Ultra-compact lithium niobate photonic chip for high-capacity and energy-efficient wavelength-division-multiplexing transmitters

Recently,high-performance thin-film lithium niobate optical modulators have emerged that,together with advanced multiplexing technologies,are highly expected to satisfy the ever-growing demand for high-capacity optical interconnects utilizing multiple channels.Accordingly,in this study,a compact lithium-niobate-on-insulator(LNOI)photonic chip was adopted to establish four-channel wavelength-division-multiplexing(WDM)transmitters,comprising four optical modulators based on ultracompact 2×2 Fabry-Perot cavities and a four-channel WDM filter based on multimode waveguide gratings.The fabricated chip with four wavelength channels has a total footprint as compact as 0.3×2.8 mm^(2),and exhibits an excess loss of~0.8 dB as well as low inter-channel crosstalk of<–22 dB.Using this LNOI photonic chip,high-capacity data transmissions of 320 Gbps(4×80 Gbps)on-off-keying signals and 400 Gbps(4×100 Gbps)four-level pulse amplitude signals were successfully realized with the ultra-low power consumption of 11.9 fJ/bit.

100 Gbit/s Nyquist-WDM PDM 16-QAM Transmission over 1200 km SMF-28 with Ultrahigh Spectrum Efficiency

Nyquist wavelength-division multiplexing （N-WDM） allows high spectral efficiency （SE） in long-haul transmission systems. Compared to polarization-division multiplexing quadrature phase-shift keying （PDM-QPSK）, multilevel modulation, such as PDM 16 quadrature-amplitude modulation （16-QAM）, is much more sensitive to intrachannel noise and interchannel linear crosstalk caused by N-WDM. We experimentally generate and transmit a 6 x 128 Gbit/s N-WDM PDM 16-QAM signal over 1200 km single-mode fiber （SMF）-28 with amplification provided by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier （EDFA） only. The net SE is 7.47 bit/s/Hz, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest SE for a signal with a bit rate beyond 100 Gbit/s using the PDM 16-QAM. Such SE was achieved by DSP pre-equalization of transmitter-side impairments and DSP post-equalization of channel and receiver-side impairments. Nyquist-band can be used in pre-equalization to enhance the tolerance of PDM 16-QAM to aggressive spectral shaping. The bit-error ratio （BER） for each of the 6 channels is smaller than the forward error correction （FEC） limit of 3.8 × 10-3 after 1200 km SMF-28 transmission.

Saturation in wavelength-division multiplexing free-space optical communication systems

The performance of a wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) free-space optical (FSO) commu-nication system in a turbulent atmosphere employing optical amplifiers to improve capacity is investigated, in the presence of amplified spontaneous emission noise, scintillation, beam spreading, atmospheric attenuation and interchannel crosstalk. Using on-off keying modulation, Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to obtain the average bit error rate and system capability due to scintillation and the effect of introducing a power control algorithm (PCA) to the system is investigated. The PCA ensures that at any receiving instant, the same turbulence- free powers are received by all the receiving lenses. The performance of various WDM FSO communication system configurations such as non-amplified systems with an adaptive decision threshold (NOAADT), non- amplified systems with a non-adaptive decision threshold, fixed gain amplified systems with an adaptive decision threshold, fixed gain amplified systems with a non- adaptive decision threshold and saturated gain amplified systems with a non-adaptive decision threshold (SOA- NADT) are investigated. Results obtained show that the SOANADT is superior to the NOAADT and the PCA is only beneficial in amplified systems.

Flipped-Exponential Nyquist Pulse Technique to Optimize PAPR in Optical Direct-Detection OFDM Systems

In this paper, we describe a novel technique based on the flipped-exponential （FE） Nyquist pulse method for reducing peak-to-average power ratio （PAPR） in an optical direct-detection orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （DD-QFDM） system, The technique involves proper selection of the FE Nyquist pulses for shaping the different subcarriers of the OFDM. We apply this technique to a DD-OFDM transmission system to significantly reduce PAPR. We also investigate the sensitivity of a received OFDM signal with strong nonlinearity in a standard single-mode fiber （SMF）.

时域加窗算法降低OFDM系统ICI性能研究

信道的快速变化导致OFDM系统载波间的正交性遭到破坏,出现载波间干扰(ICI),系统性能明显降低。为了解决此问题,提出了一种利用时域Nyquist加窗来有效改善OFDM系统载波间干扰(ICI)的算法。利用文中的不同窗形仿真了系统的平均ICI能量和SIR,结果表明该算法对OFDM系统ICI具有较好的改善效果。

基于超奈奎斯特镜像混叠的正交频分复用无源光网络

结合自相位调制引入负啁啾和超奈奎斯特镜像混叠技术,实现了一个大容量、大功率预算的长距离无源光网络(Long reach passive optical networks,LR-PON)系统。引入镜像混叠后,混叠部分的子载波将引入分集,提出采用分数采样和逐子载波最大比值合并(Maximum ratio combining,MRC)算法来获得分集增益。仿真和实验结果表明通过使用大入纤功率和镜像混叠,可将10GHz带宽正交相移键控(Quadrature phase shift keying,QPSK)调制的正交频分复用(Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing,OFDM)信号传输距离由45km扩展至超过80km。本文还使用自适应调制技术实现了速率大于32Gb/s、功率预算超过32dB的LR-PON系统。

一种减小正交频分复用系统峰均功率比的方法

介绍一种只需有效保持系统带宽效率的情况下,恰当选择各子载波的时域波形,为信道编码留下余地便可以改善信号的峰均功率比(PAPR)特性的技术方法。该技术是基于改进Nyquist脉冲反转双曲正切脉冲(FSECH)成形技术(NS),其思想是将原始数据序列和成形脉冲矩阵相乘产生新序列,使多载波的各子载波符号间具有一定的相关性。此方法便于实现,适用任何载波系统,对多载波系统,可以带来3 dB的抑制效果,给出CCDF和系统性能BER仿真图。

时移非正交频分复用及其与正交频分复用的比较

通过将时移参数引入多载波调制，形成了一种具有全新思想的时移非正交频分复用（TS-NFDM）调制技术，并通过理论分析和仿真实验将该技术的性能与当前在无线通信中扮演重要角色的正交频分复用（OFDM）技术进行了比较。比较结果表明，TS-NFDM技术具有明显的优势，其时移特性使其表现出许多优良的性能，其中最突出的是频带利用率高，约为OFDM的4．29倍，另外，信号功率的峰值均值比也明显低于OFDM。

降低OFDM系统ICI间干扰的时域加窗算法

针对频偏引起的OFDM系统中载波间干扰(ICI)问题,提出了一种改进的基于正交化初等函数的Nyquist窗,用于抑制接收端由于频偏引起的载波间干扰。通过最佳的窗参数的选择,使接收端的信号干扰噪声比(SINR)达到最大化,以提高其自适应接收能力。同时,仿真分析了不同窗形对OFDM系统性能的影响,结果表明:所提算法能够极大程度地降低ICI,较好地改善了OFDM系统的SINR和误比特率(BER)性能。

High-performance silicon arrayed-waveguide grating (de)multiplexer with 0.4-nm channel spacing

A high-performance silicon arrayed-waveguide grating(AWG)with 0.4-nm channel spacing for dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems is designed and realized successfully.The device design involves broadening the arrayed waveguides far beyond the single-mode regime,which minimizes random phase errors and propagation loss without requiring any additional fabrication steps.To further enhance performance,Euler bends have been incorporated into the arrayed waveguides to reduce the device’s physical footprint and suppress the excitation of higher modes.In addition,shallowly etched transition regions are introduced at the junctions between the free-propagation regions and the arrayed waveguides to minimize mode mismatch losses.As an example,a 32×32 AWG(de)multiplexer with a compact size of 900μm×2200μm is designed and demonstrated with a narrow channel spacing of 0.4 nm by utilizing 220-nm-thick silicon photonic waveguides.The measured excess loss for the central channel is∼0.65 dB,the channel nonuniformity is around 2.5 dB,while the adjacent-channel crosstalk of the central output port is−21.4 dB.To the best of our knowledge,this AWG(de)multiplexer is the best one among silicon-based implementations currently available,offering both dense channel spacing and a large number of channels.

基于连续干扰消除的超奈奎斯特信号迭代接收技术

为了消除超奈奎斯特(FTN)调制技术引入的干扰,设计了基于连续干扰消除(SIC)的Turbo迭代均衡接收机。对于单载波FTN系统,首先建立了FTN信号等效模型,然后接收机根据等效模型和译码器输出的软信息重建干扰,并通过多次连续干扰消除和译码逐步消除,具有较低的复杂度。同样地,在多载波FTN系统中,根据译码器输出的软信息和成型脉冲的时频特性重建引入的干扰并通过多次迭代给予消除。仿真表明,在加速因子不是太小时,基于SIC-Turbo均衡的接收机能够有效消除干扰,可获得近似正交传输时的误码性能。

OFDM系统中一种改进的抗频偏加窗法

该文提出了正交频分复用系统中一种改进的抗频偏接收端加窗的方法,接收端在去除发送端附加的循环前缀后重新进行循环扩展,然后进行奈奎斯特加窗,并且窗函数不再限于具体的函数形式,是经过优化的数值解。数值计算结果表明,最优窗的抗频偏性能远好于其他窗函数。

Four-channel CWDM transmitter chip based on thin-film lithium niobate platform

Multi-lane integrated transmitter chips are key components in future compact optical modules to realize high-speed optical interconnects.Thin-film lithium niobate(TFLN)photonics have emerged as a promising platform for achieving high-performance chip-scale optical systems.Combining a coarse wavelength-division multiplexing(CWDM)devices using fabrication-tolerant angled multimode interferometer structure and high-performance electro-optical modulators,we demonstrate monolithic on-chip four-channel CWDM transmitter on the TFLN platform for the first time.The four-channel CWDM transmitter enables high-speed transmissions of 100 Gb/s data rate per wavelength channel(i.e.,an aggregated date rate of 400 Gb/s).

OFDM与单载波在偏振复用光传输系统中的性能分析

提出了一种基于正交单边带(OSSB)调制的双子载波信号,并与2-IFFT OFDM信号一起与Nyquist脉冲整形的单载波QPSK信号在同一实验平台上进行传输性能比较。前2种调制格式都表现出9-QAM的形式,且这3种信号的频谱效率都是4b/s/Hz,因而它们之间很有可比性。

基于脉冲成型的OFDM系统峰均比抑制

作为经典的多载波传输技术,OFDM信号由多路并行信号叠加而成,当多路信号以相同的相位进行叠加时就会产生较大的峰值平均功率比(Peak To Average Power Ratio,PAPR)。较高的PAPR要求系统具有线性度较大的高功率放大器和复杂度较高的A/D、D/A转换器,否则将直接导致带内失真和带外辐射,使系统的性能下降。为了降低OFDM信号的PAPR,人们提出了大量的方案,例如限幅滤波、部分传输序列、分组编码和脉冲整形等。本文提出采用改进的奈奎斯特脉冲整形技术可以在有效降低OFDM信号的PAPR的同时不增加系统的复杂度,是一种非常简单而有效的解决方案。

Flat-top and low-dispersion optical interleavers based on nested prism pair structure

A novel flat-top and low-dispersion optical interleaver using ring cavities （RCs） in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer （MZI） is proposed. It is composed of eight mirrors and two nested prism pairs. Each prism and the two mirrors behave as a RC. Phase shift of RC is a periodic function of the frequency of the input light which acts as a phase dispersive mirror. The two phase shifts needed to achieve a flat-top spectral passband are provided by Fresnel reflectivities at the prism-air interface of the two RCs. The optimum interface reflectivities for flat passband, high isolation and low dispersion can be obtained only by choosing an appropriate material for the prism in each RC. The proposed interleaver in a 25 GHz channel spacing application exhibits a 0.5 dB passband greater than 24 GHz （96% of the spacing）, a 30 dB stopband greater than 21.2 GHz （84.8% of the spacing）, a channel isolation higher than 32 dB and chromatic dispersion ±50 ps/nm within the range of center-frequency ：t：2 GHz ITU passband.

FAIRNESS OF SHARING PROTECTION FOR MULTICAST IN WDM NETWORKS

In this paper,the sharing schemes of multicast in survivable Wavelength-Division Multi-plexed(WDM) networks are studied and the concept of Shared Risk Link Group(SRLG) is considered.While the network resources are shared by the backup paths,the sharing way is possible to make the backup paths selfish.This selfishness leads the redundant hops of the backup route and a large number of primary lightpaths to share one backup link.The sharing schemes,especially,the self-sharing and cross-sharing,are investigated to avoid the selfishness when computing the backup light-tree.In order to decrease the selfishness of the backup paths,it is important to make the sharing links fair to be used.There is a trade-off between the self-sharing and cross-sharing,which is adjusted through simulation to adapt the sharing degree of each sharing scheme and save the network resources.

Novel architecture of WDM/OCDMA-PON based on SSFBG and wavelength re-modulation technology

A novel architecture of wavelength-division multiplexing/optical code division multiplexing access-passive optical network （WDM/OCDMA-PON） based on superstructure fiber Bragg grating （SSFBG） and wavelength re-modulation technology is proposed. In this scheme, WDM is overlaid on OCDMA channel in a single network by virtue of a kind of SSFBC, and the total capacity of hybrid PON can be extended by regulating the transmission power reasonably. Re, modulation technology is also a good method to save wavelength-specific components at the optical network unit （ONU） and cost of wavelength management on the customer side. In simulation system, 1.25 Gb/s up/downstream data are transported with good performance. In addition the crosstalk penalties from adjacent wavelength channels （with the same OC） are found to be negligible in upstream and downstream transmissions.

Optical Analog-to-digital Conversion Scheme Based on Tunable Fabry-Perot Resonator

Proposed is an interference type of optical analog-to-digital conversion(ADC). The refractive index of Fabry-Perot cavity changes with different voltages. The Fabry-Perot resonator converts electronic intensity into light wavelength through selecting lights of different wavelengthes. The parameters of the scheme are acquired with the transmission matrix of optical element and the time of steady-state light field. The maximum sampling speedes of 4-bit, 6-bit, 7-bit, 8-bit and 9-bit(ADC) are 1.695×1010 count/s, 4.33×109 count/s, 2.38×109 count/s, 1.24×109 count/s and 5.9×108 count/s, respectively.

Tunable Super-Structured Fiber Bragg Gratings with Perfect Sequences Based on m-Sequence

Recently, a tunable fiber Bragg grating(FBG) was developed by using stress-responsive colloidal crystals. In this paper, we have simulated the application of these nanoparticles into the super-structured fiber Bragg grating(SSFBG) written with perfect sequences derived from a short maximal-length sequence. A tunable SSFBG will be available to overcome the prohibitive temperature variation of the optical codecs. Nevertheless,we presented a method to implement coherent time spreading optical code-division multiple-access(OCDMA) where a unique code(or perfect sequence) can be reused and mixed with different wavelengths to obtain a tunable wavelength-division multiplexing(WDM)system. In order to maximize the binary throughput, we have selected a unique short maximal-length sequence composed of 7 chips that can be tuned with 7 different optical wavelengths. We found thousands of different tunable combinations that presented power contrast ratios(P/C) higher than 12 dB. When a WDM-OCDMA system used 2 different combinations simultaneously, the perfect binary detection with error correction codes was achieved successfully. The tunable SSFBG with colloidal crystals will be a simple and good alternative choice for fiber-to-the-home(FTTH) communications.