Palmitoleic acid on top of HFD ameliorates insulin resistance independent of diacylglycerols and alters gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice

With the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related metabolic syndrome,such as insulin resistance in recent years,it is urgent to explore effective interventions to prevent the progression of obesity-related metabolic syndrome.Palmitoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that is available from dietary sources,mainly derived from marine products.P almitoleic acid plays a positive role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and reducing inflammation.However,it is still unknow the mechanism of palmitoleic acid in ameliorating insulin resistance.Here,we investigated the effects of palmitoleic acid on chow diet(CD)-fed and high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice,which were fed CD or HFD for 12 weeks before administration.We administrated mice with BSA(control),oleic acid,or palmitoleic acid for 6 weeks on top of CD or HFD feeding.We found that palmitoleic acid only improved glucose homeostasis in HFD-fed obese mice by increasing glucose clearance and reducing HOMA-IR.Further study explored that palmitoleic acid changed the composition of gut microbiota by decreasing Firmicutes population and increasing Bacteroidetes population.In colon,palmitoleic acid increased intestinal tight junction integrity and reduced inflammation.Moreover,palmitoleic acid decreased macrophage infiltration in liver and adipose tissue and increase glucose uptake in adipose tissue.Diacylglycerol(DAG)in tissue(for example,liver)is found to positively correlated with HOMA-IR.HFD enhanced the levels of DAGs in liver but not in adipose tissue in this study.Palmitoleic acid did not reverse the high DAG levels induced by HFD in liver.Therefore,in HFD-fed mice,palmitoleic acid reduced insulin resistance by an independent-manner of DAGs.It might be associated with the beneficial effects of palmitoleic acid on altering the gut microbiota composition,improving of intestinal barrier function,and downregulating the inflammation in colon,liver,and adipose tissue.

Effects of boric acid on microstructure and corrosion resistance of boric/sulfuric acid anodic film on 7050 aluminum alloy

The microstructure and corrosion resistance of different boric/sulfuric acid anodic（BSAA） films on 7050 aluminum alloy were studied by atomic force microscopy（AFM）,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） and scanning Kelvin probe（SKP）.The results show that boric acid does not change the structure of barrier layer of anodic film,but will significantly affect the structure of porous layer,consequently affect the corrosion resistance of anodic film.As the content of boric acid in electrolyte increases from 0 to 8 g/L,the resistance of porous layer（Rp） of BSAA film increases,the capacitance of porous layer（CPEp） decreases,the surface potential moves positively,the pore size lessens,and the corrosion resistance improves.However,the Rp,CPEp and surface potential will change towards opposite direction when the content of boric acid is over 8 g/L.

Effects of Chitosan and Salicylic Acid on Cold Resistance of Litchi under Low Temperature

This paper focused on the effect of spraying chitosan and salicylic acid to Litchi under low temperature stress conditions.The physiology and biochemistry of litchi were studied as well.Results showed that the appropriate concentration of chitosan and salicylic acid treatment could effectively reduce injury caused by low temperature to litchi,compared with water control,chlorophyll,proline,soluble protein content of litchi after treatment and the activity of protective enzyme increasing significantly.However,the accumulation of resistance could significantly be improved.Furthermore,when 1 000 mg/L chitosan combined with 50 mg/L salicylic acid,the litchi acquired the best cold resistance capability.

Effects of β-Amino Butyric Acid Induced Rice Blast Resistance on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism

[Objective] This study was to understand the effects of β-Amino butyric acid(abbreviated as BABA) induced rice blast resistance on reactive oxygen metabolism. [Method] Using the cultivar Chaochan 2 that is highly susceptible to disease as experimental material, the changes of catalase(CAT), and superoxide dismutase(SOD) and MDA activities in rice treated by BABA were investigated. [Result] In rice plants treated by BABA, the activities of CAT and SOD increased, meanwhile the MDA content also rose to some extent, resulting in the disease resistance to rice blast. [Conclusion] By influencing reactive oxygen metabolism, BABA endows rice plants with resistance to rice blast. BABA is safe to environment and has highly resistance-inducing capacity, it could be generalized in production.

Effects of Soil Acidification on Yield of Late Rice and Differences in Acid Resistance among Varieties

Effect of soil acidification on yield of late rice was studied and acid resistance of late rice varieties were compared with 23 late rice varieties as materials in Changsha County, Hunan Province. The results indicated that the difference in yield among varieties was obvious, yield in common field was among 5 226.6-9 202.1kg/hm^2, and yield in acidified field was among 3 643.2-7 714. 8 kg/hm^2. Compared with common field, yield of Yueyou 6135, Huayou 18, Jinyou 284 and Ⅱyou 46 increased by 3.24%-26.33% in acidified field, while yield of other varieties decreased by 2.04%-56.79% in acidified field. According to acidification sensitivity, Wufengyou T025, Jinchuyou No.148, Yueyou No.6135, Shenyou No.9586, Xiangfengyou No.103,Zhongyou No.288, Nongxiang No.18, Shanyou No.432, Ⅱ you No.6, and Zhong 9A/R10402 were sensitive to soil acidification; Wuyou No.308, Zhunliangyou No.608,Fengyuanyou No.227, Fengyou No.1167, Fengyuanyou No.299, T you No.272, and Zhong 9A/R9963 were moderately sensitive to soil acidification; Yueyou No.9113,Jinyou No.284, Shenyou No.9588, Huayou No.18, Ⅱ you No.46 and Ⅱ you No.3027 were slightly sensitive to soil acidification

Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid Derivative on the Resistance to TMV and Activity of Defense Enzymes of Tobacco

[Objective] This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous salicylic acid derivatives on tobacco resistance to TMV and activity of defense enzymes. [Method] The tobboco leaves were treated by exogenous salicylic acid derivatives. Then, the disease occurrence was observed, and the activity of phenylalanin ammo- nia lyase （PAL） and peroxidase （POX） were measured. [Result] Exogenous salicylic acid derivative increased the activities of PAL and POX, while did not influence the resistance to TMV. [Conclusion] The result provides a theoretical basis for the study of plant disease resistance mechanisms.

Berberine reverses free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKβ

AIM: To investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of berberine on improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids (FFAs) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS: The model of insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was established by adding palmic acid (0.5 mmol/L) to the culture medium. Berberine treatment was performed at the same time. Glucose uptake rate was determined by the 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose method. The levels of IkB kinase beta (IKKβ) Ser181 phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) Ser307 phosphorylation, expression of IKKβ, IRS-1, nuclear transcription factor kappaB p65 (NF-κB p65), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p85 (PI-3K p85) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins were detected by Western blotting. The distribution of NF-κB p65 proteins inside the adipocytes was observed through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). RESULTS: After the intervention of palmic acid for 24 h, the insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was inhibited by 67%. Meanwhile, the expression of IRS-1 and PI-3K p85 protein was reduced, while the levels of IKKβ Ser181 and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein were increased. However, the above indexes, which indicated the existence of insulin resistance, were reversed by berberine although the expression of GLUT4, IKKβ and total NF-κB p65 protein were not changed during this study. CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance induced by FFAs in 3T3-L1 adipocytes can be improved by berberine. Berberine reversed free-fatty-acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through targeting IKKβ.

Effects of different free fatty acids on insulin resistance in rats

BACKGROUND: Much evidence demonstrates that elevated free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with insulin resistance. However, it is not clear whether different FFAs can cause different degrees of peripheral insulin resistance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term elevation of FFAs on hepatic and peripheral insulin action, and determine whether FFAs with different degrees of saturation have differential effects on hepatic insulin resistance. METHODS: Intralipid+heparin (IH, polyunsaturated fatty acids), oleate (OLE), lard oil+heparin (LOH), and saline (SAL) were separately infused intravenously for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats. During the last 2 hours of the fat/saline infusion, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was performed with [6-H-3] glucose tracer. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method. Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassays. Plasma FFAs were measured using a colorimetric method. RESULTS: Compared with infusion of SAL, plasma FFA levels were significantly elevated by infusions of IH, OLE, and LOH (P<0.001). All three fat infusions caused remarkably higher hepatic glucose production (HGP) than SAL (P<0.001). OLE and LOH infusions induced much higher HGP than IH (P<0.01). Glucose utilization (GU) was decreased with all three fat infusions relative to SAL (P<0.001), but GU did not differ among the three types of fat infusions. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term elevation of FFAs can induce hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. Polyunsaturated fatty acids induced less hepatic insulin resistance than monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids. However, IH, OLE, and LOH infusions induced similar peripheral insulin resistance.

Effect of sodium salicylate on oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that high-dose salicylates improve free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in vitro, but the mechanism remains uncertain. In insulin-resistant rats, we found that the supplementation of sodium salicylate is associated with a reduction of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress. Few studies have investigated the effects of salicylates on oxidative stress levels in insulin-resistant animal models. This study aimed to assess the effect of sodium salicylate on insulin sensitivity and to explore the potential mechanism by which it improves hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. METHODS: Intralipid+heparin (IH), saline (SAL), or intralipid+heparin+sodium salicylate (IHS) were separately infused for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats. During the last 2 hours of the infusion, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was 3 performed with [6-(3)H] glucose tracer. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method. Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay. MDA levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in the liver and skeletal muscle were measured with colorimetric kits. RESULTS: Compared with infusion of SAL, IH infusion increased hepatic glucose production (HGP), and decreased glucose utilization (GU) (P<0.05). The elevation of plasma free fatty acids increased the MDA levels and decreased the GSH-PX activity in the liver and muscle (P<0.01). Sodium salicylate treatment decreased HGP, elevated GU (P<0.05), reduced MDA content by 60% (P<0.01), and increased the GSH-PX activity by 35% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term elevation of fatty acids induces insulin resistance by enhancing oxidative stress levels in the liver and muscle. The administration of the anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate reduces the degree of oxidative stress, therefore improving hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. IKK-beta and NF-kappa B provide potential pathogenic links to oxidative stress.

Effect of Ursolic Acid on Breast Cancer Resistance Protein-mediated Transport of Rosuvastatin In Vivo and Vitro

Objective To evaluate whether ursolic acid can inhibit breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP)-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vivo and in vitro. Methods Firstly, we explored the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU, a substrate of BCRP) in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid. Secondly, we studied the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in rats in the presence or absence of ursolic acid or Ko143(inhibitor of BCRP). Finially, the concentration-dependent transport of rosuvastatin and the inhibitory effects of ursolic acid and Ko143 were examined in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney(MDCK) Ⅱ-BCRP421CC(wild type) cells and MDCKⅡ-BCRP421AA(mutant type) cells. Results As a result, significant changes in pharmacokinetics parameters of 5-FU were observed in rats following pretreatment with ursolic acid. Both ursolic acid and Ko143 could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. The rosuvastatin transport in the BCRP overexpressing system was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. However, there was no statistical difference in BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin betweent the wild type cells and mutant cells. The same as Ko143, ursolic acid inhibited BCRP-mediated transport of rosuvastatin in vitro. Conclusion Ursolic acid appears to be a potent modulator of BCRP that affects the pharmacokinetic of rosuvastatin in vivo and inhibits the transport of rosuvastatin in vitro.

Genistein Reverses Free Fatty Acid-induced Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Hepatocytes through Targeting JNK

This study investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of genistein in improving insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids （FFAs） in HepG2 hepatocytes. A model of insulin resistance in HepG2 cells was established by adding palmitic acid （0.5 mmol/L） to the culture medium and the cells were treated by genistein. Glucose consumption of HepG2 cells was determined by glucose oxidase method. The levels of c-jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） phosphorylation, insulin receptor substrate-1 （IRS-1） Ser307 phosphorylation, JNK, IRS-1, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p85 （PI-3K p85） and glucose transporter 1 （GLUT1） proteins were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that after the treatment with palmitic acid for 24 h, the insulin-stimulated glucose transport in HepG2 cells was inhibited, and the glucose consumption was substantially reduced. Meanwhile, the expressions of IRS-1, PI-3K p85 protein and GLUT1 were obviously reduced, while the levels of JNK phosphorylation and IRS-1 Ser307 phosphorylation and the expression of JNK protein were significantly increased, as compared with cells of normal control. However, the aforementioned indices, which indicated the existence of insulin resistance, were reversed by genistein at 1-4 μmol/L in a dose-dependent manner. It was concluded that insulin resistance induced by FFAs in HepG2 hepatocytes could be improved by genistein. Genistein might reverse FFAs-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by targeting JNK.

Performance evaluation of nano-silica and silica fume on enhancing acid resistance of cement-based composites for underground structures

This study aims to evaluate the performance of silica fume(SF)and nano-silica(NS)on enhancing the sulfuric acid resistance of mortar mixtures.The NS and SF were added as substitutions for cement at various dosages.The cured samples were immersed in the sulfuric acid solution with a pH of 2 for 75 d.A compressive strength test and absorption and voids tests were conducted before sulfuric acid immersion.It was found that the addition of SF and NS reduced the volume of permeable voids and increased compressive strength.A thermo-gravimetric analysis was carried out to investigate the hydration of mixtures.The mixtures with SF showed a higher level of pozzolanic reaction compared with mixtures with NS.After the 75 d of immersion,the mixtures with 5%SF and 1%NS showed the best resistance against sulfuric acid because they showed the lowest mass change and length change.

Tetrahedral Framework Nucleic Acid-Based Delivery of Resveratrol Alleviates Insulin Resistance:From Innate to Adaptive Immunity

Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the hallmark of metabolic syndrome,and chronic,low-grade tissue inflammation links obesity to insulin resistance through the activation of tissue-infiltrating immune cells.Current therapeutic approaches lack efficacy and immunomodulatory capacity.Thus,a new therapeutic approach is needed to prevent chronic inflammation and alleviate insulin resistance.Here,we synthesized a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid(tFNA)nanoparticle that carried resveratrol(RSV)to inhibit tissue inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.The prepared nanoparticles,namely tFNAs-RSV,possessed the characteristics of simple synthesis,stable properties,good water solubility,and superior biocompatibility.The tFNA-based delivery ameliorated the lability of RSV and enhanced its therapeutic efficacy.In high-fat diet(HFD)-fed mice,the administration of tFNAs-RSV ameliorated insulin resistance by alleviating inflammation status.tFNAs-RSV could reverse M1 phenotype macrophages in tissues to M2 phenotype macrophages.As for adaptive immunity,the prepared nanoparticles could repress the activation of Th1 and Th17 and promote Th2 and Treg,leading to the alleviation of insulin resistance.Furthermore,this study is the first to demonstrate that tFNAs,a nucleic acid material,possess immunomodulatory capacity.Collectively,our findings demonstrate that tFNAs-RSV alleviate insulin resistance and ameliorate inflammation in HFD mice,suggesting that nucleic acid materials or nucleic acid-based delivery systems may be a potential agent for the treatment of insulin resistance and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of L-amino acid esters prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates as anti-HBV agent

A series of novel L-amino acid esters prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates was synthesized and their anti-HBV activity was evaluated in HepG2 2.2.15 cells. Compound 1d exhibited more potent anti-HBV activity and lower cytotoxicity than those of adefovir dipivoxil with EC50 and CC50 values of 0.207 μmol/L and 2530 μmol/L, respectively.

An in Vitro Investigation of Acid Etching Treatment Prior to Post and Core Cementation and Teeth Fracture Resistance

In order to investigate how to enhance the teeth fracture resistance after the post and core treatment, an in vitro study was conducted to measure the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with cast post and core with two kinds of surface treatment technology and acid etching preparation on the dentinal surface. Sixty-four recently extracted human single-rooted first premolars were endodontically treated and sectioned approximately 1.5 mm above the cementoenamel junction to remove the coronal portion. Each specimen received a cast post, core build-up and a metal alloy crown restoration. All teeth were randomly divided into the smooth surface post, core repair group, the sand blasting surface post, and core repair group, each group was divided into 10 s, 30 s, 60 s acid corrosion treatment group and control group. In acid test groups, an acid etching solution was applied for 10, 30 and 60 seconds, respectively, to the root canal wall surface. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic resin block and tested in an electronic universal testing machine. Fracture loads results showed that canal acid etching could increase teeth fracture resistance strength both in smooth groups and sandblasting group, and achieved the best effect when acid etching for 30 s. Sand spray treatment on the surface of the cast metal post can improve the flexural strength of the teeth after postcrown restoration. Acid etching on the root canal wall surfaces and sand spray treatment on the surface of the cast metal post can improve the flexural strength of the root after post-crown restoration. Therefore, these two methods could be used to strengthen the tooth fracture resistance, and maintain the long-term therapeutic effect of cast post and core restoration.

Insight into the Alkali Resistance Mechanism of CoMnHPMo Catalyst for NH_(3) Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO

The existence of alkali metals in fl ue gases originating from stationary sources can result in catalyst deactivation in the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction(SCR)of nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)).It is widely accepted that alkali metal poisoning causes damage to the acidic sites of catalysts.Therefore,in this study,a series of CoMn catalysts doped with heteropolyacids(HPAs)were prepared using the coprecipitation method.Among these,CoMnHPMo exhibited superior catalytic performance for SCR and over 95%NO_(x) conversion at 150-300.Moreover,it exhibited excellent catalytic activity and stability after alkali poisoning,demonstrating outstanding alkali metal resistance.The characterization indicated that HPMo increased the specifi c surface area of the catalyst,which provided abundant adsorption sites for NO_(x) and NH_(3).Comparing catalysts before and after poisoning,CoMnHPMo enhanced its alkali metal resistance by sacrifi cing Brønsted acid sites to protect its Lewis acid sites.In situ DRIFTS was used to study the reaction pathways of the catalysts.The results showed that CoMnHPMo maintained high NH_(3) adsorption capacity after K poisoning and then reacted rapidly with NO intermediates to ensure that the active sites were not covered.Consequently,SCR performance was ensured even after alkali metal poisoning.In sum-mary,this research proposed a simple method for the design of an alkali-resistant NH_(3)-SCR catalyst with high activity at low temperatures.

Performance and enhanced oil recovery efficiency of an acid-resistant polymer microspheres of anti-CO_(2) channeling in low-permeability reservoirs

CO_(2) flooding is a vital development method for enhanced oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs,However,micro-fractures are developed in low-permeability reservoirs,which are essential oil flow channels but can also cause severe CO_(2) gas channeling problems.Therefore,anti-gas channeling is a necessary measure to improve the effect of CO_(2) flooding.The kind of anti-gas channeling refers to the plugging of fractures in the deep formation to prevent CO_(2) gas channeling,which is different from the wellbore leakage.Polymer microspheres have the characteristics of controllable deep plugging,which can achieve the profile control of low-permeability fractured reservoirs.In acidic environments with supercritical CO_(2),traditional polymer microspheres have poor expandability and plugging properties.Based on previous work,a systematic evaluation of the expansion performance,dispersion rheological properties,stability,deep migration,anti-CO_(2) channeling and enhanced oil recovery ability of a novel acid-resistant polymer microsphere(DCNPM-A)was carried out under CQ oilifield conditions(salinity of85,000 mg/L,80℃,pH=3).The results show that the DCNPM-A microsphere had a better expansion performance than the traditional microsphere,with a swelling rate of 13.5.The microsphere dispersion with a concentration of 0.1%-0.5%had the advantages of low viscosity,high dispersion and good injectability in the low permeability fractured core.In the acidic environment of supercritical CO_(2),DCNPM-A microspheres showed excellent stability and could maintain strength for over 60 d with less loss.In core experiments,DCNPM-A microspheres exhibited delayed swelling characteristics and could effectively plug deep formations.With a plugging rate of 95%,the subsequent enhanced oil recovery of CO_(2) flooding could reach 21.03%.The experimental results can provide a theoretical basis for anti-CO_(2)channeling and enhanced oil recovery in low-permeability fractured reservoirs.

Role of insulin resistance in uric acid nephrolithiasis

Metabolic syndrome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of uric acid stones.Although not completely understood,its role is supported by many studies demonstrating increased prevalence of uric acid stones in patients with metabolic syndrome and in particular insulin resistance,a major component of metabolic syndrome.This review presents epidemiologic studies demonstrating the association between metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis in general as well as the relationship between insulin resistance and uric acid stone formation,in particular.We also review studies that explore the pathophysiologic relationship between insulin resistance and uric acid nephrolithiasis.

Induced Resistance of Tomato against Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) by Salicylic Acid (SA)

[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the induced resistance of tomato against gray mold （Botrytis cinerea） by salicylic acid. [ Method ] SA was used as an inducer to treat tomato seedlings, the effects of SA on mycelial diameter and spore germination of B. cinerea were studied, and the changes of 4 defense enzyme activities containing catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL）, as well as malondialdehyde （MDA） content during the production process of induced resistance were also measured. [ Result] SA had no inhibitory effect against spore germination and myce- lial growth of B. cinerea within the concentration range, and the relative induced effect had different degrees of improvement after treatment. The induced effect was the best as B. cinerea was challenged to inoculate at the third day after using 150 mg/L SA in tomato plants, and the duration of resistance was 10 -15 d. After treated by SA, CAT, POD, PPO and PAL first increased and then decreased in systemic induced resistance against B. cinerea, which were significantly higher than control. Meanwhile, MDA content showed ascendant trend in wavy line form. [ Conclusion ] The use of SA within a certain concentration range is safe; CAT, POD, PPO and PAL activities have positive correlation with induced resistance against B. cinerea, the increase of MDA content also has close relationship with the imvrovement of disease resistance.

Influence of Long Chain Free Fatty Acids on the Thermal Resistance Reduction of Bacterial Spores

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of free fatty acid length chain and unsaturated bond number on the heat resistance and recovery media of bacterial spores. Methods and results: For 6 species, bacterial spore heat resistances were estimated at different free fatty acid concentrations added to heating media or in recovery media. The addition of free fatty acids to heating media has a slight influence on the heat resistance of bacterial spores whatever the species or type of acid studied. On the contrary, the addition of free fatty acids to the recovery medium after the heat treatment greatly reduces the ability to bacterial spores to recover and form colonies. This effect varies depending on chain length, unsaturated bond number of fatty acid and on the bacterial strain studied. Conclusion: The presence of free acids in the recovery media is an additive stress which decreases the capability of injured spores to germinate and grow thereafter. Significance and impact of this study: The impact of free fatty acids presented in this study can be taken into account to reduce the thermal intensity of food sterilization in relation to their availability in food matrix.