Pig Manure Systems in Germany and China and the Impact on Nutrient Flow

Germany and China use different stable systems for fattening pigs. Widespread systems in Germany are closed stables with slatted or partly slatted floor, which produce liquid manure （a mixture of urine, faeces, and cleaning water） whereas in China open stables with closed concrete floors are used with separate collection of faeces and urine. Based on data from literature and own analyses nutrient flows of both systems are calculated. The Chinese manure system or mechanized belt or V-shaped pit floor systems with faeces/urine separation are more effective to separate solids, nutrients, carbon, and heavy metal than mechanical separation from liquid manure. The separation rates can be up to 88% for the solids, 67% for nitrogen, 93% for phosphorus, 60% for potassium, 94% for magnesium, 97% for cupper, and 98% for zinc. The faeces can be used for composting to produce a market product.

Effect of Graded Levels of Fiber from Alfalfa Meal on Nutrient Digestibility and Flow of Fattening Pigs

The fiber level and composition have an important effect on nutrient digestibility of swine diets. Little information is known about the effects of fiber level and composition from alfalfa meal on nutrient digestibility of fattening pigs fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of alfalfa fiber on the growth performance, intestinal nutrient flow and apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） of nutrients in fattening pigs. 24 barrows（Duroc×（Large White×Landrace）, body weight=（60.6±0.7） kg） were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 1 pig per replicate. The pigs were provided a control diet or a diet containing 5, 10 or 20% of alfalfa meal during a 14-d experiment period. Average daily gain（ADG） and the ATTD of dry matter（DM）, organic matter（OM）, crude protein（CP）, neutral detergent fiber（NDF）, acid detergent fiber（ADF） and gross energy（GE） reduced linearly as the level of alfalfa meal in the diet increased（P〈0.01）. The total tract flow of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and GE increased with the increase in dietary alfalfa（linear, P〈0.05）. Growth performance and nutrient digestion were not affected by inclusion of 5% alfalfa meal in the diet（P〉0.05）. A multiple linear regression analysis, taking into account both soluble and insoluble fiber intake, explained approximately 70% of the variation in the ATTD of DM, OM, NDF, and GE（P〈0.01）. In conclusion, alfalfa meal should be limited to less than 5% of the diet in fattening pigs to maximize growth performance and nutrient digestion. Soluble and insoluble fiber from alfalfa meal has the differential roles in nutrient digestion, which may help explain the main variation observed in nutrient digestibility. These findings suggest that knowledge of specific fiber components is necessary to accurately predict the effects of dietary fiber on nutrient digestibility.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE NUTRIENTS NEAR THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY WITH THE FLOW OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER WATER

Investigations from August, 1985 to July , 1986 showed that the high concentration area of PO4-P , SiO3-Si and NO3-N gradually reduced with the reduction of the area of the Changjiang River diluted water from summer, autumn to winter , and that the seasonal distributions and variations of the nutrients concentrations were mainly controlled by the river flow and were also related to the growth and decline of phytoplankton . The conservation of SiO3-Si and NO3-N in the estuary in the flood season was poorer than that in the dry season .. The behaviour of PO4-P in the estuary shows that aside from -biological removal, buffering of PCU-P is possible in the estuary . The highest monthly average concentrations and annual average concentrations in the river mouth were respectively 0.88 and 0.57 umol/L for PO4-P,191.5 and 96.2 umol/L for SiO3-Si, and 81.6 and 58.6 umol/L for NOs-N . The Changjiang’s annual transports of PO4-P , SiO3-Si and NO3-N to the sea were about 1.4×104tons , 204.4×104 tons and 63.

Growth Characteristics of <i>Fuirena umbellata</i>in a Surface Flow Constructed Wetland and Its Influence in Nutrients and Faecal Bacteria Removal from Domestic Wastewater in Cameroon

Various configurations of vegetated bed systems with a variety of macrophytes have been tested experimentally in Cameroon, for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The aim of this work was to assess the growth and biomass production of Fuirena umbellata (Cyperaceae) and its potentials in the removal of faecal bacteria and nutrients from primarily treated domestic effluent. A wetland vegetated with this macrophyte and a non-vegetated wetland (control) were continuously fed with primarily treated domestic wastewater at an estimated loading rate of 205 Litres/day in dry and rainy seasons for two consecutive years. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the effluent were monitored at the inflow and outflows of the wetlands alongside with the growth and productivity attributes of the young plants during each season. The density of plants ranged in the wetland from 17 - 185 plants/m2 and from 11 - 146 plants/m2 respectively during the first and the second years. More biomasses were instead produced in the dry seasons than in the rainy seasons but with no significant differences observed. As for nutrients removal, higher efficiencies were observed in the vegetated wetland (45% - 73%) compared to the non-vegetated control (17% - 66%). Similar trends were observed for the faecal bacteria but with no significant differences between the seasons. However, the vegetated beds were significantly more efficient than the non-vegetated control in the reduction of many physicochemical parameters and faecal bacteria. This varied with the seasons.

基于Ebb&Flow灌溉系统的不同营养液组分对朵丽蝶兰生长和开花的影响

采用Ebb&Flow灌溉系统对朵丽蝶兰Doritaenopsis‘Labios’进行了栽培研究,并通过比较3种不同营养液对朵丽蝶兰生物量积累及开花特性的影响,探讨了采用潮汐灌溉系统对朵丽蝶兰进行规模化栽培的可行性。结果显示:循环潮水式Ebb&Flow灌溉系统可用于朵丽蝶兰的规模化栽培。N3营养液(硝态氮115.5 mg·L-1,铵态氮7.0mg·L-1;磷120.0 mg·L-1;钾243.8 mg·L-1;钙200 mg·L-1;镁60.0 mg·L-1)有助于增加朵丽蝶兰地上部分生物量的积累及花梗长度,其中氮和钾的质量浓度为主要因素,且硝态氮更利于朵丽蝶兰的吸收。

Response of Lettuce to the Coupling Electrical Conductivity and Circulation Rate of the Nutrient Solution in Hydroponics

The coupling effect of nutrient solution EC （electrical conductivity） levels and CR （circulation rate） on the morphology and quality, in hydroponically grown lettuce was assessed. Lettuce was grown at 5 treatments fi＇om High EC ＆ Low CR to Low EC ＆ High CR. The environmental parameters were controlled in a 20 m^2 plant factory during the hydroponic cultivation with the following values： irradiated by blue and red light-emitting diode lighting with PPFD （photosynthetic photon flux density） value of 150 mol·m^-2·s^-1 for 16 hours per day; Temperature was maintained at 22.0 ℃ during the photoperiod and 16.0 ℃ in dark cycle. The results demonstrate that growing lettuce can be adopted using nutrient solution with lower EC levels and higher CR. The results also indicate that the effect of bi-directional coupled EC and CR resulted in expansion of root length but reducing the root biomass. Nitrate content was significantly reduced.

Assessment of Nutrients in Seaweed Tank from Land Based Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture Module

Aquaculture industry is often generating waste that negatively impact to the environment. These wastes are rich in nutrients. Seaweed can utilize these waste nutrients. This experiment was conducted in a flow-through system (FTS) and a recirculation system (RS) in land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture module using seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii as one of the components. The aim was to access the efficiency of the removal of nutrients in the integrated culture. Kappaphycus alvarezii was stocked at the density of 1 kg/tank in the rectangular plastic tank with 500 L of seawater. The waste generated from integrated multi-trophic aquaculture tanks was directed towards K. alvarezii culture tank. Water samples from inlet, outlet and inside of the culture tanks were drawn to determine the nutrients, namely, total nitrogen (mg/L) and total phosphorus (mg/L). Total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the seaweed sample and from the sediment of culture tanks were also analyzed. The total nitrogen amounting to 59.5% and 61.6% nitrogen was taken up by K. alvarezii in FTS and RS culture tank, respectively. The phosphorus showed the highest deposition of 61.1% and 31.6% in the sediment of in FTS and RS culture tanks respectively, whereas only 5.5% and 3.4% of phosphorus were taken up by K. alvarezii from FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. The percentage of nitrogen remained in water was comparatively higher by 14.2% and 27.5% than phosphorus by 8.3% and 23.0% in water of both FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. These results indicated that this species seaweed is efficient in the removal of nitrogen from both FTS and RS culture tank.

北方农牧交错带农牧系统养分流动特征及环境效应研究进展

北方农牧交错带跨度大、范围广、农牧兼有,是研究北方农牧业最具代表性的区域。养分流动直接反应养分循环状况,是农业生态系统平衡的重要表征之一,研究农牧系统养分流动对于发展可持续农牧业,减少环境养分负荷等具有重要意义。总结了农牧系统氮、磷、钾3种主要养分流动特征及其环境效应,提出了农牧系统养分循环亟待深入研究的重要方向,以期为后续农牧系统养分循环的理论研究、提高养分利用率技术手段的研发以及环境政策措施的制定提供借鉴与参考。

养殖密度对大黄鱼生长、血清生化、营养成分、消化酶和代谢酶活力的影响

为研究工厂化流水养殖系统中不同养殖密度对大黄鱼养殖的影响,以初始体质量为(120±5)g的大黄鱼为试验对象,设置了低密度组(4.92 kg/m^(3))、中密度组(7.56 kg/m^(3))和高密度组(10.08 kg/m^(3))3个初始密度组进行为期150 d的养殖生产试验,检测了试验结束时不同密度组大黄鱼的生长指标、营养成分、血清生化、消化酶和能量代谢酶活力水平。结果显示:高密度组大黄鱼终末增重率显著低于中密度组和低密度组,各密度组试验鱼的存活率和肥满度无显著差异;鱼体肌肉水分和灰分含量随着养殖密度的增加而增加,存在显著差异,粗蛋白与养殖密度呈负相关,也存在显著性差异,粗脂肪未出现显著差异;肝脏4种代谢酶的活性在试验末期,低、中密度组显著低于高密度组;随着养殖密度的增加,大黄鱼胃、肠道5种消化酶活性降低,中、高密度组与低密度组相比出现明显的差异。研究表明,高密度养殖可通过增加机体营养代谢和减弱的消化吸收能力影响能量的收支,从而对大黄鱼的生长、肌肉营养品质和生理健康水平产生不利影响。

海水营养盐参考物质的国际比对实验

准确可靠的海水营养盐数据是研究海洋生物地球化学过程的重要前提,为增加我国海洋化学实验室与全球其他实验室间的营养盐数据的可比性,本文介绍了厦门大学近海海洋环境科学国家重点实验室参与由国际海洋碳协作计划等海洋机构组织的海水营养盐参考物质的国际比对实验的具体测量过程和测量结果。在5次国际比对实验中(2006—2017年),本实验室采用基于间隔连续流动分析技术测量海水营养盐参考物质中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐,在共计117项比对参数中,本实验室的结果与其他实验室高度可比,获得的满意测量结果高达109项,占比大于90%,且其中88%的测量值与公认的标准值的偏差在1倍的能力评定标准偏差之内,与国际同类实验室相比,本实验室对海水营养盐的测量能力在历年中保持在国际先进行列。本文基于历年国际比对的经验,对如何提升我国对海水、特别是开阔大洋营养盐测量的准确度提出了参考建议,为提高我国对海水营养盐的测量能力达到国际先进水平提供了借鉴。

营养液输液袋用EVA的性能

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、差示扫描量热法、凝胶渗透色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用等研究了营养液输液袋用进口乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)的性能,剖析了其产品特点并与国产EVA进行对比分析。结果表明:进口EVA的熔体流动速率较低,维卡软化温度较高,化学性能较好,而国产EVA小分子析出物较少,晶点数较少,但还原物质偏多。

不同养殖模式对亚东鲑幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉营养成分的影响

为了探索亚东鲑(Salmon trutta)多元化养殖模式,以初始体质量(100.05±1.12)g幼鱼作为研究对象,开展循环水和开放流水模式养殖比较,试验周期180d,分析比较其生长性能、血清生化指标和肌肉营养成分差异。结果表明:在开放流水模式下增重率、肥满度、肝体指数、特定生长率和饲料转化率均显著高于循环水模式(P<0.05),存活率二者差异不显著(P>0.05);在循环水模式下补体C4、总蛋白和生长激素均显著低于开放流水模式(P<0.05),但溶菌酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶相反(P<0.05),补体C_(3)、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和球蛋白在两种模式之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);肌肉主要营养成分粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量开放流水模式高于循环水模式,氨基酸组成二者差异不显著(P>0.05),脂肪酸中油酸、α-亚麻酸、C20:1、C20:2和MUFA含量均显著低于开放流水(P<0.05),而EPA+DHA、SAFA和PUFA含量相反,二者之间差异性显著(P<0.05),矿物质镁含量循环水模式显著高于开放流水模式(P<0.05),钙含量相反(P<0.05),锌、铁和硒含量差异性均不显著(P>0.05)。综上,在西藏地区进行亚东鲑循环水养殖,可充分利用当地丰富太阳能、地热资源或依托温室进行水温调控,同时进一步优化水体微生态净化能力,使其生长条件更贴近开放流水养殖环境,进而提升亚东鲑养殖效益,保证营养品质。

基于水质改善目标的太湖适宜换水周期分析

准确估算换水周期对于研究湖泊水体化学、生物变化以及污染物迁移、扩散、转化有着重要意义,换水周期是湖泊的一个重要环境参数.根据2010年实测水文、气象和环湖水量、水质条件,建立3组情景模式:第1组为实况方案,第2组是环湖水量倍比缩放方案,第3组为望虞河水量倍比缩放方案.采用EcoTaihu模型模拟3组情景模式下太湖及各湖区营养盐状况,并根据实测结果对模型进行校验.模型计算结果表明:在2010年太湖水文、气象条件下,150~160 d换水周期条件下太湖氮、磷浓度最低,即太湖适宜换水周期为150~160 d.

瘤胃灌注大豆寡糖对绵羊消化道内营养物质流通与消化的影响

采用连续饲喂和瘤胃连续灌注法,研究了大豆寡糖(SBOS)对绵羊消化道内营养物质流通与消化的影响。将9只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊分为3组。试验1组每天通过瘤胃连续灌注占基础日粮风干物质0.6%的SBOS;试验2组灌注占基础日粮风干物质1.2%的SBOS;对照组不灌注SBOS。结果表明:(1)灌注SBOS提高了瘤胃液相食糜流通速率、瘤胃食糜氮流通量、瘤胃微生物氮和十二指肠MN流通量;(2)瘤胃灌注1.2%的SBOS降低了DM、OM、ADF、NDF在十二指肠、回肠、直肠的流通量(P<0.05或P<0.01),提高了它们在胃区、大肠中以及整个消化道的消化率(P<0.05或P<0.01),提高了CP在小肠中的消化率(P<0.05),而瘤胃灌注0.6%的SBOS组与对照组相比,各项测定指标差异不显著。

高产条件下与棉铃发育有关的养分流研究

通过在不同肥料和缩节安化控条件下对棉株不同部位铃重变化研究表明 ,与对照相比 ,高产棉株上部铃重得到了更大的提高。在养分分配机理上表现为上部铃对位果枝叶的氮磷钾积累增加 ,14 C光合产物输出加快 ,输入棉铃的全氮和可溶性糖流量及 14 C光合产物速度加快。而且输导结构也得到改善 ,这说明在长江下游棉区 ,通过合理栽培技术应用 ,能有效协调养分分配 ,促进上部铃增重 。

福建和溪亚热带雨林凋落物营养元素动态

探讨了福建和溪亚热带雨林主要营养元素通过凋落物的归还动态．结果表明，该森林一年中凋落物不同组分各元素的含量具有波动性，加权平均含量为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｐ（落果Ｃａ＝Ｍｇ、落枝Ｃａ＞Ｋ）。通过凋落物归还Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的年库流量，分别为８７．４１、３．８２、４０．８０、２８．８１和１５．３２ｋｇｈｍ（－２），灰分量为２８４．５７ｋｇｈｍ（－２），其中以落叶形式居最大，分别各占总量的７３．４％、６８．１％、．７７．２％、７２．９％、７４．５％和７９．９％；各元素的年库流量与年凋落物量的月分布相一致，有明显的季节性．森林地表残留物Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的累积储量．分别为５４．８３、２．４５、９．６９、１７．０和９．２５ｋｇｈｍ（－２）．五种元素在林下地表的滞留时间，分别为Ｎ０．６１、Ｐ０．６１、Ｋ０．２３、Ｃａ０．５６和Ｍｇ０．５３年．

中国玉米生产-消费体系养分流动分析

采用物质流和养分流相结合的分析方法,沿玉米生产的肥料投入到玉米消费过程,研究氮、磷养分流动;以2004年为例,分析了中国玉米生产消费过程中氮、磷养分流动特点和资源的利用效率。2004年玉米生产投入化肥氮(N)549.6×104t、磷(P2O5)211.2×104t;共收获养分氮(N)342.9×104t、磷(P2O5)139.4×104t,其中75%的氮和68%的磷被利用,最终进入家庭的氮占22.3%,磷为15.0%;秸秆中氮的还田率只有47%,磷的较高,在80%左右,可见秸秆还田是归还土壤磷的有效措施。玉米生产要消耗大量的资源,2004年生产1t玉米养分,消耗的化肥氮、磷养分相当于煤5.2t、磷矿资源12.1t。因此,优化玉米整个生产与消费体系中养分的流动,对于提高养分资源利用效率和减少资源浪费具有重要作用。

稻草补饲不同水平苜蓿对山羊消化道各部位营养物质流通量的组合效应研究

选9只体况良好,体质量相近(41.3±1.2)kg,安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、十二指肠瘘管、回肠瘘管的成都麻羊半同胞羯羊,随机分成3组,饲以稻草基础日粮,分别补饲25%(MSL25)、50%(MSL50)与75%(MSL75)的苜蓿(MSL),采用Co-EDTA为食糜标记物,测定消化道各部位(胃区、小肠与大肠)及整个消化道干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的流通量。结果为:①MSL25、MSL50与MSL75的十二指肠食糜、回肠食糜与直肠粪DM流通量分别为524.66,568.42,604.15;496.83,536.55,560.24;411.67,434.46,424.79 g/d;②MSL25、MSL50与MSL75的十二指肠食糜、回肠食糜与直肠粪OM流通量分别为434.73,469.22,507.86;411.02,441.41,468.97;336.29,350.45,346.46 g/d;③MSL25、MSL50与MSL75的十二指肠食糜、回肠食糜与直肠粪NDF流通量分别为300.36,336.66,329.58;289.58,327.62,314.38;267.91,303.13,278.17 g/d;④MSL25、MSL50与MSL75的十二指肠食糜、直肠粪ADF流通量分别为239.62,229.92,214.27;236.53,217.79,204.17 g/d。研究结论,在山羊稻草基础日粮中补饲50%的苜蓿,可增加十二指肠食糜ADF流通量与直肠粪ADF流通量的差异。

陕西关中地区常见树种落叶前N、P、K养分回流现象的研究

【目的】研究陕西关中地区一些常见树种落叶前的养分回流规律，为养分循环利用机制及树木施肥提供理论依据。【方法】选择6个坡地造林树种、5个平地果园树种和10个园林绿化树种的生活叶和凋落叶，称其干质量，对其N、P、K养分含量进行大样本采样测定，计算树叶干质量减少率Ru和养分回流（顺流）率Rn。【结果】（1）具有高含N（〉10．0g／kg）落叶的树种有刺槐、杜仲、桃树、核桃、樱桃、杏树、苹果、苦皮藤、香果树、鹅耳枥和株木，具有高含P（〉1．0g／kg）落叶的树种有泡桐、元宝枫、樱桃、核桃、桃树、香果树和苦皮藤，具有高含K（〉5．0g／kg）落叶的树种有泡桐、杜仲、桃树、杏树、苹果和鹅耳枥。（2）在落叶前，所有选测树种的树叶于质量均发生了不同程度减少，其中，核桃和苦皮藤树叶干质量发生强度减少（Rw〉40％），香果树树叶干质量发生次强度减少（Rw=30％～40％），泡桐、樱桃、苹果和丁香树叶干质量发生中度减少（Rw=20％～30％）。（3）在落叶前，所有树种的树叶均发生了N、P回流，其中，发生次强度N回流（Rn=60％～80％）的树种有：油松、刺槐、侧柏、苹果、荷花玉兰、苦皮藤、女贞和香果树；发生次强度P回流（Rn=60％～80％）的树种有：刺槐、油松、侧柏、杏树、苹果、苦皮藤、女贞和丁香。（4）在落叶前，大部分树种的树叶发生了K回流，其中，发生强度K回流（Rn〉80％）的树种有：刺槐、油松、侧柏、银杏和荷花玉兰；发生次强度K回流（Rn=60％～80％）的树种有：女贞、苦皮藤和香果树；少部分树种却发生了K顺流（Rn〈0），其中，发生次强度（ARn=60％～80％，指Rn的绝对值，下同）和中度（ARn=40％～60％）K顺流的树种分别为丁香和核桃，发生弱度（ARn=20％～40％）和做弱（ARn〈20％）K顺流的树种分别为杏树和紫玉兰。【结论】不同树种的不同养分元素同流规律存在很大差异，在树体内K是一个较N、P更为活跃、流动性更大的养分元素。

小麦根系物质流示踪研究

在小麦生育进程各主要叶龄期分别用^(32)P和^(14)C标记各根层和叶层,研究根系营养物质流与地上部光合同化物质流的动态变化及兵在产量形成上的相互关联作用。研究表明,小麦各层次生根的最大功能同主茎叶龄进程基本上保持同步关系,即n/0叶龄发生的根至n+3/0叶龄发挥显著吸收功能。小麦某一叶龄期的功能叶和功能根在同化物质和营养物质输配上表现出互相依赖、相互促进的关系。