Nutrient Application Model Affects the Contents of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid in Functional Leaves of Early Rice

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different nutri-ent application models on the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid in the functional leaves of early rice. Using rice cultivar Xiangzaoxian45 as experimental materials, the experiment was performed by designing 6 treatments, i.e., T1 （fertilization without nitrogen）, T2（local conventional fertilization）, T3（fertilization for high yield and high effi-ciency）, T4 （fertilization for super high yield）, T5 （fertilization application for super high yield and high efficiency A） and T6 （fertilization application for super high yield and high efficiency B） in two experimental plots Yiyang and Xiangyin. The results showed that T3 respectively increased the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid at fil ing stage by 29.27%, 38.20% and 13.16%, 30.12% in Yiyang and Xiangyin, as wel as yield of early rice by 4.20%, 4.80% to T2 on the condition of saving 20% ni-trogen fertilizer. Additional y, T5 and T6 on the condition of saving 16.7% nitrogen fertilizer by T4 increased the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid of fil ing stage by 53.91%, 53.73% and 35.95%, 37.47% in Yiyang and Xiangyin, as wel as yield of early rice by 16.60%, 18.75% to T2 in Yiyang; increased the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid at fil ing stage by 57.82%, 56.80% and 54.88%, 57.03% in Yiyang and Xiangyin, as wel as yield of early rice 10.10%, 6.75% to T2 in Xiangyin. More-over, there was a significant correlation or an extremely significant correlation be-tween yield and the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid at different soil fertility level （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Therefore, nutrient application plays an important role in the contents of chlorophyl and carotenoid in the functional leaves of early rice.

Manure nutrient application on a Chinese dairy farm with arable land:A case study based on Dutch experience of equilibrium fertilization

For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows,the annual manure production and manure nutrients(nitrogen and phosphorus)were estimated.Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based on on-farm measurements.Based on experiences from the Netherlands,nutrient levels in the solid and liquid fractions after slurry separation were estimated.On the basis of assumptions for nutrient losses during covered lagoon storage and land application of the liquid fraction,nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization rates were calculated for the 67 hm^(2)of agricultural land that receive the liquid fraction by gravity irrigation.The results show that the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorous significantly exceed the crop needs,which will probably result in losses to soil and water.In order to aim for a balance between nutrient application and crop needs and,as such,reduce environmental harm,the authors recommend to establish application standards for nitrogen and phosphorous on arable land in China and to formulate farm-specific Nutrient Management Plans.