Using seismic surveys to investigate sediment distribution and to estimate burial fluxes of OC, N, and P in a canyon reservoir

As a high-precision survey method,seismic surveying has been increasingly applied to inland water research,although its application to artificial reservoirs has remained limited.As a special artificial water body,reservoirs have important effects on the fluvial transport of material from land to ocean,and inevitably have complex terrain which can complicate and distort the results of seismic surveys.Therefore,there are still some problems need to be resolved in the application of seismic surveys in reservoirs with complex terrain.For this study,the Dongfeng Reservoir located in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River was chosen as an example to test the seismic survey method.Our testing showed that(1)because of the complex underwater terrain,the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal in canyon reservoir is low,making it difficult to determine sediment layers thicknesses in some areas;and(2)due to the large spatial heterogeneity of sediment distribution,insufficient density of cross-sections can lead to inaccurate interpolation results.To improve the accuracy of calculations,a mathematical method was used.Ultimately,the total burial mass of sediment was estimated at 2.85 x 107 tons,and the average burial rates of total organic carbon,total phosphorus,and total nitrogen were estimated at 0.194,0.011,and 0.014 g cm-2 year-1,respectively.These values were close to the results of previous studies and hydrographic station data,indicating that seismic survey can be a reliable and efficient method for the mapping of reservoirs.

Nutrient cycling characteristics of Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest in the Three Gorge Reservoir area, China

The cycling characteristics of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of the Quercus acutissima and Pinus massoniana mixed forest which is the most common forest type in the Three Gorge Reservoir areas in China, were systematically analyzed. The results showed that N, P and K accumulated in the plant pool and in the litter pool, while total N, P, and K were deficient in the soil pool and in the forest systems. Contents of N in the soil of depth 20—40 cm were the key factor limiting growth of trees. The biological outside cycling coefficients were 878, 725 and 117 times of inside cycling coefficients of N, P and K, respectively. 3392, 1026 and 1588 kg of N, P and K return to the litter pool from branches, leaves and throughfall per year, but, 1431, 132 and 1048 kg of N, P and K return to the soil from litter pool per year respectively. It is clear that 58% of N, 87% of P, and 34% of K are lost by surface runoff per year. 549%, 130%, and 834% of N, P and K withdraw from leaves to branches, 499%, 199% and 730% of N, P and K withdraw from branches to trunks per year, respectively.

Spatial characters of nutrients in Wujiangdu Reservoir in karst river,SW China

A preliminary assessment of the Wujiangdu Reservoir examined nutrient distribution and transport.Water samples were collected in the summer(July) of 2004, during the high-flow season. Inorganic nutrients(N,P, Si) and chlorophyll a(chl a) concentrations of the Wujiangdu Reservoir and its inflow rivers were analyzed.Other water parameters(dissolved oxygen, p H, temperature, and electrical conductivity) were measured as well.The results show gradually decreasing concentrations of NO_3^--N and dissolved silicate in the surface water moving downstream to the dam of the Wujiangdu Reservoir.Additionally, soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations measured very low, with most falling below the sensitivity threshold of the method used in surface waters. Particulate phosphorus and NO_3^--N were the predominant species of phosphorus and nitrogen in the reservoir, respectively. The concentration of nutrients in the Yeji River was the largest of all inflow rivers. The maximum concentration of chl a was found near the dam. These results reflect upstream conditions similar to that of a river, and reservoir conditions near the dam similar to that of a natural lake system.

Tempo-spatial variations of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in the Ruxi tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Ruxi River is a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This study examined the temporal and spatial dynamics in particle size characteristics and the associated nutrients and contaminants of the fluvial suspended and deposited sediments along the Ruxi River. Temporal variations in the particle size distribution of the suspended sediment are controlled mainly by differences in sediment source during different seasons. Total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） in the 〈 62 μm fraction of the suspended sediment exhibit considerably higher concentrations in spring, indicating high probability of algal blooms in the backwater areas. Downstream trends in the nutrient contents of 〈 62 pm deposited sediments imply the greatest potential for eutrophication in the backwater ends, where highest nutrient concentrations were detected. Assessment of metal contamination shows that the sediments deposited in the water-level fluctuation zone were moderately to strongly contaminated by Cadmium （Cd）, with a considerably high potential ecological risk. The findings reported have emphasized the impacts of reservoir impoundment on aquatic and/or terrestrial environment in this region. More information on physical, chemical and biological processes of sediment and sediment-associated materials are needed for developing ecologically sound policies management. environmentally and of water and sediment

Impact of Different Contour Hedgerows on Runoff,Nutrient and Soil on Sloping Farmland in Danjiangkou Reservoir Region of China

Soil and water loss has been a major environmental problem in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.A study of 14°sloping farmland was performed on impact of different contour hedgerows on runoff,losses of soil and nutrients during 2008 and 2011,with five treatments and three replications.The winter wheat and summer maize were used as the test crops.Treatments consisted of four hedgerows:Amorpha(Amorpha fruticosa L.),Honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica Thunb.),Day-lily flower(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.),and Sabaigrass(Eulaliopsis binata),and a control without hedgerow.Result showed that the runoff under the control treatment was much higher than that of hedgerows.Amorpha could reduce the runoff by 35.2%compared with the control.Soil losses in four hedgerows showed significant reduction in four years(e.g.,Amorpha:78.3%;Honeysuckle:77.1%).Nutrient losses in winter were much higher than that in summer,especially total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium,even though there was an abundant precipitation in summer.Hedgerows greatly affected the soil and nutrient losses on slopping farmland compared with the control treatment,especially Amorpha treatment.The present study found that the Amorpha could be used as the hedgerow species for reducing soil and water loss in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region.

Impact of soil texture and sweetpotato cropping system on soil erosion and nutrient loss in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of the Changjiang River

This study investigated the impact of soil texture and sweetpotato cropping system on soil erosion and nutrient loss in the drought infield of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Changjiang River under field conditions. A factorial experiment was conducted in the study using five soil textures and two cropping systems. The lost soil during the crop season was recovered by a soil-blocking device and the dry weights for the total lost soil and its nutrient components, such as ammonium nitrogen, effective phosphorus, K^＋ and organic matter were analyzed. We found that soil texture significantly affected the dry weights of the total lost soil, effective phosphorus, K^＋, and organic matter, while sweetpotato cropping systems and interaction between soil texture and sweetpotato cropping system affected the dry weights of the total lost soil, the effective phosphorus and organic matter. Among the five soil textures tested, Da and Huang caused significantly less soil erosion and nutrient loss compared with the other three soil textures; intercropping sweetpotato with corn significantly reduced soil erosion and nutrient loss.

Water quality and growth of phytoplankton for the Yellow River estuary reservoirs—The nutrients release from reservoir sediments

Effects of nutrients released from sediments on eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs were not well known in China. In the test, the release conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sediments were observed by batch experiment. The test results revealed that the content released is correlated to the initial content of organic matter in sediments. In the Gengjing area, when the water quality of waterway, grit chamber and reservoir were compared, the water quality of the waterway was the highest, and lowered in the order of the grit chamber and the reservoir. The grit chamber could get not only fine sand removal but also the organic substance, nitrogen, phosphorus and phytoplankton, therefore it is important to operate and maintain the grit chamber to preserve the water quality of the reservoir. Due to little organic substance in sediments, ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus weren't released during the incubation. But from the absorptiometric turbidity unit (ATU) test results, although the release of ammonium concentration was very low, ammonium oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing bacteria existed in sediments.

ESTIMATE OF THE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS IN YUQIAO RESERVOIR FROM REMOTE SENSING

Complex correlation analysis of remotely sensed multi-spectral images of large scale and series of measurements taken simultaneously on the ground , together with closer attention to the optical characteristics of chlorophyll , yielded quantitative estimates of the chlorophyll distribution , a principal index of nutrient in Yuqiao Reservoir. This is one of the approaches to monitoring nutrients in lakes.

The Characteristics of Soil Nutrients in Terracing Land under Different Land Use Patterns in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

In this study,taking the typical terracing land in Wushan County of Chongqing Municipality for example,we study the distribution of soil nutrients in the terracing land under different land use patterns in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. We conduct field survey and sampling on three different land use patterns( cash crop land,food crop land and abandoned land),and do the indoor experimental analysis of soil nutrient indicators. The results indicate that there is significant or very significant impact on soil nutrients under different land use patterns. The content of soil organic matter declines in sequence from abandoned land,food crop land to cash crop land; the content of soil N declines in sequence from cash crop land,abandoned land to food crop land; the content of soil P declines in sequence from cash crop land,food crop land to abandoned land; the content of soil K declines in sequence from abandoned land,cash crop land to food crop land. The result is in close relation to land use patterns,human cultivation activity,land disturbance and application of fertilizer.

Coupling effects of hydrological characteristics and nutrient load in sediments on the trophic state of reservoirs

Currently,lakes and artificial reservoirs are increasingly threatened by eutrophication,which is the result of the combined action of many natural and anthropogenic factors.In the past,the effect of nutrient load on the trophic state of water bodies has attracted much attention,while few studies have addressed the effect of hydrological characteristics.Therefore,to reveal the coupling effects of hydrological characteristics and nutrient load in sediments on the trophic state of water bodies,this study collected relevant data from 36 lakes and reservoirs across China.Pearson correlation analysis showed that trophic level index was positively and significantly correlated with nutrient load in sediments and hydraulic retention time,while it was negatively correlated with mean depth and hydraulic load.The principal component analysis showed that the nutrient load was the first major component that influenced the trophic state of water bodies,followed by the mean depth and hydraulic retention time.Eutrophication was prone to occur in water bodies with mean depth less than 7 m and hydraulic retention time greater than 14 d,and the trophic level index regression equation with hydrological characteristics and nutrient load in sediments was derived by multiple regression analysis.This study revealed that the trophic state of water bodies influenced by both nutrient load and hydrological characteristics.It provides a new idea to reduce the occurrence of eutrophication in reservoirs by using the artificial hydrological regulation capacity of reservoirs.

A Study of Soil Nutrients in the Terrace Field Changed from Mountain Slope in Three Gorges Reservoir Region

In order to accurately grasp the soil fertility in Three Gorges Reservoir Region after changing mountain slope into terrace field,we take Wushan County for example,and use the spatio-temporal substitution method to analyze the soil nutrient status and trend about the terrace field changed from mountain slope under different length of implementation.The results show that the soil fertility is generally low in the study area,and according to the soil nutrient grading standards in the second national land survey,the average content of total nitrogen,available potassium,organic matter and available phosphorus reaches Standard III,Standard III,Standard IV and Standard V,respectively,and the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients is small.Compared to the sloping land,the terrace field changed from mountain slope has increasing soil nutrients on the whole with the length of farming.The mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 2 years is lower than in the sloping land,and there is the biggest difference in soil fertility,while the mean of various indicators about soil nutrients in the terrace field changed from mountain slope for 14 years shows a linear upward trend,and the difference in soil fertility decreases.

Development Trends and Evaluation of Egbe Reservoir Water Nutrient Status in Ekiti State, Nigeria

A study about some physicochemical parameters of Egbe reservoir was carried out from September 2005 to December 2006. The parameters include mean temperature, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, DO and BOD which have values of 28.7±0.9 ℃ ; 8.3±0.3; 831±172.5 μS/cm; 165.4±18.3 mg/L; 0.06±0.1 mg/L; 0.4±0.6 mg/L; 7.8±2.4 mg/L and 5.2±1.6mg/L, respectively. Temperature and pH were measured in the field using mercury-in-glass thermometer calibrated in degrees Celsius and pH meter, respectively. TSS and TDS were measured by grayimetric methods, while alkalinity was measured titrimetrically and DO and BOD were measured by Winkler＇s method. For the nutrients, nitrate was measured color±metrically, phosphate by Stannous Chloride method and sulphate by turbidimetric method. Mean concentration of nitrate, phosphate, and sulphate were 15.6±8.6 rag/L; 42.5±19.4 mg/L and 72.3±14.7 mg/L respectively. Nowadays, eutrophication of natural waters is one of the most significant causes of deterioration of water quality, and nitrates and phosphates are probably the key nutrients in controlling the growth of aquatic plants. Though the mean concentration of nitrates and phosphates in the reservoir water were within the acceptable limit, yet their concentrations in some locations of reservoir were high enough to encourage the growth of aquatic macrophytes which would increase productivities. Hence, it is necessary to check their further increase, and periodic monitoring and preventive measures must be adopted to save the reservoir from eutrophication.

External versus Internal Loads of Nutrients of an Urban Eutrophic Tropical Reservoir （Southeastern Brazil）

This study aimed to evaluate the external and internal fluxes of nutrients of an urban eutrophic reservoir （lbirit6 reservoir, SE-Brazil）. External loads were estimated in the tributaries （Pintados and Ibirit6 creeks） through nutrient concentrations and discharge measurements. Using Fick＇s law, internal loads were estimated in the reservoir from fluxes across sediment-water interface from nutrient concentration gradients between the pore water and the water. The Ibirit6 creek （urban sewage recipient） contributes with 72%-47% of ammonium （NH4^＋） and 100%-8% of SRP （soluble reactive phosphorus） of the total quantity entering the reservoir, whereas the Pintados creek （oil refinery effluent recipient） contributions are 20%-19% and 44%-100%, respectively. Despite the high external loads （130 and 2.2 ton-yr^-1 of NH4＋ and SRP, respectively）, internal loads （average flux of 120 and 2 mg·cm^-2yr^-1, respectively） correspond to 25% of the total external loads which may sustain a high productivity in the reservoir for a long time even if the external loads are controlled. The stocks of ammonium and SRP of the interstitial water （100 cm of sediment） would be released to the water in six years and five months, respectively, The release time would be extremely larger （〉 3,000 years） considering the stocks of total N and bioavailable P.

Trophic states and nutrient storage of reservoirs in Chongqing

The trophic states of 35 reservoirs were investigated in the region of Chongqing,Southwest China.The results showed that the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were high and organic pollution and transparence(SD) were low in the water body.The concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) range from 0.52 mg/L to 5.94 mg/L and those of total phosphorus(TP) range from 0.002 mg/L to 0.598 mg/L.Chemical oxygen demand(COD) ranges from 0.75 mg/L to 9.3 mg/L and SD ranges from 0.48 m to 3.2 m.There was a significant positive correlation between COD and chlorophyll a,but a significant negative correlation between SD and chlorophyll a.In terms of the integrated nutrition state index,the eutrophication states of the reservoirs were assessed.Of the investigated reservoirs,about 22 reached the grade of eutrophication.Only one reservoir was in the state of oligotropher,the rest were in the state of mestropher.Integrated nutrition state indices range from 25.4 to 74.5.The storage capacity of nutrients in the reservoirs was calculated.The stored TN,TP and COD were about 4731,206 and 10259 t,respectively.The main pollution sources are industrial and domestic wastes.With the development of aquaculture,the contamination level increases gradually.

沿海滩涂不同青贮种植模式下土壤盐分、养分及碳库变化特征

2021年10月,在江苏沿海滩涂围垦区布置油菜—玉米轮作(R—M)、苜蓿套种玉米种植(A—M)和纯苜蓿种植周年模式(A—A)等不同种植试验,旨在研究沿海滩涂围垦区不同青贮种植模式下土壤盐分、养分及碳库变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下0~40 cm土壤盐分8月前均表现出相似的动态变化规律,8月后的R—M下土壤盐分显著高于A-M和A-A;(2)0~20 cm土壤总氮、碱解氮、有机碳和易氧化碳含量均表现为A—A模式最高,且有效养分总库容量在A—M和A—A模式下相比R—M模式分别增加了6.05%和11.64%;同时,不同种植模式下土壤pH、容重和有效磷均没有明显的差异;(3)与种植前田块相比,种植1年后A—M和A—A下碳库指数(CPI)分别提高了3.70%和8.90%,碳库活度指数(AI)分别提高了36.40%和50.50%,碳库管理指数(CPMI)分别提高了41.45%和63.94%;R—M下的AI和CMI分别提高了30.50%和26.37%。可见,沿海滩涂围垦区苜蓿种植或套种苜蓿青贮模式短期内有利于土壤盐分降低和有效养分积累,提高土壤碳库管理指数,改善滩涂土壤质量和肥力,研究结果将为今后发展青贮作物生产研发和大范围推广提供数据支撑。

小江不同食性鱼类氮磷排泄及其对养分循环的影响

探究小江流域不同食性鱼类排泄对初级生产养分循环的作用,为三峡库区支流鱼类群落调控及养分再循环提供理论参考。2019年在小江设置5个断面对水质、浮游物、鱼类进行监测和采样,并选取小江4种典型食性鱼类,即滤食性鱼类鳙、草食性鱼类草鱼、杂食性鱼类鲫和肉食性鱼类黄颡鱼,分析其氮磷排泄率的差异及其与温度的关系,通过模型反演估算不同食性鱼类排泄对小江藻类初级生产的贡献。结果表明:(1)滤食性鱼类氮排泄率最高,滤食性鱼类和肉食性鱼类磷排泄率相对较高;(2)不同食性鱼类氮磷排泄率随水温升高均有所增大,且杂食性鱼类氮排泄率受水温变化影响最大,而草食性鱼类磷排泄率受水温变化影响最小;(3)小江鱼类总生物量约11.08t,氮、磷排泄率分别为16.92、2.11ng/(L·d);(4)小江鱼类氮磷排泄对藻类养分循环贡献均较小,分别占初级生产力所需氮、磷含量的0.015%和0.022%;(5)在4种食性鱼类中,肉食性鱼类对初级生产力的贡献率最高。

洞庭湖营养盐赋存及对水沙情势变化响应综述

洞庭湖水环境营养状况与水沙情势密切相关,水沙情势变化使湖区营养盐赋存状态发生改变,进而对长江中下游流域的水生态安全造成影响。梳理了20世纪50年代以来洞庭湖区水沙情势与营养盐赋存状况的变化特征,总结了水沙条件与营养盐赋存关系的相关研究进展。结果表明:受下荆江裁弯、葛洲坝截流、三峡水库运行等因素影响,荆江三口分流分沙减少,洞庭湖泥沙淤积趋缓,同流量下湖区水位下降。近30 a洞庭湖水体氮磷污染程度加深,沉积物氮磷污染未见显著恶化。三口分流量的减少直接导致水环境容量减小,使总氮浓度升高;分沙量的减少降低了湖区颗粒态磷含量,使总磷浓度减小、溶解态磷占比升高;洞庭湖淤积泥沙营养盐释放是影响湖区水体氮、磷含量的重要因素;湖区水位变化引起的洲滩干湿交替及水生植物群落改变,促进了沉积物中氮、磷蓄积并增加上覆水体营养盐含量。研究成果可为水沙与水环境耦合关系研究提供支撑,为面向湖区水环境改善的水沙调控提供参考。

厦门杏林湾水库底泥有机质和营养盐的分布特征与来源及污染评价

以厦门杏林湾水库为研究对象,测定表层底泥中有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、游离态氮(FN)、可交换态氮(EN)、酸解态氮(HN)、残渣态氮(RN)、总磷(TP)、有机磷(OP)、无机磷(IP)、铁铝结合态磷(NaOH-P)和钙结合态磷(HCl-P)的质量比,分析表层底泥中有机质及营养盐的分布特征和污染状况。结果表明:杏林湾水库底泥中OM,TN和TP的平均质量比分别为49360.28,1588.63,1095.63 mg·kg^(-1);OM,TN,EN和HN的空间分布呈现从后溪汇入处至入海口处先增加后减小、从九天湖排洪渠和董任排洪渠交汇处至入海口处逐渐减小的特征;TP,IP,NaOH-P和HCl-P的空间分布呈现随水流方向逐渐减小的特征;底泥具有较高氮磷释放风险,易发生富营养化问题,其中,氮主要来源于有机质富集,磷主要来源于上游支流及周边地区含磷农业废水和居民生活污水,OM主要来源于高等植物;氮、磷单项污染指数和综合污染指数整体上均处于重度污染,营养盐污染主要来源于氮,有机指数整体处于尚清洁水平,且底泥整体受到有机氮污染。