Hopping-Aware Cluster Header Capability for Sensor Relocation in Mobile IoT Networks

Mobile sensor nodes such as hopping sensors are of critical importance in data collection.However,the occurrence of sensing holes is unavoidable due to the energy limitation of the nodes.Thus,it is evident that the relocation of mobile sensors is the most desirable method to recover the sensing holes.The previous research conducted by the authors so far demonstrated the most realistic hopping sensor relocation scheme,which is suitable for the distributed environment.In previous studies,the cluster header plays an essential role in detecting the sensing hole and requesting the neighboring cluster to recover the sensing hole that occurred in the sensor node.However,the limitations of the cluster header in the previously proposed relocation protocol are not fully considered.Because the cluster header jumps more frequently than non-header nodes,its energy con-sumption is relatively high compared to other nodes.Therefore,it is most likely to lead to header node failure and can lead to data loss on the network.In this paper,the jumping ability and energy consumption of the cluster header are seriously considered.Additional ability to replace cluster headers in case of failure is also implemented.Simulation results show that the data collection time can be further increased,which demonstrates the validity of the proposed algorithms.

New numerical algorithm of gas-liquid two-phase flow considering characteristics of liquid metal during mold filling

A new program is developed for gas-liquid two-phase mold filling simulation in casting. The gas fluid, the superheated liquid metal and the liquid metal containing solid grains are assumed to be governed by Navier-Stokes equations and solved through Projection method. The Level set method is used to track the gas-liquid interface boundary. In order to demonstrate the correctness of this new program for simulation of gas-liquid two-phase mold filling in casting, a benchmark filling experiment is simulated （this benchmark test is designed by XU and the filling process is recorded by a 16-mm film camera）. The simulated results agree very well with the experimental results, showing that this new program can be used to properly predicate the gas-liquid two-phase mold filling simulation in casting.

Numerical simulation of construction project environmental impact on the tides and tidal currents in Aojiang offshore of Wenzhou

This paper have collected the measured tides and certain tidal current data in different stages of many projects during past three to five years near the Aojiang River. The harmonic method is used to analyze tide and tidal current data observed at five stations in the sea adjacent to Aojiang River. The results show that the tide is mainly regular and semidiumal in the sea near Aojiang of Wenzhou. The tidal amplitudes of M2 constituent are between 170 cm - 193 cm and the lags are between 260~ - 280~, According to the comparison of analytical results of harmonic constants of these stations in 2007, 2010 and 2011, the maximum change of tidal amplitudes and phase-lag range for the main semidiurnal tides （M2, $2, N2）, the diurnal tide （K1, O1） and the shallow water tide （M4, MS4, M6） are 1.8 cm - 4.4 cm and 3~ - 7~, respectively. After analyzing the tide and tidal current characteristics of Aojiang River, this paper uses an unstructured grid and Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model （FVCOM） to test the results of simulation. The simulated results agree well with the measured data. The new shoreline and depth which are produced by the construction projects closed in important major years, and the tide and tidal current field for the new shoreline and depth are constructed, which describe the superimposed influences of construction engineering in Aojiang estuary.

Tunnel flexibility effect on the ground surface acceleration response

Flexibility of underground structures relative to the surrounding medium, referred to as the flexibility ratio, is an important factor that influences their dynamic interaction. This study investigates the flexibility effect of a box-shaped subway tunnel, resting directly on bedrock, on the ground surface acceleration response using a numerical model verified against dynamic centrifuge test results. A comparison of the ground surface acceleration response for tunnel models with different flexibility ratios revealed that the tunnels with different flexibility ratios influence the acceleration response at the ground surface in different ways. Tunnels with lower flexibility ratios have higher acceleration responses at short periods, whereas tunnels with higher flexibility ratios have higher acceleration responses at longer periods. The effect of the flexibility ratio on ground surface acceleration is more prominent in the high range of frequencies. Furthermore, as the flexibility ratio of the tunnel system increases, the acceleration response moves away from the free field response and shifts towards the longer periods. Therefore, the flexibility ratio of the underground tunnels influences the peak ground acceleration （PGA） at the ground surface, and may need to be considered in the seismic zonation of urban areas.

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM WITH HEAVY RAINFALL ALONG SOUTH CHINA COASTAL AREA

Observational analysis shows that a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) occurred on May 13-14 2004 along the coastal area in South China. The MCS initiated among the southwesterly flows within a west-east orientation low-level shear line. Associated with the system, in its subsequent development stages, no distinct vortex circulation developed in low-level. Instead, a cyclonic flow disturbance was observed in the mid-troposphere. How the convection starts to develop and evolve into a MCS With observational analysis and numerical simulation, the problem has been studied. The high-resolution MM5 simulation shows that topographic convergence along the coastal line and the nearby mountains in western South China plays an important role to initiate the MCS convection. Once the convection occurs, due to the condensation heating, a cooperative interaction between the preexisting mid-level disturbance and convection is created, which may greatly affect the MCS development during periods when the system continues moving eastward. Compared to some typical MCS that happen in Southern China, which are usually accompanied with upward development of cyclonic vorticity, the development and evolution of the investigated MCS shows distinguishing features. In this article, the physical mechanisms responsible for the intensification of mid-level disturbance are discussed, and a viewpoint to interpret the effects of mid-level disturbance on the MCS organizational development is proposed.

Effects of imperfect experimental conditions on stress waves in SHPB experiments

Experimental and numerical simulations were undertaken to estimate the effects of imperfect conditions on stress waves in split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） experiments. The photonic Doppler velocimetry （PDV） measurement results show that the rise and fall times of an incident wave increases with an increasing inclination angle; also, the fluctuations of the incident wave disappear gradually with the increase of inclination angle. The following characteristics for various defects in the SHPB were obtained by numerical simulation： （1） the influence of a curved bar was negligible; （2） misalignment modestly affects the fluctuation characteristics, and bending waves were generated at this condition; （3） inclination and indentation of the impact end- surface had a great impact on the incident waves, and both of them increase the rise time of the incident wave by increasing the degree of defects. In view of the results, misalignment, inclination, and indentation in SHPB experiments should be minimized.

Simulation and analysis of two-point bending fatigue test of asphalt concrete based on discrete element model

In order to investigate the fatigue performance of French high modulus asphalt concrete and the correlation between Burger's parameters and fatigue life, the virtual model of asphalt mixture trapezoidal specimen in the two-point bending fatigue test was constructed in discrement element software PFC3D. The initial stiffness and the maximum stress when the specimen reached fatigue were calculated. Through the comparison between virtual and single field fatigue test curves, the credibility of simulation in DEMwas verified.Then, the impacts of top controlled displacement and Burger's parameters( E_1,E_2,η_1,η_2) on the fatigue life of the specimen were explored. The simulation results indicate that the maximum stress increases with the increase in the top controlled displacement. With the increase of E_1 and the decrease of E_2 in Burger's model, the modulus of the asphalt binder increases, and the fatigue performance of the asphalt mixture enhances. η_1 and η_2 have limited influence on fatigue life compared with E_1 and E_2.

Response of Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau to the current climate change and future scenarios by 2050

The Tibetan Plateau （TP） holds ten thousands of alpine glaciers in mid-latitude. They have shrunk with an accelerating retreat rate recently. We applied a distributed temperature-index massbalance model developed by Regine Hock, and coupled with a volume-area scaling method to Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier （XDG） in the central TP, to assess its response to climate change. The result shows the simulated mass balance is in a good agreement with observations （R2=0.75, p〈0.001） during the period of 1989-2012. The simulated mean annual mass balance （-213 mm w.e.） is close to the observation （-233 mm w.e.）, indicating the model can be used to estimate the glacier variation in the future. Then the model was forced under the climate scenarios by the output of RegCM4 RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2013 to 2050. The simulated terminus elevation of the glacier will rise from 5454 m a.s.1, in 2o13 to 5533 m a.s.1. （RCP4.5） and 5543 m a.s.1. （RCP8.5） in 2050. XDG will lose its volume with an increasing rate of 600-700 m3 a-1 during the period of 1989-2o5o, indicating the melting water will enhance the river runoff. But for the long term, the contribution to the river runoff will decrease for the shrinkage of glacier scale.

A novel method for predicting breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoirs

Dimensional analysis and numerical simulations were carried out to research prediction method of breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir. Four dimensionless independent variables and dimensionless time were derived from 10 influencing factors of the problem by using dimensional analysis. Simulations of horizontal well in reservoir with bottom water were run to find the prediction correlation. A general and concise functional relationship for predicting breakthrough time was established based on simulation results and theoretical analysis. The breakthrough time of one conceptual model predicted by the correlation is very close to the result by Eclipse with less than 2% error. The practical breakthrough time of one well in Helder oilfield is 10 d, and the predicted results by the method is 11.2 d, which is more accurate than the analytical result. Case study indicates that the method could predict breakthrough time of horizontal well under different reservoir conditions accurately. For its university and ease of use, the method is suitable for quick prediction of breakthrough time.

Synchronization of the fractional-order generalized augmented L u¨system and its circuit implementation

In this paper, the synchronization of the fractional-order generalized augmented Lti system is investigated. Based on the predictor--corrector method, we obtain phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectra, and Poincar6 maps of the fractional-order system and find that a four-wing chaotic attractor exists in the system when the system pa- rameters change within certain ranges. Further, by varying the system parameters, rich dynamical behaviors occur in the 2.7-order system. According to the stability theory of a fractional-order linear system, and adopting the linearization by feedback method, we have designed a nonlinear feedback controller in our theoretical analysis to implement the synchro- nization of the drive system with the response system. In addition, the synchronization is also shown by an electronic circuit implementation for the 2.7-order system. The obtained experiment results accord with the theoretical analyses, which further demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed synchronization scheme.

Simulation of Magnetically Dispersed Arc Plasma

Magnetically dispersed arc plasma exhibits typically dispersed uniform arc column as well as diffusive cathode root and diffusive anode root. In this paper magnetically dispersed arc plasma coupled with solid cathode is numerically simulated by the simplified cathode sheath model of LOWKE . The numerical simulation results in argon show that the maximum value of arc root current density on the cathode surface is 3.5×10^7 A/m^2）, and the maximum value of energy flux on the cathode surface is 3× 10^7 J/m^2, both values are less than the average values of a contracted arc, respectively.

Thermal recovery process of a backfilled open-pit in permafrost area at the Gulian strip coal mine in Northeast China

Timely and proper backfilling of open-pits in strip coal-mines has been an effective measurement for the recovery of the hydrothermal regimes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. In this study, numerical simulations and statistical regressions were applied for analyzing the recovery processes of the backfill and its major influencing factors for the thermal equilibrium in recently backfilled open pits at the Gulian strip coalmine in Mo'he, Northeast China. Results show that the thermal recovery time of backfilled areas is positively correlated to the backfill depth(BD) of the soils, the backfilled soil temperature(BST), and the mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST); meanwhile, climate warming can impact on thermal regimes of the backfill area. The impact of climate warming on ground temperature of the backfill will show up significantly in about 50 years afterbackfilling(BD at 10.0 and 20.0 m, BST at 20.0°C) under the climate warming scenario(CWS) of 0.025°C·year ^(-1). Grey-relation analyses show that the sensitivity of the backfill recovery time declines in the order of the BD, BST and MAGST. On the basis of the abovementioned studies, the layer-by-layer backfilling in cold seasons is advised for more effective and more rapid recovery of thermal regimes of the backfilled open-pits in cold regions.

Optimized finite difference iterative scheme based on POD technique for 2D viscoelastic wave equation

This study develops an optimized finite difference iterative （OFDI） scheme for the two-dimensional （2D） viscoelastic wave equation. The OFDI scheme is obtained using a proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） method. It has sufficiently high accuracy with very few unknowns for the 2D viscoelastic wave equation. Existence, stability, and convergence of the OFDI solutions are analyzed. Numerical simulations verify efficiency and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Interfacial heat-transfer between A356-aluminium alloy and metal mould

The interfacial heat-transfer coefficient at casting/mould interface is a key factor that impacts the simulation accuracy of solidification progress.At present,the simulation result of using available data is comparatively different from the practice.In the current study,the methods of radial heating and electricity measurement under steady-state condition were employed to study the nature of interfacial heat-transfer between A356 Aluminum alloy and metal mould.The experimental results show that the interfacial heat-transfer between A356 Aluminum alloy and the outer mould drops linearly with time while that of A356 aluminum alloy and the inner mould increases with time during cooling.The interfacial heat-transfer coefficient between A356 aluminum alloy and mould is inversely proportional to the electrical resistance.

Self-consistent parabolized stability equation(PSE) method for compressible boundary layer

The parabolized stability equation （PSE） method has been proven to be a useful and convenient tool for the investigation of the stability and transition problems of boundary layers. However, in its original formulation, for nonlinear problems, the complex wave number of each Fourier mode is determined by the so-called phase-locked rule, which results in non-self-consistency in the wave numbers. In this paper, a modification is proposed to make it self-consistent. The main idea is that, instead of allowing wave numbers to be complex, all wave numbers are kept real, and the growth or decay of each mode is simply manifested in the growth or decay of the modulus of its shape function. The validity of the new formulation is illustrated by comparing the results with those from the corresponding direct numerical simulation （DNS） as applied to a problem of compressible boundary layer with Mach number 6.

Interstitial fluid flow:simulation of mechanical environment of cells in the interosseous membrane

In vitro experiments have shown that subtle fluid flow environment plays a significant role in living biological tissues, while there is no in vivo practical dynamical measurement of the interstitial fluid flow velocity. On the basis of a new finding that capillaries and collagen fibrils in the interosseous membrane form a parallel array, we set up a porous media model simulating the flow field with FLUENT software, studied the shear stress on interstitial cells＇ surface due to the interstitial fluid flow, and analyzed the effect of flow on protein space distribution around the ceils. The numerical simulation results show that the parallel nature of capillaries could lead to directional interstitial fluid flow in the direction of capillaries. Interstitial fluid flow would induce shear stress on the membrane of interstitial cells, up to 30 Pa or so, which reaches or exceeds the threshold values of cells＇ biological response observed in vitro. Interstitial fluid flow would induce nonuniform spacial distribution of secretion protein of mast cells. Shear tress on cells could be affected by capillary parameters such as the distance between the adjacent capillaries, blood pressure and the permeability coefficient of capillary＇s wall. The interstitial pressure and the interstitial porosity could also affect the shear stress on cells. In conclusion, numerical simulation provides an effective way for in vivo dynamic interstitial velocity research, helps to set up the vivid subtle interstitial flow environment of cells, and is beneficial to understanding the physiological functions of interstitial fluid flow.

Numerical Simulation of Coseismic Response and Its Mechanism of Well Water Temperature to Farfield Strong Earthquakes1

Heat flow is inevitably accompanied by temperature change,thus,the water temperature coseismic response during earthquake activity should also obey the laws of thermodynamics.Taking the M S8.0 Wenchuan,Sichuan,China earthquake and the M9.0Tohoku,Japan earthquake as an example,and based on the data of water temperature coseismic responses observed in well ZK26 in Haikou,Hainan Province,China,we investigate the relationship between well water temperature change and heat transfer in the coseismic response process and the relevant thermodynamic mechanism by using the numerical simulation method for thermodynamic equations.Then,through forward modeling,we obtain several simulation curves of water temperature change in response to earthquakes along the well depth at different times.The simulated curves of water temperature change approximately fit the observed curves.Consequently,based on the variation of temperature,we find that the modes of well water temperature coseismic response( ascending,descending or stable) are related to factors such as the location of sensors,distribution and location of heat sources,the span between sensors and heat sources.

Residual stress in the cylindrical drawing cup of SUS304 stainless steel evaluated by split-ring test

The residual stresses in the wall of a SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup were evaluated by split-ring tests, and the influences of stamping die parame- ters on the residual stress were investigated. A new theoretical model of a split-ring test was developed to evaluate the resid- ual stress in a ring, which was verified to be reasonable and reliable by numerical simulations with ABAQUS code and by nanoindentation tests. Seven groups of split-ring tests were completed, and the residual stresses were calculated according to the theoretical model. The split-ring test results showed that the circumferential residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup was very large and did not change with the different die comer radius. The circumferential residual stress first increased with the increase of drawing punch-die clearance, then was almost unchanged when the clearance increased greater than blank thickness 1 mm. Thus, a smaller clearance was suggested to be chosen to reduce the residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel drawing cup.

Orientation distribution of fibers and rheological property in fiber suspensions flowing in a turbulent boundary layer

A model relating the translational and rotational transport of orientation distribution function （ODF） of fibers to the gradient of mean ODF and the dispersion coefficients is proposed to derive the mean equation for the ODE Then the ODF of fibers is predicted by numerically solving the mean equation for the ODF together with the equations of turbulent boundary layer flow. Finally the shear stress and first normal stress difference of fiber suspensions are obtained. The results, some of which agree with the available relevant experimental data, show that the most fibers tend to orient to the flow direction. The fiber aspect ratio and Reynolds number have significant and negligible effects on the orientation dis- tribution of fibers, respectively. The additional normal stress due to the presence of fibers is anisotropic. The shear stress of fiber suspension is larger than that of Newtonian solvent, and the first normal stress difference is much less than the shear stress. Both the additional shear stress and the first normal stress difference increase with increasing the fiber concentration and decreasing fiber aspect ratio.

NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR 3D ELLIPTIC FLOW ON NONSTAGGERED GRIDS

A finite difference numerical procedure and a sereralpurpose comput-er prosrani for 3D elliptic flow problems are developed, with the fictitious stag-gered-grids and the momentum interpolation technique on nonstaggered grids.The algorithm and the computer