last name. Not only in reality, but also in literary works, they all have their unique names, but the naming methods and intention are different. This paper emphasizes the naming methods and intention in English novels. The names of English novels usually have a richer culture, it embodies the character traits and characters in the novel, such as the outcome of their fate. Therefore, the research of the cultural intention of English novels and translating names accurately is of great significance for literary translation, which also plays an important role in the East-West cultural exchange.展开更多
As an important part of network literature,Internet fantasy novels are more and more popular among overseas readers with the development and progress of Internet technology.There are a large number of terms in Interne...As an important part of network literature,Internet fantasy novels are more and more popular among overseas readers with the development and progress of Internet technology.There are a large number of terms in Internet fantasy novels with traditional Chinese cultural characteristics,making it difficult to translate.In order to better“going global”of Chinese online literature,the“defect”phenomenon in the translation of terms of Internet fantasy novels into English and its reasons behind are clarified,and several“compensation”strategies is provided.展开更多
Canadian classical works are becoming more and more popular all over the world. People began to understand and mar-vel at the Canadian literatures that are quite life-meaningful and full of lessons and tips for lives....Canadian classical works are becoming more and more popular all over the world. People began to understand and mar-vel at the Canadian literatures that are quite life-meaningful and full of lessons and tips for lives. The classic works in CanadianLiteratures that advantageously elaborated the characteristics of sublimation under the background for Canada's particular history,geography, climate, religion, demographic factors, generation, development and continuous construction of Canadian literatures.The greatest masterpieces can highlight powerfully the certain mindset of Canadian and the permanent theme for Canadian Litera-ture: keep working hard for survival and love bravely. Meanwhile, modern people will learn a lot from reading Canadian classic lit-erary works.展开更多
Since 2000 A.D.,lots of translated detective novels have being published in Taiwan,which demonstrates that detective novel is popular in Taiwan,but there are seldom local detective novels to be published.Through the t...Since 2000 A.D.,lots of translated detective novels have being published in Taiwan,which demonstrates that detective novel is popular in Taiwan,but there are seldom local detective novels to be published.Through the theory of field of cultural production by Pierre Bourdieu,the paper analyzed how the creators and cultural intermediaries’form of capitals and aesthetics construct the mechanism of the publishing industry,and how the market of detective novels in Taiwan are dominated by foreign products.The study adopted second documentary analysis and in-depth interview.The former is to calculate the published detective novels from 2001 to September 2015 sold in the dominant on-line bookstore,Books.com.tw,in Taiwan,while the latter is to interview 15 related agencies included writers,editors,translators,and a manager of bookstore.The results contain three following issues.Firstly,local production has re-started since 1980’s after a long-time decline.Considering the large cost to cultivate local writers,Taiwan Residents publishers prefer to produce well-known foreign works.Secondly,literary awards are the vital way in the production of local works.The writers receive symbolic capital through awards,and even obtain more opportunities to publish their works or cooperate with other related organization,which means the acquirement of social capital.Finally,the market of local detective novels is forced to be the field of restricted production as a result of supplanted by translated novels.As a consequence,the production of local detective novels becomes popular literature of niche market.展开更多
Translation plays an important role in the cultural communication.The critical success factor in growing this industry is therefore not about how to automate the process or exploit leading edge technology,but how to d...Translation plays an important role in the cultural communication.The critical success factor in growing this industry is therefore not about how to automate the process or exploit leading edge technology,but how to develop and upgrade manpower,how to expand the talent pool to meet growing demands for good translation and interpretation services.In addition,translation and interpretation is not just about academic skills.It is about providing the vital linguistic and cultural link between persons and communities of different races,cultures and languages.So that we can communicate better and understand one another more effectively.As the carrier of the culture,novel’s translation seems more important.A lot of famous and classic novels were translated into several different languages to let the world people to share together.It not only promotes the communication but also develop the culture industry.Lu Xun was the pioneer of Chinese movement,running around popularizing the vernacular and the common spoken Chinese.His modern novels were as famous as himself.A lot of them were known by everybody.This paper would analyse one of his classic novel—Kong Yiji.Though the appreciation,you can feel the fascination of words refining and the translation skills and translation theories.展开更多
The research of the Ecological Discourse Analysis has preliminarily formed abroad,while it is at the initiating stage at home.Guided by Ecocentrism and One Assumption and Three Principles,based on Transitivity System,...The research of the Ecological Discourse Analysis has preliminarily formed abroad,while it is at the initiating stage at home.Guided by Ecocentrism and One Assumption and Three Principles,based on Transitivity System,the paper carries out an Ecological Discourse Analysis to probe into the relationship between human-natural places,human-non-human organisms and human-human of the grassland novel The Black Steed.The language of the novel illustrates the beneficial ecological thoughts of ancient grassland civilization.展开更多
Fantasy novel is a kind of novel literature, which is different from other fictions. With the passage of time, fantasy novels have great development with human society. There are differences and similarities between C...Fantasy novel is a kind of novel literature, which is different from other fictions. With the passage of time, fantasy novels have great development with human society. There are differences and similarities between Chinese and Western fantasy novels,which make literary works widely spread and popular. This study uses corpus linguistics software(Tree-Tagger, Range) to analyze four famous Chinese and English fantasy novels and their English translation, observing the different of proportion of noun, verb,adverb and adjective and the lexical difficulty of the novel.展开更多
Margaret Atwood is a Canadian author of more than thirty-five books and the winner of prestigious literary prizes,such as the Booker Prize,the Giller Prize,and the Governor General's Award.Her influence on Canadia...Margaret Atwood is a Canadian author of more than thirty-five books and the winner of prestigious literary prizes,such as the Booker Prize,the Giller Prize,and the Governor General's Award.Her influence on Canadian literature and contemporary literature as a whole is phenomenal.Nevertheless,little is known with respect to how Atwood represents animals covering the full range of her novels.This paper reports on the analysis of animal representations in Atwood's seventeen novels through Python programming and close reading under the framework of a new semiotic research finding,a pan-indexicality model within the context of literature and the environment.This study investigates the frequencies of animal vocabulary in the seventeen novels,the changes of animal representations in her novels before 1990s and after 1990s,and the implication of the ever-changing animal representations during the fty years.This paper concludes that nonhuman animal descriptions in Atwood's novels of 1970s and 1980s run at a high level and decrease in her novels of 1990s,while scientific animal descriptions increase in her novels of 2000s and 2010s.Nonhuman animals in her novels of 1970s and 1980s are instrumentalized as a vehicle for indigenization and national individuation from the United States,and scientific animals in her novels of 2000s and 2010s are instrumentalized in the service of environmental apocalypticism.This study suggests that the pan-indexicality model can be employed to understand the meaning of signs in literature and the environment from the perspective of authorial intention,with reference to authors'encyclopedic knowledge,personal experience,social,and cultural background information.展开更多
The management of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection now involves regular and appropriate monitoring of viral activity,disease progression,and treatment response.Traditional HBV infection biomarkers are limited in their ...The management of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection now involves regular and appropriate monitoring of viral activity,disease progression,and treatment response.Traditional HBV infection biomarkers are limited in their ability to predict clinical outcomes or therapeutic effectiveness.Quantitation of HBV core antibodies(qAnti-HBc)is a novel non-invasive biomarker that may help with a variety of diagnostic issues.It was shown to correlate strongly with infection stages,hepatic inflammation and fibrosis,chronic infection exacerbations,and the presence of occult infection.Furthermore,qAnti-HBc levels were shown to be predictive of spontaneous or treatment-induced HBeAg and HBsAg seroclearance,relapse after medication termination,re-infection following liver transplantation,and viral reactivation in the presence of immunosuppression.qAnti-HBc,on the other hand,cannot be relied on as a single diagnostic test to address all problems,and its diagnostic and prognostic potential may be greatly increased when paired with qHBsAg.Commercial qAnti-HBc diagnostic kits are currently not widely available.Because many methodologies are only semi-quantitative,comparing data from various studies and defining universal cut-off values remains difficult.This review focuses on the clinical utility of qAnti-HBc and qHBsAg in chronic hepatitis B management.展开更多
Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the sci...Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.展开更多
基金supported by a Visiting Scholar Fellowship at Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin
文摘This paper focuses on Chinese sources suggested for a narrative medicine(NM)program,called AfterWards.Dr Lauren Small established AfterWards in 2014 and has been coordinating it since out of the Pediatrics Department at Johns Hopkins Medicine.In early 2019,she started giving a series of lectures and workshops about AfterWards to Chinese medical educators and clinicians in Beijing and Shanghai.She created an AfterWards Facilitator’s Guide based on Western-language sources for workshop participants.She also started to organize with Jiang Yuhong(Peking Union Medical College)a workshop for Chinese colleagues to be held at Johns Hopkins Medicine in October 2019.They invited the author to participate.The idea was hatched then to develop Chinese source materials following the AfterWards structure for an updated Facilitator’s Guide that Dr Small had initially written.A typical one-hour AfterWards session consists of a specific five-part structure:a literary text or artwork,an associated theme,discussion topics,a writing exercise,and shared reflection.While the content of the program always changes from session to session,the basic structure remains the same.This paper summarizes the types of Chinese sources and their related narrative-medicine themes that were originally selected for inclusion in the updated AfterWards Facilitator’s Guide intended for Chinese colleagues.These sources about coping with sick family members,aging,and illness ranged from the textual(classical Chinese poems on aging and diagnostic forms for training students)and visual(premodern Chinese paintings and murals of medical encounters)to the fictive(novels)and performative(contemporary Asian-American film in English and Chinese-language film and documentaries).
文摘With the fast-pacing of globalization,cross-cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Translation of the literary works,or novels is one of the most popular models of cultural exchange. While the translation of novel titles comes with first importance as successful translation of the titles facilitates a bird's eye view of the whole context. However,the translation of novel titles is no easy without consideration of cultural differences which directly influence people's thoughts and understanding. Therefore,translating novel titles requires an overall analysis of such cultural elements as religion,cultural images,way of thinking,and historical allusions.
文摘Though novel reading is a common experience to everybody,little has been researched to help average readers to understand a novel.In practice,there are two ways for them to understand a novel:one is to use literary criticism theories and the other is to refer to professional critics'criticism directly.However,the trouble is that the two methods are either time-consuming or far from convincing.In this paper,an experimental reading method is discussed to help average readers enhance reading experience.It aims at reaching the goal of reading without criticism,which,through making clear the aim of reading,putting main focus on the story only,will help readers to have a better understanding of reading.
基金a phased achievement of the National Social Science Foundation project“Research on Mo Yan’s Novels and Overseas Acceptance from the Perspective of Postmodernism”(15BZ W041)Dalian Polytechnic University,2016J012a key research project in the field of basic research expenditure
文摘Within the structure of globalisation,the field of world culture faces challenges that are manifested in the decline of national culture and the crisis of homogeneity of world culture.In this case,world culture should be promoted as a viable path to prosperity and development if it is done on the basis of adhering to the higher consciousness of national culture,developing intercultural dialogue,with the intention forming a situation of mutual learning and promoting the fusion of horizons.The Chinese Culture,Qilu genetic code and native writing embody Mo Yan’s conscious adherence to national culture,his thorough knowledge of “Seeking Roots” and “Vanguard”,the fusion of national and international characteristics and the integration of his hometown and other countries.These show his enthusiasm and courage in launching intercultural dialogue and reaching towards the fusion of horizons.How to face cultural challenges under this changing world pattern?The successful experience of Mo Yan’s novels provides us with vivid examples.
文摘As the literary pride from the black land of northeast China,Xiao hong’s works show the unique regional culture of northeast China.With her meticulous brush strokes,she showed us the distinct geographical environment of the four seasons in north China,the strong local flavor and people’s sentiment,as well as the servility and ferocity of the people in the northeast.Xiao hong’s criticism of callous and ignorant servile characters and his praise of the consciousness of resistance and the indomitable life form,prompts us to think about the“national character”of northeast China and makes us feel the tragedy of society,the philosophy of life and the spirit of poets.
文摘Le Clezio takes his novels as art and imbues his novels with elements of music,which abound in his novels.He strikes to present his novels in an artistic way by combining words and the music,thus showing his great concern for the soul and well-being of human kind.This thesis probes into how musical elements are used in his novel to construct identity,make language of the novels musical,and offer a narrative structure.
基金This paper is a part of project PXY-BSQD-2018019,and sponsored by Pingdingshan University.
文摘In Auster’s novels,the racial prejudice occupies a vital part;the whites presently take a majority privileged position in the mainstream culture;both the blacks and Jews become the target of racial prejudice which is vividly embodied in City of Glass:The Graphic Novel,Ghosts,Man in the Dark,In the Country of Last Things.
文摘Names are unique phenomenon in human society. People from different countries all have their only names, which generally consist of the first name and the last name. Not only in reality, but also in literary works, they all have their unique names, but the naming methods and intention are different. This paper emphasizes the naming methods and intention in English novels. The names of English novels usually have a richer culture, it embodies the character traits and characters in the novel, such as the outcome of their fate. Therefore, the research of the cultural intention of English novels and translating names accurately is of great significance for literary translation, which also plays an important role in the East-West cultural exchange.
文摘As an important part of network literature,Internet fantasy novels are more and more popular among overseas readers with the development and progress of Internet technology.There are a large number of terms in Internet fantasy novels with traditional Chinese cultural characteristics,making it difficult to translate.In order to better“going global”of Chinese online literature,the“defect”phenomenon in the translation of terms of Internet fantasy novels into English and its reasons behind are clarified,and several“compensation”strategies is provided.
文摘Canadian classical works are becoming more and more popular all over the world. People began to understand and mar-vel at the Canadian literatures that are quite life-meaningful and full of lessons and tips for lives. The classic works in CanadianLiteratures that advantageously elaborated the characteristics of sublimation under the background for Canada's particular history,geography, climate, religion, demographic factors, generation, development and continuous construction of Canadian literatures.The greatest masterpieces can highlight powerfully the certain mindset of Canadian and the permanent theme for Canadian Litera-ture: keep working hard for survival and love bravely. Meanwhile, modern people will learn a lot from reading Canadian classic lit-erary works.
文摘Since 2000 A.D.,lots of translated detective novels have being published in Taiwan,which demonstrates that detective novel is popular in Taiwan,but there are seldom local detective novels to be published.Through the theory of field of cultural production by Pierre Bourdieu,the paper analyzed how the creators and cultural intermediaries’form of capitals and aesthetics construct the mechanism of the publishing industry,and how the market of detective novels in Taiwan are dominated by foreign products.The study adopted second documentary analysis and in-depth interview.The former is to calculate the published detective novels from 2001 to September 2015 sold in the dominant on-line bookstore,Books.com.tw,in Taiwan,while the latter is to interview 15 related agencies included writers,editors,translators,and a manager of bookstore.The results contain three following issues.Firstly,local production has re-started since 1980’s after a long-time decline.Considering the large cost to cultivate local writers,Taiwan Residents publishers prefer to produce well-known foreign works.Secondly,literary awards are the vital way in the production of local works.The writers receive symbolic capital through awards,and even obtain more opportunities to publish their works or cooperate with other related organization,which means the acquirement of social capital.Finally,the market of local detective novels is forced to be the field of restricted production as a result of supplanted by translated novels.As a consequence,the production of local detective novels becomes popular literature of niche market.
文摘Translation plays an important role in the cultural communication.The critical success factor in growing this industry is therefore not about how to automate the process or exploit leading edge technology,but how to develop and upgrade manpower,how to expand the talent pool to meet growing demands for good translation and interpretation services.In addition,translation and interpretation is not just about academic skills.It is about providing the vital linguistic and cultural link between persons and communities of different races,cultures and languages.So that we can communicate better and understand one another more effectively.As the carrier of the culture,novel’s translation seems more important.A lot of famous and classic novels were translated into several different languages to let the world people to share together.It not only promotes the communication but also develop the culture industry.Lu Xun was the pioneer of Chinese movement,running around popularizing the vernacular and the common spoken Chinese.His modern novels were as famous as himself.A lot of them were known by everybody.This paper would analyse one of his classic novel—Kong Yiji.Though the appreciation,you can feel the fascination of words refining and the translation skills and translation theories.
文摘The research of the Ecological Discourse Analysis has preliminarily formed abroad,while it is at the initiating stage at home.Guided by Ecocentrism and One Assumption and Three Principles,based on Transitivity System,the paper carries out an Ecological Discourse Analysis to probe into the relationship between human-natural places,human-non-human organisms and human-human of the grassland novel The Black Steed.The language of the novel illustrates the beneficial ecological thoughts of ancient grassland civilization.
文摘Fantasy novel is a kind of novel literature, which is different from other fictions. With the passage of time, fantasy novels have great development with human society. There are differences and similarities between Chinese and Western fantasy novels,which make literary works widely spread and popular. This study uses corpus linguistics software(Tree-Tagger, Range) to analyze four famous Chinese and English fantasy novels and their English translation, observing the different of proportion of noun, verb,adverb and adjective and the lexical difficulty of the novel.
基金supported by a fund from 2023 Foreign Language Elite Project of Social Science Research in Jiangsu Province(Award reference:23swB-22)a fund from Social Science Foundation of Soochow University(Award reference:NH33711320)a fund from Teaching Reform Foundation of Soochow College 2023.
文摘Margaret Atwood is a Canadian author of more than thirty-five books and the winner of prestigious literary prizes,such as the Booker Prize,the Giller Prize,and the Governor General's Award.Her influence on Canadian literature and contemporary literature as a whole is phenomenal.Nevertheless,little is known with respect to how Atwood represents animals covering the full range of her novels.This paper reports on the analysis of animal representations in Atwood's seventeen novels through Python programming and close reading under the framework of a new semiotic research finding,a pan-indexicality model within the context of literature and the environment.This study investigates the frequencies of animal vocabulary in the seventeen novels,the changes of animal representations in her novels before 1990s and after 1990s,and the implication of the ever-changing animal representations during the fty years.This paper concludes that nonhuman animal descriptions in Atwood's novels of 1970s and 1980s run at a high level and decrease in her novels of 1990s,while scientific animal descriptions increase in her novels of 2000s and 2010s.Nonhuman animals in her novels of 1970s and 1980s are instrumentalized as a vehicle for indigenization and national individuation from the United States,and scientific animals in her novels of 2000s and 2010s are instrumentalized in the service of environmental apocalypticism.This study suggests that the pan-indexicality model can be employed to understand the meaning of signs in literature and the environment from the perspective of authorial intention,with reference to authors'encyclopedic knowledge,personal experience,social,and cultural background information.
文摘The management of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection now involves regular and appropriate monitoring of viral activity,disease progression,and treatment response.Traditional HBV infection biomarkers are limited in their ability to predict clinical outcomes or therapeutic effectiveness.Quantitation of HBV core antibodies(qAnti-HBc)is a novel non-invasive biomarker that may help with a variety of diagnostic issues.It was shown to correlate strongly with infection stages,hepatic inflammation and fibrosis,chronic infection exacerbations,and the presence of occult infection.Furthermore,qAnti-HBc levels were shown to be predictive of spontaneous or treatment-induced HBeAg and HBsAg seroclearance,relapse after medication termination,re-infection following liver transplantation,and viral reactivation in the presence of immunosuppression.qAnti-HBc,on the other hand,cannot be relied on as a single diagnostic test to address all problems,and its diagnostic and prognostic potential may be greatly increased when paired with qHBsAg.Commercial qAnti-HBc diagnostic kits are currently not widely available.Because many methodologies are only semi-quantitative,comparing data from various studies and defining universal cut-off values remains difficult.This review focuses on the clinical utility of qAnti-HBc and qHBsAg in chronic hepatitis B management.
基金This work is supported by the United Arab Emirates University UPAR(Grant No.G3458).
文摘Zika virus(ZIKV)is the causative agent of a viral infection that causes neurological complications in newborns and adults worldwide.Its wide transmission route and alarming spread rates are of great concern to the scientific community.Numerous trials have been conducted to develop treatment options for ZIKV infection.This review highlights the latest developments in the fields of vaccinology and pharmaceuticals developments for ZIKV infection.A systematic and comprehensive approach was used to gather relevant and up-to-date data so that inferences could be made about the gaps in therapeutic development.The results indicate that several therapeutic interventions are being tested against ZIKV infection,such as DNA vaccines,subunit vaccines,live-attenuated vaccines,virus-vector-based vaccines,inactivated vaccines,virus-like particles,and mRNA-based vaccines.In addition,approved anti-ZIKV drugs that can reduce the global burden are discussed.Although many vaccine candidates for ZIKV are at different stages of development,none of them have received Food and Drug Authority approval for use up to now.The issue of side effects associated with these drugs in vulnerable newborns and pregnant women is a major obstacle in the therapeutic pathway.
