Role of nutraceuticals during the transition period of dairy cows: a review

The transition period of dairy cattle is characterized by a number of metabolic, endocrine, physiologic, and immune adaptations, including the occurrence of negative energy balance, hypocalcemia, liver dysfunction, overt systemic inflammatory response, and oxidative stress status. The degree and length of time during which these systems remain out of balance could render cows more susceptible to disease, poor reproductive outcomes, and less efficient for milk production and quality. Studies on both monogastrics and ruminants have reported the health benefits of nutraceuticals(e.g. probiotics, prebiotics, dietary lipids, functional peptides, phytoextracts) beyond nutritional value, interacting at different levels of the animal's physiology. From a physiological standpoint, it seems unrealistic to disregard any systemic inflammatory processes. However, an alternate approach is to modulate the inflammatory process per se and to resolve the systemic response as quickly as possible.To this aim, a growing body of literature underscores the efficacy of nutraceuticals(active compounds) during the critical phase of the transition period. Supplementation of essential fatty acids throughout a 2-month period(i.e. a month before and a month after calving) successfully attenuates the inflammatory status with a quicker resolution of phenomenon. In this context, the inflammatory and immune response scenario has been recognized to be targeted by the beneficial effect of methyl donors, such as methionine and choline, directly and indirectly modulating such response with the increase of antioxidants GSH and taurine. Indirectly by the establishment of a healthy gastrointestinal tract, yeast and yeast-based products showed to modulate the immune response, mitigating negative effects associated with parturition stress and consequent disorders.The use of phytoproducts has garnered high interest because of their wide range of actions on multiple tissue targets encompassing a series of antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, immune-stimulating, rumen fermentation, and microbial modulation effects. In this review, we provide perspectives on investigations of regulating the immune responses and metabolism using several nutraceuticals in the periparturient cow.

A critical review on the health promoting effects of mushrooms nutraceuticals

Extensive elucidations focusing on the efficient health promoting properties and high nutritional values of mushrooms have been expanded dynamically from the past few decades.Due to its high quality of proteins,polysaccharides,unsaturated fatty acids,mineral substances,triterpenes sterols and secondary metabolites,mushrooms have always been appreciated for their vital role in protecting and curing various health problems,such as immunodeficiency,cancer,inflammation,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,hypercholesterolemia and obesity.Moreover,investigations in recent years have revealed the correlations between the health-promoting benefits and gut microbiota regulating effects induced by the mushrooms intake.Researches on the immense role in the nutritional and health benefits displayed by mushrooms have become an emergent task to study.The present article overviewed and compiled the latest information correlated to the health benefits and underlying functional mechanisms of mushroom nutraceuticals,and concluded that the supplementation of mushrooms as a dietary composition could become a natural adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of several health diseases.

Recently highlighted nutraceuticals for preventive management of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis(OA) is a chronic degenerative disease of articular cartilage with limited treatment options. This reality encourages clinicians to suggest preventive measures to delay and contain the outbreak of the pathological conditions. Articular cartilage and synovium suffering from OA are characterised by an inflammatory state and by significant oxidative stress,responsible for pain,swelling and loss of mobility in the advanced stages. This review will focus on the ability of olive oil to exert positive effects on the entire joint to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine release and increase lubricin synthesis,olive leaf extract,since it maintains lubrication by stimulating high molecular weight hyaluronan synthesis in synovial cells,curcumin,which delays the start of pathological cartilage breakdown,sanguinarine,which downregulates catabolic proteases,vitamin D for its capacity to influence the oxidative and proinflammatory environment,and carnosic acid as an inducer of heme oxygenase-1,which helps preserve cartilage degeneration. These molecules,considered as natural dietary supplements,appear like a cuttingedge answer to this tough health problem,playing a major role in controlling homeostatic balance loss and slowing down the pathology progression. Natural or food-derived molecules that are able to exert potential therapeutic effects are known as "nutraceutical",resulting from the combination of the words "nutrition" and "pharmaceutical". These compounds have gained popularity due to their easy availability,which represents a huge advantage for food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition,the chronic nature of OA implies the use of pharmacological compounds with proven longterm safety,especially because current treatments like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesicsimprove pain relief but have no effect on degenerative progression and can also cause serious side effects.

Dietary Fibers and Nutraceuticals for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention in Children and Adolescents: A Critical Review

The roles of dietary fibers and nutraceuticals for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease from childhood are reviewed. Nutrition as an epigenetic modifier and the roles of endothelium, risk factors, epidemiological evidence and Mediterranean diet are critically analysed. Overfeeding in childhood can lead to the development of obesity and/or atherosclerosis in adult life. In particular, a high intake of nutrients affects the in utero programming with the adverse consequences of insulin resistance an endothelial dysfunction that lead to early atherosclerosis. Dietary fibers have important health benefits in childhood and research suggests that they may prevent obesity and lower blood cholesterol levels with a favourable impact on the risk of future cardiovascular disease incidence. However, it is for further studies to assess whether also in Southern European Countries, practicing Mediterranean diet as a normal habit, dietary fibers may contribute to modify the relatively low proportion of hyperlipemia observed in our population.

Nutraceutical Treatment in Knee Osteoarthritis—Arthritis-Presentation of a Dietary Plan by Means of Additional Nutraceuticals in Lieu of the Detrimental Side Effects of Current Conventional Medicine

Arthritis (AR) is a disease that affects the joints and of which there are, remarkably, over 100 different types. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type and knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common subgroup of OA. KOA is a pathological degeneration of joints, connective tissue and the sub-chondral bone of the knee. The origin of the disease is not fully understood but the etiology includes risk factors such as age, gender, physiological trauma and BMI. It is a complex pathological state of cause, effect, and manifestation where the exact mechanisms responsible are not visible. Inflammatory mediators are involved in the progression of KOA and this cascade of reactions to the inflicted area is unfortunately chronic. Pain is a key feature, and it ranges from mild to severe. Patients are likely to use analgesics that are more potent than “over the counter” (OCT) drugs at some stage. As the condition develops over time the need increases and prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids are used. NSAIDs can help reduce the pain as well as enhance the joints range of movements again. However not in an optimal way, nor do they have the ability to alter any of the mechanisms behind the disease. Inevitably, the side effects from the medicine will have a negative impact on the patient;even more so the longer they are used. Currently, alternative medicine and nutraceuticals can be controversial. Several countries and organizations consistently deny any beneficial outcome from these in the context of KOA-treatment. Official statements are made about the lack of evidence and consequently official non-recommendations are commonplace. This review will show viable complementary alternative medicine (CAM) that has been studied over decades with unequivocal positive results on KOA. These options exhibit minimal side effects and a high safety-margin. Included are up-to date clinical studies with current evidence of beneficial effects. This review presents key strategies for the arthritis patients. A dietary plan not to deviate from and the use of specific nutrients and herbs. The analysis of nutrachemicals include glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, collagen type 1, undenatured collagen type II and hyaluronic acid. Therapeutic dosages of nutraceuticals as well as a specified diet designed to curb and to some extent reverse KOA. Traditional Chinese medicine consisting of T. wilfordii, A. bidentate, bromelain, Boswellia and Curcuma longa. To a certain extent these nutraceuticals have an ability that is absent in current pharmacological treatments. The ability to reverse and sometimes rebuild tissues and cells affected by KOA. All nutraceuticals in the review is evaluated with the standard methods WOMAC and VAS in order to measure degrees of pain, stiffness and functionalities of the knee.

Exploring the Role of Nutraceuticals (Red Yeast Rice) in Secondary Prevention: A New Pathway Can Be Opened

Background: Long-term survival in acute coronary syndrome has increased steadily in the last decades. Follow-up studies developed in this patient clearly reveal that they are at risk of suffering a new event, placing them in a new stage, secondary prevention. Assuming this increased risk, the control target of their cardiovascular risk factors become more ambitious. In this field, control of Cholesterol levels, particularly LDL-C, has arisen as a priority objective in patients with coronary arterial disease. In this sense, management of dyslipidemia guidelines, recently recognises the role of functional food, highlighting among them is the Red Yeast Rice (RYR). The aim of the study is to establish the potential role of functional food, in secondary prevention, while determining its additional capacity to reduce LDL-C in patients that despite optimal classic treatment (maximum tolerated dose of stain plus Ezetimibe) is still out of control objectives. Results and Discussion: 88 patients were included and after 3 months of treatment with RYR, their lipid profiles were compared with the baseline. The variation of T-Col, LDL-C and Trig were statistically significant. A reduction in LDL-C was 10.73 mg/dL, which means a 10.93% of additional reduction over the standard therapy the patients were receiving. Concerning security, no relevant side effects were reported when adding RYR, even in a relevant percentage (35.4%), myalgia disappeared (especially when reducing the titrating dose of the statin). Conclusion: Adding RYR in secondary prevention patients in combination with the usual treatment, seems to be an effective alternative to optimize LDL levels and thus gets closer to the target set in the guidelines, without adding relevant side effects, and even improving tolerance to the statins.

The Need for a Legal Distinction of Nutraceuticals

The nutraceutical and botanical terms are often used by the lay press or for marketing purposes to describe health beneficial food, food supplements or herbs. However, there is no common definition of nutraceuticals or botanicals and moreover a lack of regulation that classifies this category. Concerning their health value, it is unclear if they belong to drugs or food. Currently, they fall into a legal limbo between both. This regulatory lack can lead to misuse of claims indicating a health benefit or the misleading of the consumer. This review will focus on current definitions of nutraceutical, botanical, functional food and food supplements with special emphasis on the differences between the US and European legislation. Some special considerations will be given for Germany, one of the main markets for food supplements in Europe.

Bioactive compounds from mushrooms: Emerging bioresources of food and nutraceuticals

Mushrooms have been an indispensable element of the human culture since antiquity and are cherished all over the globe for their nutritive and therapeutic benefits. Being acknowledged as “the new superfood” of the future, they are a cardinal component of human diet for boosting health status and well being. Mushrooms are endowed with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, prebiotic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities, upholding a great therapeutic potential and a huge spectrum of clinical applications. The wide ranges of bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, polysaccharides protein complexes, peptides and proteins, terpenoids and phenolic compounds have been reported from diverse groups of mushroom. Laden with a wealth of nutrients and innumerable biomolecules of therapeutic worth, they are internationally appreciated and envisaged as world's largest untapped resources of dietary supplements. In the recent years, owing to significant healthier lifestyle changes, dietary practices of people and consumers opting for immunity enhancing supplements especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the yearning for mushroom based nutraceuticals and functional foods is on rise. This review gives comprehensive details on the biodiversity of mushrooms, its nutritional and medicinal importance, secondary metabolites especially of nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical potential, and their role as bioactive agents and application in preparing mushroom based value-added products.

Flavonoid Myricetin as Potent Anticancer Agent: A Possibility towards Development of Potential Anticancer Nutraceuticals

Good nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. The beneficial effects of nutrition have been found to counteract nutritional disturbances with the expanded use of nutraceuticals to treat and manage cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other developmental defects over the last decade. Flavonoids are found abundantly in plant-derived foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, and wine. Fruits and vegetables contain phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. Flavonoids can act as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-microbial(antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral) antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diarrheal agents. Flavonoids are also reported to upregulate apoptotic activity in several cancers such as hepatic, pancreatic, breast, esophageal, and colon. Myricetin is a flavonol which is naturally present in fruits and vegetables and has shown possible nutraceutical value. Myricetin has been portrayed as a potent nutraceutical that may protect against cancer. The focus of the present review is to present an updated account of studies demonstrating the anticancer potential of myricetin and the molecular mechanisms involved therein. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its anticancer activity would eventually help in its development as a novel anticancer nutraceutical having minimal side effects.

Nutraceuticals as potential therapeutic agents for colon cancer: a review

Colon cancer is a world-wide health problem and the second-most dangerous type of cancer,affecting both men and women.The modern diet and lifestyles,with high meat consumption and excessive alcohol use,along with limited physical activity has led to an increasing mortality rate for colon cancer worldwide.As a result,there is a need to develop novel and environmentally benign drug therapies for colon cancer.Currently,nutraceuticals play an increasingly important role in the treatment of various chronic diseases such as colon cancer,diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.Nutraceuticals are derived from various natural sources such as medicinal plants,marine organisms,vegetables and fruits.Nutraceuticals have shown the potential to reduce the risk of colon cancer and slow its progression.These dietary substances target different molecular aspects of colon cancer development.Accordingly,this review briefly discusses the medicinal importance of nutraceuticals and their ability to reduce the risk of colorectal carcinogenesis.

The safety,efficacy and pharmaceutical quality of male enhancement nutraceuticals bought online:Truth versus claim

Objective:Nutraceutical products are widely used for their claimed therapeutic benefits.However,falsified or adulterated nutraceuticals present a major health threat to consumers.This study investigates the pharmaceutical quality,safety and anti-inflammatory effects of six male enhancement nutraceuticals that claim to be 100%natural.Methods:Three batches of six male enhancement products were tested to detect the presence and levels of adulterants via high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The pharmaceutical quality of the selected nutraceuticals was tested with near infrared spectroscopy(NIR)and Se De M.The cytotoxic effects of these products on HepG2 cells were determined through cell proliferation(XTT)and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)cytotoxicity assays.Lastly,the in vitro inflammatory effects of these products were investigated using murine J774 macrophages through cytokine release analysis.Results:HPLC analysis detected the presence of sildenafil citrate,a vasodilator,and the active ingredient in Viagra and Revatio,in all batches of the products we analyzed.Amount of sildenafil citrate ranged from 0.45 mg to 51.85 mg among different batches.NIR assessment showed inter-and intra-batch heterogeneity in product composition.Results of the XTT and LDH assays showed significant cytotoxic effects of the analyzed products.XTT analysis revealed that the viability of HepG2 treated with tested products varied from 27.57%to 41.43%.Interestingly,the male enhancement products also showed anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusion:Despite their labeling as 100%natural,all products tested in this study contained levels of sildenafil citrate,which was not reported on the packaging.There was a lack of pharmaceutical uniformity among products of the same batch and across different batches.Additionally,the products we tested had cytotoxic effects.These study findings highlight the adulteration,poor quality and hazard of these nutraceuticals.Therefore,strict regulation of these products and standardization of the definition of nutraceuticals are urgently needed.Further,these falsely advertised products should be withdrawn from the market due to potential adverse effects on the health of their consumers.

BIOPOLYMER BASED NANO-DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR ENHANCING BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRACEUTICALS

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the development of efficient food-grade oral nano-delivery systems for encapsulation, protection and target delivery of nutraceuticals to enhance their bioavailability, fiarther to prevent disease and promote human health and well-being. Food proteins represent promising candidates for efficient nutraceutical nanocarriers due to their exceptional characteristics, namely biodegradability, nonantigenicity, high nutritional value, abundant renewable sources and extraordinary binding capacity to various nutraceuticals. In addition, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, low cost, and non-starch polysaccharides possess many favourable characteristics such as stability in the harsh gastric environment, resistance to digestive enzymes, and mucoadhesiveness to intestinal mucosal surface. This review describes the design and formation of nanoscaled delivery systems for nutraceuticals using food-grade proteins （including peptides）, polysaccharides and their associative complexes. The toxicity and cellular uptake fate of the nanostructures, as well as their effects on the intestinal absorption of the encapsulated nutraceuticals were also discussed.

Matching traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine-based research:Advanced nutraceutical development for proactive gastric cancer prevention

Gastric cancer(GC),the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally,is complex and heterogeneous.This review explores multidisciplinary investigations of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)combined with Western medical practices,emphasizing the development of nutraceuticals for cancer prevention.Using advanced analytical chemistry and food chemistry techniques,this study investigated how TCM components may be optimized for nutraceutical development.Focusing on molecular interactions with GC pathways,particularly the NF-κB,PI3K/Akt,and Wnt/β-catenin pathways,we examined the effects of TCM polyherbal formulas,extracts,and isolated compounds.These agents modulate apoptosis and cellular proliferation,underscoring their potential in preventive strategies.The convergence of nutraceutical and medicine food homology studies highlights a significant shift towards integrating TCM-derived compounds in a preventive health framework.This approach aims not only to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects but also to champion a preventive paradigm using personalized medicine to advance proactive health maintenance and disease prevention.The combination of TCM and western medical practices offers promising avenues for future research and practical applications in GC prevention.

Taurine: a promising nutraceutic in the prevention of retinal degeneration

Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid because it is synthesized by most mammals.However,dietary intake of taurine may be necessary to achieve the physiological levels required for the development,maintenance,and function of certain tissues.Taurine may be especially important for the retina.The concentration of taurine in the retina is higher than that in any other tissue in the body and taurine deficiency causes retinal oxidative stress,apoptosis,and degeneration of photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells.Low plasma taurine levels may also underlie retinal degeneration in humans and therefore,taurine administration could exert retinal neuroprotective effects.Taurine has antioxidant,anti-apoptotic,immunomodulatory,and calcium homeostasis-regulatory properties.This review summarizes the role of taurine in retinal health and disease,where it appears that taurine may be a promising nutraceutical.

Exploring alternative treatments for Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is a successful pathogen that can persist in the stomach of an infected person for their entire life. It provokes chronic gastric inflammation that leads to the development of serious gastric diseases such as peptic ulcers, gastric cancer and Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. It is known that these ailments can be avoided if the infection by the bacteria can be prevented or eradicated. Currently, numerous antibiotic-based therapies are available. However, these therapies have several inherent problems, including the appearance of resistance to the antibiotics used and associated adverse effects, the risk of re-infection and the high cost of antibiotic therapy. The delay in developing a vaccine to prevent or eradicate the infection has furthered research into new therapeutic approaches. This review summarises the most relevant recent studies on vaccine development and new treatments using natural resources such as plants, probiotics and nutraceuticals. In addition, novel alternatives based on microorganisms, peptides, polysaccharides, and intragastric violet light irradiation are presented. Alternative therapies have not been effective in eradicating the bacteria but have been shown to maintain low bacterial levels. Nevertheless, some of them are useful in preventing the adverse effects of antibiotics, modulating the immune response, gastroprotection, and the general promotion of health. Therefore, those agents can be used as adjuvants of allopathic anti-H. pylori eradication therapy.

Phytotherapy in diabetes: Review on potential mechanistic perspectives

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a widely spread epidemic dis ease that results from the absence of insulin, decreased secretion and/or impaired function. Since DM is a multi factorial disease, the available pharmaceuticals, despite their sensible treatment, target mostly one pathway to control hyperglycemia and encounter several side effects. Therefore, new therapeutic paradigms aim to hit several pathways using only one agent. Tradition ally, antidiabetic plants and/or their active constituents may fulfill this need. More than 200 species of plants possess antidiabetic properties which were evaluated mostly by screening tests without digging far for the exact mode of action. Searching among the differen literature resources and various database and in view o the above aspects, the present article provides a com prehensive review on the available antidiabetic plants that have been approved by pharmacological and clini cal evaluations, and which their mechanism(s) of ac tion is assured. These plants are categorized according to their proved mode of action and are classified into those that act by inhibiting glucose absorption from in testine, increasing insulin secretion from the pancreasinhibiting glucose production from hepatocytes, or enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues. The current review also highlights those that mimic in their action the new peptide analogs, such as exenatide, liraglutide and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors that increase glucagon-like peptide-1 serum concentration and slow down the gastric emptying.

A nutraceutical combination improves insulin sensitivity in patients with metabolic syndrome

AIM:To test the efficacy of a proprietary nutraceutical combination in reducing insulin resistance associated with the metabolic syndrome(MetS).METHODS:Sixty-four patients with MetS followed at a tertiary outpatient clinic were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or a proprietary nutraceutical combination(AP)consisting of berberine,policosanol and red yeast rice,in a prospective,double-blind,placebo-controlled study.Evaluations were performed at baseline and after 18 wk of treatment.The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMAIR)index was the primary outcome measure.Secondary endpoints included lipid panel,blood glucose and insulin fasting,after a standard mixed meal and after an oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT),ow-mediated dilation(FMD),and waist circumference.RESULTS:Fifty nine patients completed the study,2 withdrew because of adverse effects.After 18 wk there was a signif icant reduction in the HOMA-IR index in the AP group compared with placebo(ΔHOMA respectively-0.6 ± 1.2 vs 0.4 ± 1.9;P < 0.05).Total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol also significantly decreased in the treatment arm compared with placebo(Δlow density lipoprotein cholesterol-0.82 ± 0.68 vs-0.13 ± 0.55 mmol/L;P < 0.001),while triglycerides,high density lipoprotein cholesterol,and the OGTT were not affected.In addition,there were significant reductions in blood glucose and insulin after the standard mixed meal,as well as an increase in FMD(ΔFMD 1.9 ± 4.2 vs 0 ± 1.9 %;P < 0.05)and a significant reduction in arterial systolic blood pressure in the AP arm.CONCLUSION:This short-term study shows that AP has relevant beneficial effects on insulin resistance and many other components of MetS.

Potential role of nutraceutical compounds in inflammatory bowel disease

Conventional therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD) involve combinations of pharmacologic agents such as aminosalicylates, azathioprine, and corticosteroids. Recently, the therapeutic scenario has been heavily increased by the introduction of agents including monoclonal antibodies targeted to specific proinflammatory cytokines, to adhesion molecules, and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell activation. However, the use of these drugs is accompanied by a certain number of side effects, with some of them being quite severe, rising concerns about the safety profile. Furthermore, the cost of these emerging therapeutic strategies is significant, considering the increasing incidence and the chronic trend of IBD. Nutraceuticals is a broad term used to describe any product derived from food sources claiming extra health benefits beyond the intrinsic nutritional value found in foods. The beneficial effects of nutraceutical compounds in human health have been emerging in the last decades. Although few clinical trials have been performed in IBD patients, nutraceuticals, such as herbal products or vitamins, are generally accepted as safer alternative/supplementation to conventional therapy. In vitro and IBD-animal models studies have shown their involvement in several biological processes, including antioxidant defenses, cell proliferation, gene expression, which could account for a role in the maintenance of the mucosal barrier integrity, the control of the inflammatory pathways and the modulation of the immune response. These data suggest a wide spectrum of positive effects exerted by nutraceuticals, with a high potential for a therapeutic use in humans. In the present review, the beneficial effects of the most investigated nutraceutical compounds in the setting of human IBD are discussed.

In vitro antioxidant,anti-diabetic,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of fresh juice from Citrus hystrix and C.maxima fruits

In the present study,antioxidant potential,α-amylase,α-glucosidase,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of fresh juice from indigenous fruits of Citrus hystrix and C.maxima(Red&White var.)were investigated using an in vitro model.The contents of total phenolics,tannins,and total flavonoids ranged between 836.90 and 909.52 mg gallic acid equivalent(GAE)/L,333.33 and 523.21 mg gallic acid equivalent(GAE)/L and 224.88 and 262.22 mg rutin equivalent/L,respectively.The antioxidant activity of fresh juice was evaluated by employing different in vitro assays such as reducing power assay,DPPH•,ABTS•+and•OH radical scavenging capacities,peroxidation inhibition activity,antihemolytic assay.In addition,75.55%–79.75%ofα-amylase and 70.68%–72.83%ofα-glucosidase enzyme inhibition characteristics were found under in vitro starch digestion bioassay.Also,all the juice samples exhibited excellent tyrosinase(76.95%–80.79%),acetylcholinesterase(75.71%–79.74%)andβ-glucuronidase inhibitory activity(68.13%–69.38%).These results indicated that fresh juice of C.hystrix and C.maxima(Red&White var.)could be used as a source of antioxidant agents,functional food and nutraceuticals.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.